Determination of selenium and iodine in human thyroids.

This study focuses on the determination of selenium and iodine in human thyroids. The glands were digested using nitric acid in a microwave oven. Selenium was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) using a new sample introduction system consisting of a reduction system coupled to a hydride generation nebulizer (DHGN). Iodine was determined by using the Sandell-Kolthoff procedure. The detections limits were 0.2 ng/mL and 0.3 ng/mL for the determination method of selenium and iodine, respectively. The amount of iodine in the whole gland was 3.44 +/- 1.11 microg/g. The lowest iodine level was 2.34 microg/g and the highest 5.21 microg/g. The lowest selenium concentration for a single sample was 505 +/- 51 ng/g and the highest 1495 +/- 204 ng/g depending on the fraction of the gland selected.     

Expression of nestin in the podocytes of normal and diseased human kidneys

The complex cyto-architecture of the podocyte is critical for glomerular permselectivity. The present study characterizes the expression of nestin, an intermediate filament protein, in human kidneys. In normal kidneys, nestin was detected at the periphery of glomerular capillary loops. Colabeling showed nestin was expressed in WT1-positive cells. Within the podocyte, nestin immunoreactivity was present in the cell body and primary process. This was supported by immunoelectron microscopy. Nestin also colocalized with vimentin in the periphery of capillary loops but not in the mesangium. Nestin was not detected in other structures of the adult human kidney. To determine the potential role of nestin in proteinuria, nestin was examined in kidney biopsies from patients with or without proteinuria. These patients were diagnosed with IgA nephropathy with mild mesangial expansion but without proteinuria, IgA nephropathy with proteinuria, membranous nephropathy (MN), and focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS). The distribution of nestin in these biopsies was similar to that in the normal kidney. Semiquantitative analysis of immunostaining showed that glomerular nestin expression in IgA nephropathy without proteinuria was not different from normal kidney; however, nestin expression in kidneys of patients with IgA nephropathy and proteinuria, or MN and FSGS with proteinuria was significantly reduced compared with normal kidney (P < 0.01). Reduced nestin mRNA expression in the patients with IgA nephropathy with proteinuria and FSGN was also observed by quantitative real-time PCR. These studies suggest that nestin may play an important role in maintaining normal podocyte function in the human kidney.     

Application of improved coupling assay method for peroxidase of diseased thyroids: report of three cases

Recently we have developed an assay method for peroxidase-catalyzed coupling of iodotyronine residues of thyroglobulin, which is applicable to human diseased thyroid tissues. In the present study, the assay method as well as usual peroxidase assay methods were applied to thyroids of three patients (No. 1: familial goiter with impaired thyroglobulin synthesis, No. 2: mild chronic thyroiditis, No. 3: dyshormonogenetic goiter) who showed organification of iodine with high TSH levels and low thyroid hormone levels in sera. In general, these patients showed relatively high activities measured by guaiacol oxidation assay, iodide oxidation and coupling assay compared with those of control thyroids. Iodothyronine content in thyroglobulin was very low except thyroxine in No. 2. These results indicate that factors other than peroxidase may be responsible for the cause of the hypothyroid state. The coupling assay method used here is therefore useful for the detection of the 'coupling defect' in patients in a hypothyroid state.     

Major gangliosides in normal and pathological human thyroids

The major gangliosides of human thyroids were extracted, purified and then analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. In normal thyroid, GM3 and GD3 represented about 80% of lipid-bound sialic acid. GM3 contained more than 50% of long-chain fatty acids, whereas GD3 contained mostly short ones. 4D hydroxy sphinganine represented 20% of long-chain base content in both cases. In pathological thyroids (Graves' disease, cancer, toxic adenoma), GM3 represented about 60% of lipid-bound sialic acid; its fatty acid content was mostly short chain fatty acids, as in normal GD3. 4D hydroxy sphinganine proportion was decreased.     

Histochemistry of normal and diseased human lymph nodes.

Gomori's metal precipitate technique was used to demonstrate the phosphatase activity of the human cervical lymph node in health and disease, using four different phosphate esters (sodium beta-glycerophosphate and adenosine triphosphate at pH 9, riboflavin 5'-phosphate at pH 9.2 and 5'-monophosphoric acid at pH 8.3). In fetal lymph nodes, using 5'-monophosphoric acid, an outstanding positive activity was noticed in the lymphatic follicles. With the other three substrates there was either no nodular reaction or just a narrow rim of positive activity around the follicles, the internodular tissue being negative with all four substrates used. With chronic non-specific lymphadenitis the enzyme hydrolysing the three substrates (beta-glycerophosphate, riboflavin 5'-phosphate and adenosine triphosphate) began to make their appearance. It seems that with lymphadenitis, a qualitative change of the phosphatase activity takes place. A special characteristic pattern of phosphatase activity has been described in both 'early' and 'caseating' tuberculous lymphadenitis. In malignant lymphomas it was noticed that no activity was encountered with any of the four substrates in reticulum cell sarcoma. However, in lymphosarcoma a positive activity was obtained when either beta-glycerophosphate or adenosine triphosphate substrates was used, to the extent that one can depend upon this characteristic phosphatase activity in differentiating between reticulum cell sarcoma and lymphosarcoma. However, no enzymatic activity was obtained when the other two phosphate esters were used.     

