英国国家公园建设活动管控的经验与启示

随着国家公园试点工作在全国的进一步推进,包括管理制度在内的各类议题就一直处于探讨之中。英国国家公园因其大量的居民点分布其中而与中国的国家公园试点区有着诸多相似之处,其成熟的建设活动管控制度对中国的国家公园也有着借鉴作用。本文以英格兰地区为对象,对英国国家公园建设活动管控的制度基础、管控程序2方面进行分析。最后在分析中国自然保护地建设管控问题的基础上,提出针对中国国家公园建设活动管控制度的建议。     

病例调查与接触追踪上报体系在埃博拉诊疗中心的建设实践

中国援利埃博拉诊疗中心在执行埃博拉收治任务时,积极对接利国疫情防控体系,建设实践了一套病例调查与接触追踪上报体系,包括建立体系组织架构、完善调查上报制度、构建数据链信息平台、建立内部核查机制,其准确性和及时性得到了广泛赞誉。通过实践,我们认为,建立病例调查和接触追踪机制,是传染病疫情控制的关键,未来应不断探索与国际接轨的机制、拓展应用信息化技术,并始终做到持续改进。     

FD香葱生产中的危害分析与关键环节控制

将HACCCP体系引入FD(真空冷冻干燥)香葱生产过程中,经危害分析找出关键控制点,通过过程控制提高产品合格率,降低危害发生的风险,形成一套行之有效的食品安全管理体系.     

CRISPR/Cas9系统在培育抗病毒植物新种质中的应用

随着CRISPR/Cas9系统在基因组编辑技术上的开发和完善,CRISPR/Cas9系统在应用于动物病毒感染性疾病防治并取得相当成效的同时,也逐步被应用到对植物病毒基因组进行高效靶向修饰的研究中。CRISPR/Cas9系统对基因组靶向修饰作用不仅实现了对植物DNA病毒基因组序列的编辑,还展示了其有效作用于植物RNA病毒基因组的潜力,同时CRISPR/Cas9系统还能在基因转录和转录后调控水平发挥作用,说明该系统具有通过多种途径调控植物病毒复制的潜能。相对其他植物病毒病防治策略,该系统对病毒基因组的编辑更精准、对基因表达的调控更稳定,对病毒病的抗性也更为广谱。本文将CRISPR/Cas9系统与其他植物病毒病防治策略进行了比较,概述了该系统在培育植物抗病毒病新种质中的优势,分析了其具体应用在该领域中面临的主要问题,讨论了该系统在培育抗病毒植物新种质应用中的发展趋势。     

A novel galactosyl-binding lectin from the plasma of the blood clam,Anadara granosa (L) and a study of its combining site

Control Analysis has been carried out in the first steps of a rat liver glycolytic system. Attention has been focused on the effect of several glucose concentrations on the control, particularly regarding the role of glucokinase. From kinetic studies of the whole metabolic system we have obtained information on the flux variation under different glucose concentrations. This information together with the kinetics of glucokinase has allowed us to calculate Flux Control and Elasticity Coefficients for glucokinase and the Response Coefficient of the system with respect to glucose. The changes in of the value of Flux Control Coefficients demonstrates that in conditions of low glucose concentration, glucokinase is the main enzyme in controlling the flux through the pathway, but at high glucose concentration the control moves to phosphofructokinase. Next, we have compared our results with those obtained with the shortening and titration method, previously described (Torres, N.V., Mateo, F., Mélendez-Hevia, E. and Kacser, H., (1986) Biochem. J. 234, 169–174; Torres, N.V. and Meléndez-Hevia, E. 1991. Molec. Cell. Biochem. 101, 1–10). Furthermore, from knowledge of the enzyme kinetics of the system we have been able to build a model of the pathway that allows us computer similation of its behavior and calculation of the Flux Control Coefficient profile at different glucose concentrations. By the three methods the results correlate, supporting the use of the pathway substrate as external modulator of the metabolic system as a tool for practical application of Control Analysis.     

Accurate quantitation of standard peptides used for quantitative proteomics

MS‐based proteomics has become an indispensable tool in system biology generating a need for accurate and precise quantitation of peptide standards. The presented method utilizes ultra performance LC‐MS/MS (UPLC‐MS/MS) to accurately quantify peptide standards at concentrations of 0.1–10 μM. The ability for accurate quantitation of micro‐molar concentrations has the advantages that quantitation can be performed routinely with high precision and the high sensitivity of the method minimizes the amounts required.     

