黑翅土白蚁和黄翅大白蚁翅面微刻点的扫描电镜观察

Roonwal及其合作者(1967—1987)对白蚁翅面微刻点(Wing microsculpturing)进行了广泛的研究,发现至少存在8种类型的微刻点,并对其进化、分类学和生态学意义进行了讨论。但他们的观察主要是在光镜下进行的,电镜下的观察极少。国内尚未见有关的报道。我们对黑翅土白蚁和黄翅大白蚁的翅面微刻点进行了扫描电镜观察,现将结果报道如下。     

黑翅土白蚁与其它二种白蚁种群间的相容性

将黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus(Shiraki)与另外2个种群的白蚁按一定比例放置于同一培养皿中观察其斗争情况,研究黑翅土白蚁与台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus(Shiraki)和黑胸散白蚁Reticulitermes chinensisSnyder的相容性。结果表明,实验一开始,双方的工蚁和兵蚁都立即进入激烈的嘶咬斗争,在不同配比下,开始5min内的斗争次数均在40次左右,5h后开始5min内的斗争次数陡然下降,几乎不发生争斗。各种群白蚁在其数量占优势的情况下均表现出显著的斗争优势;而在双方数量相当时,黑翅土白蚁工蚁的斗争能力明显强于另外2个种群的工蚁。结果表明,自然界中不可能出现黑翅土白蚁与家白蚁和黑胸散白蚁群体的偶然性融合,黑翅土白蚁很可能在其群体建立的地区中占据优势。     

黑翅土白蚁触角感器的扫描电镜观察

【目的】通过黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes fomosanus(Shiraki)幼蚁、工蚁、兵蚁触角感器种类、数量及分布的研究,分析不同龄幼蚁、工蚁和兵蚁的触角感器特征,为进一步研究触角感器发育特点及不同个体的行为分化机制提供参考。【方法】通过扫描电镜观察触角形态,分析触角节数、感器种类、数量及分布特征。【结果】工蚁、兵蚁、幼蚁个体触角长度差异显著,触角长度顺序:工蚁>兵蚁>3龄幼蚁>2龄幼蚁>1龄幼蚁;触角感器共有9种类型,分别为短毛形感器、长毛形感器、短刺形感器、长刺形感器、锥状B?hm氏鬃毛、球状钟形感器、刺突状钟形感器、球状钟形感器与刺突状钟形感器中间型、长刺具泡状感器。工蚁、兵蚁缺少长刺具泡状感器。幼蚁触角感器种类和数量随龄数而增加,1龄幼蚁具7种感器,缺少球状钟形感器和球状钟形感器与刺突状钟形感器中间型2种类型;2龄幼蚁具有8种感器,缺球状钟形感器;3龄幼蚁具有全部9种类型感器。【结论】黑翅土白蚁幼蚁、工蚁、兵蚁触角节数和感器显著差异,可作为幼蚁龄数以及非生殖品级判别的形态指标,应用于白蚁非生殖品级行为多型等相关研究。     

合成黑翅土白蚁踪迹信息素类似物的生物活性

合成了黑翅土白蚁踪迹信息素类似物(Z,Z)-3,6-十二碳二烯醇-1（DDE-OH）,该类似物对黑翅土白蚁工蚁具有和信息素提取物类似的行为反应。活性反应阈值为10^-3～10 ng/cm,大于10 ng/cm时产生较强的驱避作用。最佳活性浓度DDE-OH与信息素提取物的活性反应之间没有显著差别。     

黑翅土白蚁有翅成虫复眼的形态结构

采用组织切片法光镜下观察黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus(Shiraki)有翅成虫的复眼形态结构及光、暗适应条件下色素颗粒移动的规律。结果如下:(1)头正前方观,复眼外部形态略呈圆形。(2)有翅成虫复眼类型属于并列像眼,每只复眼约由360个小眼组成。(3)每个小眼是由1套屈光器(1个角膜和1个晶锥)、小网膜色素细胞、视杆和基细胞等几部分组成。小网膜色素细胞内均含有丰富的色素颗粒。(4)在光适应条件状态下,屈光器及视杆周围的色素颗粒主要分布在视杆部位的上侧,暗度适应条件状态时则较均匀地分布于视杆两侧上下;性别对色素颗粒分布无明显影响。     