Distribution of angiotensinogen in diseased human hearts

Extrahepatic synthesis and localization of angiotensinogen (ATN) have been described in animals, thus establishing the tissue renin-angiotensin (RA) system. However, there had been no reports of tissue RA systems in human organs, including the heart. In earlier, we have reported the possibility of ATN synthesis in the human heart using ribonuclease protection assay system. ATN mRNA was detected not only in the liver, but also in both the atrial and ventricular heart tissues, suggesting that ATN is synthesized in the human heart. In this report, we looked for the distribution of ATN in diseased human heart.Northern blot hybridization of cDNA with total RNA extracted from human liver, brain, kidney, atrial and ventricular tissues revealed that ATN mRNA exists in cardiac ventricule.Immunohistochemical studies using a specific antibody to ATN revealed a stronger reaction in the endocardial layer of the human left ventricle, than in the epicardial layer, and intense immunoreactivity in the conduction system and right atrium. This distribution pattern was similar to that of human atrial natriuretic peptide (hANP), which functions a smooth muscle relaxant. Double immunostaining of ATN and hANP demonstrated that all myocytes in the right atrium had immunopositive reactions to ATN, hANP or both of ATN and hANP. Double immunoelectron staining enabled us to show more detailed localization of ATN and hANP; hANP only existed in the specific granules and ATN existed in the myofibril, but not in the granule. Furthermore, our experiments provide evidence of ATN in healthy human hearts and also reveal a widespread immunopositive reaction for ATN in the left ventricle of diseased hearts.     

Integration of human and mouse genetics reveals pendrin function in hearing and deafness

Genomic technology has completely changed the way in which we are able to diagnose human genetic mutations. Genomic techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction, linkage analysis, Sanger sequencing, and most recently, massively parallel sequencing, have allowed researchers and clinicians to identify mutations for patients with Pendred syndrome and DFNB4 non-syndromic hearing loss. While thus far most of the mutations have been in the SLC26A4 gene coding for the pendrin protein, other genetic mutations may contribute to these phenotypes as well. Furthermore, mouse models for deafness have been invaluable to help determine the mechanisms for SLC26A4-associated deafness. Further work in these areas of research will help define genotype-phenotype correlations and develop methods for therapy in the future.     

Molecular and functional characterization of human pendrin and its allelic variants

Pendrin (SLC26A4, PDS) is an electroneutral anion exchanger transporting I(-), Cl(-), HCO(3)(-), OH(-), SCN(-) and formate. In the thyroid, pendrin is expressed at the apical membrane of the follicular epithelium and may be involved in mediating apical iodide efflux into the follicle; in the inner ear, it plays a crucial role in the conditioning of the pH and ion composition of the endolymph; in the kidney, it may exert a role in pH homeostasis and regulation of blood pressure. Mutations of the pendrin gene can lead to syndromic and non-syndromic hearing loss with EVA (enlarged vestibular aqueduct). Functional tests of mutated pendrin allelic variants found in patients with Pendred syndrome or non-syndromic EVA (ns-EVA) revealed that the pathological phenotype is due to the reduction or loss of function of the ion transport activity. The diagnosis of Pendred syndrome and ns-EVA can be difficult because of the presence of phenocopies of Pendred syndrome and benign polymorphisms occurring in the general population. As a consequence, defining whether or not an allelic variant is pathogenic is crucial. Recently, we found that the two parameters used so far to assess the pathogenic potential of a mutation, i.e. low incidence in the control population, and substitution of evolutionary conserved amino acids, are not always reliable for predicting the functionality of pendrin allelic variants; actually, we identified mutations occurring with the same frequency in the cohort of hearing impaired patients and in the control group of normal hearing individuals. Moreover, we identified functional polymorphisms affecting highly conserved amino acids. As a general rule however, we observed a complete loss of function for all truncations and amino acid substitutions involving a proline. In this view, clinical and radiological studies should be combined with genetic and molecular studies for a definitive diagnosis. In performing genetic studies, the possibility that the mutation could affect regions other than the pendrin coding region, such as its promoter region and/or the coding regions of functionally related genes (FOXI1, KCNJ10), should be taken into account. The presence of benign polymorphisms in the population suggests that genetic studies should be corroborated by functional studies; in this context, the existence of hypo-functional variants and possible differences between the I(-)/Cl(-) and Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) exchange activities should be carefully evaluated.     

