新疆小圆孔壳属，锥毛壳属及座坚壳属的分类研究

本文报道了新疆子囊菌小圆孔壳属(Amphisphaerella),锥毛壳属(Coniochaeta)和座坚壳属(Rosellinia)的7个种及1个变种,即:忍冬小圆孔壳(A.xylostei),梭梭锥毛壳(C.haloxylonis),木生锥毛壳(C.ligniaria),粉被锥毛壳(C.pulveracea),毛锥毛壳(C.sordaria),附孢座坚壳(R.aquila),乳头座坚壳(R.thelena)及尖孢座坚壳大孢变种(R.apiculata var.macrospora)。其中,梭梭锥毛壳为新组合种。忍冬小圆孔壳,木生锥毛壳,乳头座坚壳及尖孢座坚壳大孢变种为我国新记录(属)种。这3个属的真菌新疆过去均未报道过,为新疆新记录属。     

毛壳属的一个中国新记录种

<正>A Chaetomium specimen isolated from sheep wool in the glacier park of Akto County, Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China in 2007,     

利用蛋白表达谱鉴定毛壳属真菌2 个种的子囊果毛形态变异性

【目的】毛壳属真菌的子囊果毛形态曾是重要的分类性状,但因容易发生变异,在现代毛壳属的分类中它们的分类学价值受到质疑。印度毛壳(Chaetomium indicum)和绳生毛壳(Chaetomium funicola)是2个依据子囊果毛形态差异定义的物种,本研究旨在从蛋白表达谱水平认识这2个种的差异及其子囊果毛的变异性,同时探讨蛋白表达谱在真菌分类中的应用价值。【方法】通过形态学观察获得印度毛壳和绳生毛壳典型菌株和子囊果毛形态变异菌株,利用双向电泳技术对典型菌株和变异菌株的蛋白表达谱进行分析和比较。【结果】双向电泳(2DE)图谱特征反映出印度毛壳和绳生毛壳之间的蛋白表达谱差异明显。根据Neighbor-joining(NJ)算法生成的系统发育树进一步显示印度毛壳和绳生毛壳分别聚在2个不同分支,即同一种的典型菌株和变异菌株聚在一起。【结论】依据子囊果毛形态特征和种特异性的蛋白表达谱特征对印度毛壳和绳生毛壳的分类结果是一致的,表明子囊果毛特征仍然是毛壳属真菌分类的重要指标。     

中国毛壳菌科研究Ⅰ. ——毛壳菌属的种

报道了毛壳菌属的十一个种,旋丝毛壳 Chaetomium bostrychodes,反卷毛壳 C. convolutum,舟形毛壳 C. cymbiforme,高大毛壳 C. elatum,粪生毛壳 C. funicola,球孢毛壳 C. globosporum,球毛壳 C. globosum,细丽毛壳 C. gracile,六孢毛壳 C. hexagonosporum,印度毛壳 C. indicum和近缘毛壳C. subaffine。其中包括四个中国新记录种:舟形毛壳 C. cymbiforme,球孢毛壳 C. globosporum,六孢毛壳 C. hexagonosporum和近缘毛壳 C. subaffine。根据我国的标本和菌种对新记录种作了描述,并附了显微照片。标本与菌种保存在西北农林科技大学真菌标本室 (HMUABO)。     

子囊菌黑陷球壳属的种

黑陷球壳属是单囊壁子囊菌,属内许多种的定义一直不明确,该属应该归于哪一科等问题一直存在争议。文中通过对资料的搜集整理和模式标本的重新鉴定研究,确认了黑陷球壳属9个种;49个种归并到其他属;12个种由于不符合该属的特征,应予排除,但尚需确定名称;44个种由于模式标本材料太差或无法搜寻到模式标本,作为可疑种;另有11个种尚需搜寻模式标本重新研究。     

中国毛壳菌科研究Ⅰ. ——毛壳菌属的种

报道了毛壳菌属的十一个种,旋丝毛壳 Chaetomium bostrychodes,反卷毛壳 C. convolutum,舟形毛壳 C. cymbiforme,高大毛壳 C. elatum,粪生毛壳 C. funicola,球孢毛壳 C. globosporum,球毛壳 C. globosum,细丽毛壳 C. gracile,六孢毛壳 C. hexagonosporum,印度毛壳 C. indicum和近缘毛壳C. subaffine。其中包括四个中国新记录种:舟形毛壳 C. cymbiforme,球孢毛壳 C. globosporum,六孢毛壳 C. hexagonosporum和近缘毛壳 C. subaffine。根据我国的标本和菌种对新记录种作了描述,并附了显微照片。标本与菌种保存在西北农林科技大学真菌标本室 (HMUABO)。     