黑翅土白蚁基因组DNA提取方法的优化

目的 为快速地提取到质量较好的黑翅土白蚁基因组DNA进行白蚁种群多样性的研究,对基因组DNA提取方法进行了比较与改进.方法 先初步采取CTAB法与蛋白酶K法对黑翅土白蚁基因组DNA的提取方法进行比较,再利用正交设计法对蛋白酶K法中裂解液、蛋白酶、RNA酶及作用时间4个因素进行优化.结果 蛋白酶K法获得的基因组DNA的质量与产量稍优于CTAB法;较佳的提取步骤组合为:裂解液150 μL,蛋白酶K 6μL,作用时间1h,RNA酶可不添加.结论 采用优化后的方法获得的基因组DNA为模板进行PCR扩增,得到了清晰、稳定的扩增谱带,完全可用于相关后续实验.     

黑翅土白蚁表皮碳氢化合物的品级特征

【目的】探索黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus(Shiraki)表皮碳氢化合物的品级特征。【方法】应用固相微萃取、气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用等技术,对不同品级、不同龄期个体表皮碳氢化合物进行检测。【结果】工蚁、兵蚁、幼蚁、长翅生殖蚁表皮碳氢化合物组分种类相同(32种),主要为正烷烃、支链烷烃和烯烃等。非生殖品级中组分含量变化特点表现在,工蚁(大工蚁和小工蚁):1-十九碳一烯显著低于幼蚁和兵蚁;大工蚁:三十一烷、三十四烷显著低于小工蚁和幼蚁;小工蚁(巢内工蚁):2,8,8-三甲基十烷显著高于、十六烷和十八烷低于其他非生殖品级;兵蚁:十四烷显著低于、2-me-1-C19:1高于其他非生殖品级,三十一烷、三十四烷显著低于小工蚁和幼蚁;1龄幼蚁:十六烷高于其他非生殖品级;2龄幼蚁:(E)-9-4-me C18高于其他非生殖品级;3龄幼蚁:1-十九碳一烯、四十四烷高于其他非生殖品级;此外,1龄、2龄、3龄幼蚁的3,3,6-三甲基十烷、2-me-(E)-7-C16:1显著高于、8-十七碳一烯显著低于其他非生殖品级。生殖品级与非生殖品级比较,十二烷、十四烷、十七烷、三十一烷、2,8,8-三甲基十烷、8-乙基十五烷、2,6-二甲基十七烷、8-十七碳一烯、1-十七碳一烯、1-十八碳一烯、9-十九碳一烯的含量差异显著。【结论】黑翅土白蚁不同品级个体表皮碳氢化合物种类相同,组分含量存在差异,可用于巢内品级间识别。不同龄幼蚁和不同发育阶段工蚁,表皮碳氢化合物存在特征性组分含量,表皮碳氢化合物分泌随个体发育而改变。     

黑翅土白蚁的生物学特性及综合防治技术

从黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus(Shiraki)的形态特征、生物学特性、寄主与分布、综合防治技术和白蚁资源综合利用等5个方面着重论述近年来该虫的研究动态及其重要进展。     