Monitoring and control of an anaerobic upflow fixed-bed reactor for high-loading-rate operation and rejection of disturbances

A new control strategy has been introduced for operating anaerobic digestion processes efficiently at high load. The control system includes a cascade controller embedded into a rule-based supervisory system based on extremum-seeking control. Three process parameters, considered to be the most realistic variables for monitoring of the bioprocess, were selected (pH, biogas production rate, and the difference between the actual biogas flow and its setpoint). The control system examines these variables and varies the organic load by manipulating the influent flow. Good control performance was achieved during the start-up, during steady-state running operations, and during rejection of disturbances. The main advantages of this control approach can be attributed to its ability to adjust control parameters automatically, both for high-load operation and for rejection of disturbances. Furthermore, the influent flow can be tuned automatically according to variations in organic matter in the feed without the characteristics of the influent being considered.     

细菌毒素-抗毒素系统的研究进展

毒素-抗毒素系统(toxin-antitoxin system,TA)由两个共表达的基因组成,其中一个基因编码不稳定的抗毒素蛋白(antitoxin),另一个基因编码稳定的毒素蛋白(toxin).毒素-抗毒素系统最早发现于一些低拷贝的质粒,用来维持低拷贝质粒在菌群中的稳定存在.随后的研究表明,毒素-抗毒素系统广泛存在于细菌,包括一些致病菌的染色体上.在营养缺乏等不良生长条件下,由于基因表达的抑制和蛋白酶的降解作用,不稳定的抗毒素蛋白减少,从而产生游离的毒素蛋白,导致细菌的生长抑制和死亡.毒素-抗毒素系统的生理功能目前还存在争议,有学者认为细茼染色体上的毒素-抗毒素系统可以在不良生长状况下介导细菌的死亡,即细茼程序性细胞死亡(baeterial programmedcell death).但也有证据显示,毒素-抗毒素系统的功能更偏向于应激状态下的生理调节方面,即只起应激状态下的抑菌作用而不是杀菌作用.对细菌生长调控中毒素-抗毒素系统的作用机理进行综述,并探讨毒素-抗毒素系统研究的理论和应用价值.     

基于酶电极系统的葡萄糖浓度在线控制

补料分批技术在发酵工业中被广泛应用,其物料流加方式有3类,其中恒流速和指数补料属无反馈控制操作,靠经验或预设的数学模型决定补料速度,但由于发酵过程的复杂性,实际过程往往偏离预设的模型;恒底物浓度流加属反馈控制,通过对特定参数的检测,根据参数的变化情况反馈控制物料的流加,可控制菌生长在最佳条件下,从而获得高浓度的目的产物。反馈控制分直接控制和间接控制。间接     

一种可控电磁触觉刺激器的研制

介绍了一种可控电磁触觉刺激装置的制作方法, 该装置能够与电子计算机记录系统同步地工作,并且能够控制触压刺激的速度、时程及强度。文中对该装置的工作原理、构造及应用情况分别作了介绍。     

A multichannel pH controller for solution culture systems

A multichannelled, computer-controlled system has been developed for maintaining near-constant pH in nutrient solutions. This system will monitor, record and individually maintain pH in up to seven solutions continuously. All components except the software and pump controller were available commercially.In an experiment for which the system was developed, in which six individual solutions were controlled for 20 days, the pH was generally maintained within 0.1 pH unit of the set value. Drift outside this range was generally due to addition of nutrients required to maintain adequate levels. Such drifts were quickly and automatically corrected.This equipment has been subsequently used in several experiments in which it was imperative to maintain pH at a constant level in several solutions simultaneously with actively growing plants over a long period of time.     

Guidelines for creating a food safety HACCP program in zoos or aquaria

The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) monitoring system has been used traditionally to increase quality control in human food production operations and there is pressure to implement it at the producer and purchaser levels of the food chain. Recently, the concept of HACCP monitoring has extended to food fed to domestic animals. Captive wildlife facilities, such as zoos and aquaria, would benefit from a well‐organized, food safety and nutritional monitoring system. Zoos and aquaria spend significant resources in time and money on maintaining the health of their animals; much of this energy is focused on disease prevention and adequate nutrition. The result of these combined efforts is the implementation of a HACCP program in zoo food management. Although zoo food handling standards have been implemented through the American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) accreditation process, food borne disease outbreaks and malnutrition still exist. By implementing an organized approach to monitoring the quality of food delivered to the animals, the safety and nutritional value of the foods will increase, while decreasing the financial loss due to food waste and time spent caring for ill animals. This report provides a framework for implementing a HACCP program into the food preparation and handling system of zoos and aquaria. Zoo Biol 0:1–11, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Allee Effect and Control of Lake System Invasion

We consider the model of invasion prevention in a system of lakes that are connected via traffic of recreational boats. It is shown that in presence of an Allee effect, the general optimal control problem can be reduced to a significantly simpler stationary optimization problem of optimal invasion stopping. We consider possible values of model parameters for zebra mussels. The general N-lake control problem has to be solved numerically, and we show a number of typical features of solutions: distribution of control efforts in space and optimal stopping configurations related with the clusters in lake connection structure.     