球壳孢目真菌DNAGC含量及其分类学意义

利用热变性温度法测得球壳孢目5属14种19个菌株DNAG十Cmol％的变化范围为48．08～53．7,平均值为51.12,与文献报道的丝孢菌类的平均值接近,也与子囊菌的平均值相差不大,提示该类群的种类及其与大多数丝孢菌间在系统演化上似具一定的同源性,与形态分类对半知菌的处理相吻合,也为其有性阶段大多属子囊菌这一事实提供了佐证;各属、种GC值接近,且相互间有交叉,种内菌株间差异小于2％,方差分析显示属间差异不显著,故认为GC含量分析不宜用于球壳孢目属、种级分类单位的划分,但可作为排除性指标辅助某些种类的否定性判定。     

一株毛壳霉属真菌中新结构活性聚酮类化合物研究

采用硅胶、凝胶柱层析以及反相高效液相色谱等分离技术,从一株毛壳霉属真菌的固体发酵提取物中分离纯化了5个聚酮类化合物chaetomones A-E(1-5),其结构主要通过分析核磁共振数据确定。生物活性测试结果表明化合物5具有抗白色念珠菌Candida albicans(ATCC10231)的活性,其IC50为20.0μmol/L。     

丛赤壳科部分属之间的系统学关系

对nrDNA大亚基部分序列进行序列分析,探讨丛赤壳科11个属的属间关系。研究结果表明,Cosmospora不是单起源,它的成员分别与Nectria,Haematonectria以及Neocosmospora3个不同的属聚类在一起;Haematonectria和Neocosmospora的亲缘关系最接近;Lanatonectria为一个独立的属;以Neonectriadiscophoravar.discophora为代表的Neonectria是一个可靠的属。     

新疆胡颓子属植物花部性状的变异及其分类学价值

新疆胡颓子属植物栽培历史久、变异丰富、种下变异类型多、分类较为困难,因此有必要进一步发掘该属落叶组植物的分类学特征,尤其是对相对保守的繁殖器官的性状进行筛选。该研究以形态较为稳定的繁殖器官为切入点,分析花部性状的变异特点,筛选稳定性状,以期为解决该属的分类难题提供依据。先采用定株采集和同花标记的方法,对比分析了柱头形态、花盘先端有毛无毛、花柱与雄蕊的长短比、花被裂片程度四个性状的稳定性。结果表明:花盘先端有毛无毛、花柱与雄蕊的长短比、花被裂片程度三个性状较稳定,可以作为分类依据;柱头形态在单花中表现稳定,但在单株中出现极大的变异,不具有分类价值;然后采取新疆南、北疆地区的胡颓子属落叶组的尖果沙枣、大果沙枣和沙枣这三种来验证花部性状的稳定性,证明了上述结论的正确性,同时也是对该属分类研究实践的应用。该结果可为胡颓子属的经典分类学和形态学研究以及植物的开发和利用等提供参考依据。     

4株海生毛壳菌生物学特性的研究

研究了营养、温度、光照和pH值对4株海生毛壳菌(Chaetomium spp.)的生长及孢子形成和萌发的影响,为进一步利用海洋真菌提供理论依据。结果表明:4株毛壳菌在10～35℃均能生长,WHM12、WHM33和WHM34的生长适温为20～30℃,WHM41的生长适温为15～25℃;4株菌在燕麦片琼脂(OA)培养基和YGA培养基上生长最好;在pH值5～10均能生长,但喜中性及偏碱性的环境;全黑暗处理有利于4株菌的生长;除光照外,营养、温度和pH值对其产孢均有影响。     

Integrating macroecological metrics and community taxonomic structure

We extend macroecological theory based on the maximum entropy principle from species level to higher taxonomic categories, thereby predicting distributions of species richness across genera or families and the dependence of abundance and metabolic rate distributions on taxonomic tree structure. Predictions agree with qualitative trends reported in studies on hyper‐dominance in tropical tree species, mammalian body size distributions and patterns of rarity in worldwide plant communities. Predicted distributions of species richness over genera or families for birds, arthropods, plants and microorganisms are in excellent agreement with data. Data from an intertidal invertebrate community, but not from a dispersal‐limited forest, are in excellent agreement with a predicted new relationship between body size and abundance. Successful predictions of the original species level theory are unmodified in the extended theory. By integrating macroecology and taxonomic tree structure, maximum entropy may point the way towards a unified framework for understanding phylogenetic community structure.     

A parametric diversity measure combining the relative abundances and taxonomic distinctiveness of species

Most ecological diversity indices summarize the information about the relative abundances of species without reflecting taxonomic differences between species. Nevertheless, in environmental conservation practice, data on species abundances are mostly irrelevant and generally unknown. In such cases, to summarize the conservation value of a given site, so‐called ‘taxonomic diversity’ measures can be used. Such measures are based on taxonomic relations among species and ignore species relative abundances. In this paper, bridging the gap between traditional biodiversity measures and taxonomic diversity measures, I introduce a parametric diversity index that combines species relative abundances with their taxonomic distinctiveness. Due to the parametric nature of the proposed index, the contribution of rare and abundant species to each diversity measure is explicit.     