烯啶虫胺肠衣饵剂对黑翅土白蚁的防治效果

[目的]为了开发一种高效环保型白蚁饵剂.[方法]选定烯啶虫胺和溴虫腈对黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus进行室内毒力测定,根据室内毒力测定结果筛选毒力较高药剂进行驱避试验,并制备3种不同剂量的肠衣饵剂,开展室内白蚁毒杀效果试验和园林白蚁防治效果试验;选用合适剂量肠衣饵剂进行堤坝黑翅土白蚁诱杀试验,并用挖巢法检测肠衣饵剂对堤坝黑翅土白蚁的诱杀效果.[结果]1.6tg/mL烯啶虫胺处理黑翅土白蚁72 h后校正死亡率达100％,16 μtg/mL溴虫腈处理72 h后黑翅土白蚁校正死亡率也达到100％.室内毒力测定结果表明烯啶虫胺对黑翅土白蚁的LC5o值低于溴虫腈,100 μtg/mL烯啶虫胺处理8h后对黑翅土白蚁无显著驱避作用.3种剂量烯啶虫胺肠衣饵剂处理72 h后,黑翅土白蚁校正死亡率均在60％以上.将不同剂量的烯啶虫胺肠衣饵剂投放到园林中45 d后,肠衣饵剂基本被食空,施药点周围无白蚁及活动迹象.在福建省水库大坝周围投放60 μtg/g烯啶虫胺肠衣饵剂,3个月后肠衣饵剂未发霉且基本被食空,6个月后挖巢发现蚁道内无黑翅土白蚁活动,白蚁巢体出现死亡和坍塌情况.[结论]60 μg/g烯啶虫胺肠衣饵剂对园林和堤坝中的黑翅土白蚁具有良好的诱杀效果,是一种高效环保型白蚁肠衣饵剂.     

扩头蔡白蚁消化与生殖系统解剖及其与黑翅土白蚁的比较研究

扩头蔡白蚁Tsaitermes ampliceps(Wang&Li)和黑翅土白蚁Odotoermes formosanus(Shiraki)是分布广泛的食木性昆虫,群居生活,具有复杂的品级分化.本试验研究了低等白蚁扩头蔡白蚁不同品级的消化和生殖系统结构,并与高等白蚁黑翅土白蚁进行了比较.结果显示扩头蔡白蚁的消化、生殖系...     

Effects of potassium carbonate as an alternative road de-icer to sodium chloride on soil chemical properties

The effect of potassium carbonate on soil chemical characteristics was compared with that of the most common de‐icer, sodium chloride, in a 4‐yr outdoor pot experiment with poplar and lime trees. Soil pH was raised more by K₂CO₃ than by NaCl. Potassium carbonate increased the electrical conductivity mainly in the upper soil layers. When K₂CO₃ was applied at an average annual dose of 154 g m^?2, only the water‐soluble fractions of calcium and magnesium were affected. At an average annual dose of 617 g m^?2, total potassium increased by 33% and calcium was displaced from the exchange sites. Calcium saturation was reduced from 85% of the cation exchange capacity in the untreated control to 69% in the higher dose K₂CO₃ treatment and to 75% in the NaCl treatment. The results show that the negative impact of K₂CO₃ on soil chemical and osmotic properties is as high as that of NaCl. For plants, however, potassium carbonate in contrast to chloride is not toxic and, applied in moderate doses, may even remedy potassium deficiencies in roadside trees.     

Complex permittivity of sodium chloride solutions at microwave frequencies

The complex permittivity of aqueous solutions at 20 degrees C has been measured at concentrations between 0.001 and 5 mol/L and over a frequency range 0.13-20 GHz. The results were combined with literature values to derive empirical equations to predict the dielectric behavior of sodium chloride solutions between 0 and 5 mol/L and 5 degrees C-35 degrees C.     