上海市医疗质量控制综合评分体系研究

目的 构建一套客观通用的医疗质量综合评分体系,从而加强对各医疗机构总体医疗质量的控制,促进医疗机构质量不断提升,为政府有关部门提供可操作性的政策建议。方法 在文献综述的基础上应用德尔菲法（Delphi Method）对医疗机构质量控制综合评分指标体系的重要性、评估难度以及理想评估次数进行评价,建立评价指标体系。结果 构建的指标体系包含三个层级结构,共32个指标,各级指标的重要性评价意见的协调系数均有统计学意义,专家们较一致的认为管理类别的评价指标评估难度较大,理想的评估频次是一年2次。结论 构建的评价指标体系符合上海市的实际情况,可以应用到实际质量控制综合评价工作中。     

Equilibrium control of nonlinear verticum-type systems,applied to integrated pest control

Linear verticum-type control and observation systems have been introduced for modelling certain industrial systems, consisting of subsystems, vertically connected by certain state variables. Recently the concept of verticum-type observation systems and the corresponding observability condition have been extended by the authors to the nonlinear case. In the present paper the general concept of a nonlinear verticum-type control system is introduced, and a sufficient condition for local controllability to equilibrium is obtained. In addition to a usual linearization, the basic idea is a decomposition of the control of the whole system into the control of the subsystems. Starting from the integrated pest control model of Rafikov and Limeira (2012) and Rafikov et al. (2012), a nonlinear verticum-type model has been set up an equilibrium control is obtained. Furthermore, a corresponding bioeconomical problem is solved minimizing the total cost of integrated pest control (combining chemical control with a biological one).     

Computer System mRNA-FAST (mRNA Function,Activity, STructure)

Computer system mRNA-FAST (mRNA Function, Activity, STructure; http://wwwmgs.bionet.nsc.ru/mgs/dbases/trsig/) is described. The system has been developed to analyze nucleotide sequences of mRNA and to measure their essential properties. The system compiles the data base on translation signals including nucleotide sequences of the regulatory regions with structural and experimental information on their specific activities. It also contains programs to search for local homology between mRNA and translation signals, to search for potential signals basing on analysis of the oligonucleotide dictionaries, and to model secondary RNA structure. Possible applications of the system mRNA-FAST are discussed.     

A computational simulated control system for a high-force pneumatic muscle actuator: system definition and application as an augmented orthosis

High-force pneumatic muscle actuators (PMAs) are used for force assistance with minimal displacement applications. However, poor control due to dynamic nonlinearities has limited PMA applications. A simulated control system is developed consisting of: (1) a controller relating an input position angle to an output proportional pressure regulator voltage, (2) a phenomenological model of the PMA with an internal dynamic force loop (system time constant information), (3) a physical model of a human sit-to-stand task and (4) an external position angle feed-back loop. The results indicate that PMA assistance regarding the human sit-to-stand task is feasible within a specified PMA operational pressure range.     

The architecture and conservation pattern of whole-cell control circuitry

The control circuitry that directs and paces Caulobacter cell cycle progression involves the entire cell operating as an integrated system. This control circuitry monitors the environment and the internal state of the cell, including the cell topology, as it orchestrates orderly activation of cell cycle subsystems and Caulobacter's asymmetric cell division. The proteins of the Caulobacter cell cycle control system and its internal organization are co-conserved across many alphaproteobacteria species, but there are great differences in the regulatory apparatus' functionality and peripheral connectivity to other cellular subsystems from species to species. This pattern is similar to that observed for the “kernels” of the regulatory networks that regulate development of metazoan body plans. The Caulobacter cell cycle control system has been exquisitely optimized as a total system for robust operation in the face of internal stochastic noise and environmental uncertainty. When sufficient details accumulate, as for Caulobacter cell cycle regulation, the system design has been found to be eminently rational and indeed consistent with good design practices for human-designed asynchronous control systems.