根癌农杆菌介导的球毛壳菌遗传转化及T-DNA插入突变体的获得

根癌农杆菌介导的遗传转化系统是植物基因工程常用方法,目前已将这一转化系统应用到酵母、丝状真菌以及人类细胞的转化。利用这一转化系统,成功地实现了丝状真菌球毛壳菌（Chaetomium globosum）的遗传转化,转化率约为60～180个转化子/10.7个孢子 。通过对转化子的PCR检测和Southern 杂交分析表明,TDNA已整合进毛壳菌基因组中,而且在所检测的转化子中都是以单拷贝的形式整合,转化子都能够稳定遗传。根癌农杆菌介导的遗传转化具有转化率高、低拷贝、遗传稳定、操作简便等优点,因此有可能成为丝状真菌遗传转化和功能基因组研究的有力工具。     

内蒙古典型草原几种不同植物的生长动态比较

选择内蒙古典型草原羊草 大针茅群落中的优势植物羊草、大针茅、冰草和冷蒿,采用多种数量化指标,分别比较一个生长季内的生长动态、绝对生长速率(AGR)、相对生长速率(RGR)。结果表明:植物地上生物量均呈S形增长,8月中旬达到最大值;主要生长季内受降水不足的抑制作用依次为羊草>冰草>大针茅>冷蒿。羊草和冰草AGR均呈双峰曲线,大针茅呈三峰曲线,冷蒿呈单峰曲线。生长主要集中在中前期,AGR大小依次为冷蒿(0.099g.株-1.d-1)>大针茅(0.029g.株-1.d-1)>羊草(0.003g.株-1.d-1)>冰草(0.002g.株-1.d-1)。RGR与AGR有相似的季节性变化,其中羊草、冰草、冷蒿RGR均呈单峰曲线,大针茅呈三峰曲线;生长季初期RGR均表现出最高,生长潜能较大,7月末至8月中旬呈现负值;4种植物的最大净积累效率依次为冷蒿(0.108g.株-1.d-1.g-1)>大针茅(0.064g.株-1.d-1.g-1)>羊草(0.055g.株-1.d-1.g-1)>冰草(0.042g.株-1.d-1.g-1)。不同生活型的生长曲线及生长速率均存在较大差异,但同属于根茎型的羊草和冰草生长动态曲线明显相似。     

Growth temperature influences the underlying components of relative growth rate: an investigation using inherently fast- and slow-growing plant species

We examined the effect of growth temperature on the underlying components of growth in a range of inherently fast‐ and slow‐growing plant species. Plants were grown hydroponically at constant 18, 23 and 28 °C. Growth analysis was conducted on 16 contrasting plant species, with whole plant gas exchange being performed on six of the 16 species. Inter‐specific variations in specific leaf area (SLA) were important in determining variations in relative growth rate (RGR) amongst the species at 23 and 28 °C but were not related to variations in RGR at 18 °C. When grown at 18 °C, net assimilation rate (NAR) became more important than SLA for explaining variations in RGR. Variations in whole shoot photosynthesis and carbon concentration could not explain the importance of NAR in determining RGR at the lower temperatures. Rather, variations in the degree to which whole plant respiration per unit leaf area acclimated to the different growth temperatures were responsible. Plants grown at 28 °C used a greater proportion of their daily fixed carbon in respiration than did the 18 and 23 °C‐grown plants. It is concluded that the relative importance of the underlying components of growth are influenced by growth temperature, and the degree of acclimation of respiration is of central importance to the greater role played by NAR in determining variations in RGR at declining growth temperatures.     

杜鹃花属植物花粉形态及其分类学意义

利用扫描电子显微镜对5个亚属20种杜鹃花属植物的花粉形态进行了观察和比较研究,其中大部分(16种)为首次报道。杜鹃花属花粉均为四合花粉,呈正四面体排列。四合体为圆角三角形,连接紧密。单粒花粉为球形或近球形,具三沟孔。在扫描电镜下,除了杜鹃亚属的百合杜鹃、羊踯躅亚属的羊踯躅以及马银花亚属的马银花组具有明显的纹饰特征之外,其它类群的形态特征相互重叠,不足以作为现有亚属的分类依据。花粉粒具不同的外壁纹饰,可为分类研究提供孢粉学方面的证据,但应慎重应用花粉形态对杜鹃花属植物特定种进行分类鉴定。     

Diversity measurement combining relative abundances and taxonomic distinctiveness of species

We discuss a diversity measure combining information of relative abundances and taxonomic distinctiveness suggested by Ricotta (2004). We show that Ricotta's measure violates weak species monotonicity, a condition that requires that the addition of a species should always increase a diversity index if abundances change only marginally. We suggest an alternative index satisfying weak species monotonicity and apply it to the 'Zeesserveld' forest reserve in the Netherlands.