Response of Zymomonas mobilis levansucrase activity to sodium chloride

An activation of levansucrase-catalysed levan formation by NaCl, KCl and Na2 SO4 (0.03–0.7 M) was observed using cell-free extract of Zymomonas mobilis. A sigmoidal response of the rate of levansucrase-catalysed reaction to the sucrose concentration was significantly reduced in the presence of salts the Hill coefficient 2.10 and 1.0–1.2 respectively), possibly, due to the heterotropic activation of levansucrase as an allosteric enzyme. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

Local and average gloss from flat-faced sodium chloride tablets

The purpose of this study was to detect local gloss and surface structure changes of sodium chloride tablets. The changes in surface structure were reflected by gloss variation, which was measured using a diffractive optical element-based gloss-meter (DOG). By scanning a surface area, we constructed a 2-dimensional gloss map that characterized the tablet’s surface structure. The gloss variation results were compared with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and average surface roughness values that were measured by conventional diamond stylus profilometry. The profilometry data showed a decrease in tablet surface roughness as a function of compression force. In general, a smoother surface contributes to higher average gloss values. The average gloss values for this material, in contrast, showed a decrease as a function of the compression force. The sequence of particle fragmentation and deformation together with crack formation in sodium chloride particles resulted in a loss of gloss for single sodium chloride particles at the tablet surfaces, which could be detected by the DOG. These results were supported by the SEM images. The results show that detailed information regarding tablets’ surface structure changes can be obtained by detection of local gloss variation and average gloss. Published: January 13, 2006     

Mid-infrared spectroscopic analysis of saccharides in aqueous solutions with sodium chloride

The infrared spectral characteristics of three different types of disaccharides (trehalose, maltose, and sucrose) and four different types of monosaccharides (glucose, mannose, galactose, and fructose) in aqueous solutions with sodium chloride (NaCl) were determined. The infrared spectra were obtained using the FT-IR/ATR method and the absorption intensities respected the interaction between the saccharide and water with NaCl were determined. This study also focused on not only the glycosidic linkage position and the constituent monosaccharides, but also the concentration of the saccharides and NaCl and found that they have a significant influence on the infrared spectroscopic characterization of the disaccharides in an aqueous solution with NaCl. The absorption intensities representing the interaction between a saccharide and water with NaCl were spectroscopically determined. Additionally, the applications of MIR spectroscopy to obtain information about saccharide–NaCl interactions in foods and biosystems were suggested.     

The effect of sodium chloride on enzyme activities from four halophyte species of chenopodiaceae

The in vitro effect of sodium chloride on the enzyme activity of four halophytes, Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima (L.) Thell., Halimione portulacoides (L.) Aell., Salicornia ramosissima Woods and Suaeda maritima (L.) Dum. was investigated. The activity was, in general, affected by sodium chloride in a similar manner to that reported for salt sensitive species. The most notable exceptions were the sodium chloride stimulated ATPases of Beta and Salicornia.     

氯化钠处理对原壳小球藻生长及油脂积累的影响

采用Basal培养基,通过光学显微镜、电子显微镜、激光共聚焦显微镜以及尼罗红染色定量等方法研究了不同浓度氯化钠(0、150、300、600 mmol/L)对小球藻属原壳小球藻的生长状态、脂滴分布、总脂含量的影响。结果表明,添加不同浓度的氯化钠对原壳小球藻的生长有明显的影响,随着氯化钠浓度的增加,小球藻的生长速度受到明显的抑制,600 mmol/L氯化钠处理时生长几乎完全被抑制。在显微镜下观察,可见氯化钠浓度的增加会导致小球藻聚集成团,这种现象在150 mmol/L和300 mmol/L氯化钠培养下比较明显;通过电子显微镜下观察,可以发现培养初期,随着氯化钠浓度的增加,小球藻细胞壁增厚,脂滴增多。通过尼罗红染色对脂含量进行定量,处理初期脂滴的合成量在600 mmol/L时最高,但到后期,随着藻生物量的增加,150 mmol/L和300 mmol/L处理下脂合成量逐渐升高,而对照小球藻脂合成量基本不变。稳定期后,从生物量(干重)和脂总量来看,300 mmol/L氯化钠培养处理的小球藻虽然生物量只有对照的73.55%,但是总脂含量却是对照的2.22倍,可见一定浓度的氯化钠处理一定时间可显著提高原壳小球藻的油脂含量。     

Active sulfate absorption in rabbit ileum: Dependence on sodium and chloride and effects of agents that alter chloride transport