Caffeine-modulated acetylcholine sensitivity in denervated rat and diseased human muscle.

Surgically denervated muscle exhibits increased sensitivity to acetylcholine and caffeine, and the acetylcholine contracture subsequent to preincubation with caffeine is greatly enhanced. The potentiation of the acetylcholine contracture derives, at least in part, from the direct action of caffeine on the muscle membrane resulting in an augmented and prolonged depolarization. The extent of potentiation depends on the duration of exposure to caffeine, is inhibited by increased extracellular calcium and is not present when cyclic AMP is substituted for caffeine.Biopsied human intercostal muscle shows high acetylcholine sensitivity in myotonic muscular dystrophy and motor neuron disease when compared to normal human or Duchenne dystrophic muscle. We suggest that myotonic dystrophy and motor neuron disease resemble surgical denervation more than Duchenne dystrophy does, and that in the former two diseases, as in denervated muscle, the acetylcholine sensitivity is increased with a concomitant abnormality in calcium-receptor interaction.     

Fluorescent antibody study of diseased, end-stage human kidneys.

Forty cases of diseased kidneys at end-stage were studied by fluorescent antibody technique in search for viral etiology of glomerulonephritis and other renal diseases. Among these 40 cases, 12 (30%) were ascribed to immune complex disease because of detection of immunoglobulins and complement in glomeruli of the same kidney specimen. In 8 cases (20%) only complement was detected in glomeruli. In the remaining 50% neither complement nor immunoglobulin deposit was found in glomeruli. The etiologies of the latter cases remain unknown. Of 12 cases of kidney disease of immune complex origin, hepatitis virus type B surface antigen was detected in 2 cases. In these 2 cases the magnitude of immune complex deposits with complement was greater than that of other cases. Other than hepatitis B virus antigen, no other viruses including Coxsackieviruses, ECHO viruses, and HSV-1 could be detected by indirect fluorescent antibody techniques. The proportion of complement deposit to the deposition of complement with immune complex in the diseased kidneys at end-stage was calculated and statistically analyzed.     

Occurrence of protein kinases NI and NII in human and porcine thyroids

Cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinases that preferentially phosphorylated casein and phosvitin as substrate were detected in the nuclei of human and porcine thyroid tissues, and compared with those from rat liver. Enzymes were extracted from the isolated nuclei with a buffer solution containing 0.4 M NaCl, and analyzed by DEAE-Sephadex and phosphocellulose column chromatographies. The chromatographies, together with the characterization of the enzymes, demonstrated that human and porcine thyroid tissues contained two major casein kinases in the cell nuclei, the properties of which revealed that they are to be identified as protein kinases NI and NII.     

Studies of human liver bilirubin-glycosyl transferase. Bilirubin UDP-xylosyl and UDP-glucuronyl transferase activities in diseased human livers.

The activity of bilirubin UDP-xylosyl transferase as well as UDP-glucuronyl transferase in liver biopsy specimens of 3 control subjects, 42 cases with liver disease and 5 cases with Gilbert's syndrome was measured. Normal values of these enzyme levels were determined to be 142--302 U/kg protein for the former and 260--400 U/kg protein for the latter. Both enzyme levels in acute hepatitis in convalescence and chronic hepatitis were nearly in the normal range. In the cirrhotic liver they tended to a small decrease and patients with Gilbert's syndrome demonstrated significantly decreased enzyme levels. These enzyme levels were only correlated with serum unconjugated bilirubin concentration, but not with the other liver function tests. Finally, both enzyme activities were exactly correlated with each other.     

Collapse and viscoelasticity of diseased human arteries

A laboratory study of the hydrostatic collapse of diseased tibial arteries demonstrated hysteresis in the pressure-flow behaviour which resembled that seen in the stress-strain relations of the arterial tissue. The pressures at which the vessels collapsed were found to be considerably lower than expected on the basis of theoretical elastic models. Also, the pressures at which the vessels reopened were consistently lower than the pressures at which they collapsed. These findings were explained on the basis of viscoelasticity. The difference between collapse and opening pressure may provide insight into the mechanical properties of vessels, and a clue to errors in non-invasive measurements of blood pressure which depend upon collapse of arteries.     

Histochemical demonstration of alkaline phosphatase in human large intestine, normal and diseased.

Alkaline phosphatase activity has been investigated by histochemical methods in normal and diseased human large intestine. The tissues were constantly maintained at 4 degrees C or below. Specimens were either frozen in liquid nitrogen, freeze-dried and embedded in glycol methacrylate for sectioning at 2 mu, or, fixed in ice-cold formol-calcium for frozen sectioning at 10 mu. The simultaneous coupling azo dye method using the substrates sodium alpha-naphthyl phosphate and Naphthol AS-BI phosphate, resulted in the demonstration of alkaline phosphatase activity in the surface epithelial cells, and the middle and upper crypts, of normal and transitional mucosa.