Summary Unidirectional fluxes of³⁵SO₄ across and into rabbit ileal epithelium were measured under short-circuit conditions, mostly at a medium SO₄ concentration of 2.4mm. Unidirectional mucosa (m)-to-serosa (s) ands-to-m fluxes (J _ms,J _sm) were 0.456 and 0.067 moles hr^–1 cm^–2, respectively.J _ms was 2.7 times higher in distal ileum than in mid-jejunum. Ouabain abolished net SO₄ transport (J _net) by reducingJ _ms. Epinephrine, a stimulus of Cl absorption, had no effect on SO₄ fluxes. Theophylline, a stimulus of Cl secretion, reducedJ _ms without affectingJ _sm, causing a 33% reduction inJ _net. Other secretory stimuli (8-Br-cAMP, heat-stable enterotoxin, Ca-ionophore A23187) had similar effects. Replacement of all Cl with gluconate markedly reducedJ _net through both a decrease inJ _ms and an increase inJ _sm. The anion-exchange inhibitor, 4-acetoamido-4-isothiocyano-2,2-sulfonic acid stilbene (SITS), when added to the serosal side, reducedJ _ms by 94%, nearly abolishingJ _net. SITS also decreasedJ _sm by 75%. Mucosal SITS (50 m) was ineffective. 4,4-diisothiocyano-2,2-sulfonic acid stilbene (DIDS) had effects similar to SITS but was less potent. Measurements of initial rates of epithelial uptake from the luminal side (J _me) revealed the following: (1)J _me is a saturable function of medium concentration with aV _max of 0.94 moles hr^–1 cm^–2 and aK _1/2 of 1.3mm; (2) replacing all Na with choline abolishedJ _me; (3) replacing all Cl with gluconate increasedJ _me by 40%; (4) serosal SITS had no effect onJ _me; and (5) stimuli of Cl secretion had no effect onJ _me or increased it slightly. Determination of cell SO₄ with³⁵SO₄ indicated that, at steady-state, the average mucosal concentration is 1.1 mmoles per liter cell water, less than half the medium concentration. Cell SO₄ was increased to 3.0mm by adding SITS to the serosal side. Despite net transport rates greater than 1.4 Eq hr^–1 cm^–2, neither addition of SO₄ to the SO₄-free medium nor addition of SITS to SO₄-containing medium altered short-circuit current. The results suggest that (1) ileal SO₄ absorption consists of Na-coupled influx (symport) across the brush border and Cl-coupled efflux (antiport) across the basolateral membrane; (2) the overall process is electrically neutral; (3) the medium-to-cell Cl concentration difference may provide part of the driving force for net SO₄ absorption; and (4) since agents affecting Cl fluxes (both absorptive and secretory) have little effect on SO₄ fluxes, the mechanisms for their transcellular transports are under separate regulation.     

Effects of sodium chloride on water quality and growth of Oreochromis niloticus in earthen ponds

A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted between April and August 2001 to evaluate the effects of NaCl on Oreochromis niloticus growth and water quality in twelve 0.015 ha limed ponds. The design involved fertilizer and salt as factors with two treatments for each factor. Each salt‐fertilizer combination was replicated three times and fish were not offered external food during the 98 days culture. Growth of O. niloticus was significantly enhanced by salt at higher fertilizer level but not at the lower fertilization level. Although salt had no direct effect on fish growth, a significant salt‐fertilizer interaction was demonstrated. Water quality variables, with a few exceptions, were similar among the salted treatments. Total ammonia increased significantly with fertilization level, but the values were similar in salted and unsalted treatments at the same fertilizer level. Total nitrogen was higher in the salted than unsalted treatments while the organic matter content was lower in the salted treatments. The reasons for the better growth of O. niloticus, are discussed with respect to water quality variables. The present results suggest that fertilization rates of 20 kg N ha^?1 may have negative effects on fish growth. However, presence of sodium chloride seems to reduce these negative effects.