广聚萤叶甲实验种群生命表

通过在(26±1)℃恒温条件下的饲养观察,组建了广聚萤叶甲实验种群的特定年龄生命表和生殖力表。结果表明:广聚萤叶甲卵、幼虫、蛹和产卵前期的历期分别为7.51、12.14、7.67和4.75d;各虫态的存活率变幅在77%～94%,其中以卵期存活率最高,3龄幼虫存活率最低,且种群存活曲线呈DeeveyⅡ型分布;单雌平均产卵量为193.8粒;种群趋势指数为36.95,世代平均历期为31.37d,内禀增长能力为0.095,周限增长率为1.10。     

椰心叶甲啮小蜂(Tetrastichus brontispae)实验种群生命表的编制

通过解剖椰心叶甲被寄生僵虫统计椰心叶甲啮小蜂未成熟期的发育历期、存活率与生殖力数据,编制了椰心叶甲啮小蜂的实验种群生命表.常温下椰心叶甲啮小蜂卵、幼虫和蛹的历期分别为3.1、5.0 d和9.3 d,啮出前期为2.1 d.卵、幼虫和蛹的存活率分别为0.9184、0.9521和0.9818,椰心叶甲啮小蜂的成虫羽化率为0.9,单雌产卵量为23.78粒,种群趋势指数为12 45.通过此生命表的组建,讨论了生命表中种群趋势指数(I)与生殖力表中净增殖力(R0)的关系,认为这两个概念本为同一含义,应该合并.此外,在成虫寿命大于等于2d的情况下,成虫逐日存活率与逐日产卵概率乘积的和小于1,且成虫寿命越长其值越小,结果导致在不考察成虫逐日存活率与逐日产卵概率的情况下种群趋势指数被严重高估,因此组建任何形式的生命表都应考察并计入成虫逐日存活率与逐日产卵概率.     

外来入侵菊方翅网蝽生物学特性及实验种群生命表

为了解近年来入侵我国的菊方翅网蝽的生物学特性,并为该昆虫种群在我国未来发展的趋势及防治提供科学依据,我们在温度(25±2) ℃、湿度(80±5)%、光周期L∶D=14∶10的实验室条件下,饲养、观察并记录了其各龄幼虫的形态特征,测定了该虫生长发育历期、存活率和产卵量等,构建了实验种群繁殖特征生命表,并计算了种群动态的相关参数.结果表明: 菊方翅网蝽的卵期为(14.58±1.17) d,若虫期为(14.88±1.45) d,成虫寿命为(59.88±5.85) d,单雌产卵量为(87.2±17.8)粒.该实验种群的内禀增长率(r_m)为0.05,周限增长率(λ)为1.06,世代平均历期(T)为46.11 d,净繁殖率(R₀)为11.88,种群加倍时间(t)为12.91 d;此外,在种群的稳定年龄组配中,若虫期占59.3%,成虫期占40.7%.预计菊方翅网蝽有可能会在中国进一步扩散并造成潜在的危害.     

椰心叶甲实验种群的生物学特性观察

自然温度条件下 ,椰心叶甲Brontispalongissima (Gestro) 1年可发生 3代以上 ,世代重叠 ,主要以成虫越冬。成虫平均寿命 1 5 6d ,最长达 2 3 5d ,雌雄性比为 1∶1 ;雌雄虫一生均可交配多次。成虫产卵期长 ,产卵不规则 ,单雌平均产卵 1 1 9粒 ,最多可达 1 96粒。飞行磨测定的初步结果表明 ,雌虫飞行能力比雄虫强 ,2 4h未取食成虫最远飞行距离可达 40 0多m ;成虫和幼虫均具有负趋光性、假死性。成虫 3～ 5d不取食、高龄幼虫 7d不取食仍存活。幼虫经历 4～ 5龄 ,在温度或寄主不适宜条件下 ,可进入 6～ 7龄 ,或提前化蛹 ,从卵到成虫羽化大约需 3 6～ 61d。     

舟蛾赤眼蜂生物学特性

舟蛾赤眼蜂在淮北地区自然界能安全越冬,每年完成２０～２２个世代。环境温湿度、风和光照等自然因子对其发育和活动有明显影响,发育的适宜温度为２４．９～２８．７℃,相对湿度为８０％左右。常年平均寄生率为 １４．８１％;垂直向上活动范围可达 ６～８ｍ,水平扩散可达 ３５ｍ。     

不同温度下稻螟赤眼蜂在黏虫卵上的种群生命表

稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead是水稻二化螟Chilo suppressalis(Walker)的优势卵寄生蜂。本文构建了以黏虫卵为中间寄主,稻螟赤眼蜂在20℃、25℃、30℃、33℃四个温度条件下的生命表。研究结果表明利用黏虫卵繁育稻螟赤眼蜂时,不同温度下其生长发育和繁殖均存在显著差异,雌蜂平均寿命随温度的升高呈下降趋势,在20℃条件下,雌蜂平均寿命为1.44 d,显著长于其它温度,当温度为30~33℃时,雌蜂寿命最短,平均为0.59 d。在温度为20℃和25℃时,稻螟赤眼蜂的羽化率显著高于温度较高的30℃和33℃,平均为94.73%。在25℃条件下,黏虫卵繁育的稻螟赤眼蜂的净生殖力(R 0)最大,达到31.9176,单雌寄生卵数最多,为32.88个,表现出最强的繁殖能力,而在30℃条件下,瞬时增长率r m和周限增长率λ达到最大值。综合生命表参数、单雌寄生黏虫卵数、寿命、羽化率等指标,利用黏虫卵工厂化繁殖稻螟赤眼蜂的最佳温度为25℃。本研究为利用黏虫卵大量繁殖稻螟赤眼蜂提供了有价值的参考。     

人工卵繁殖赤眼蜂实验种群生命表的研究

借助德国WILD公司生产的实体解剖镜(WILDN8),采用解剖法,统计赤眼蜂幼期存活率与成虫生殖力数据,编制了松毛虫赤眼蜂和拟澳洲赤眼蜂在人工卵上繁殖的实验种群生命表。结果表明,以人工卵作为寄主繁殖松毛虫赤眼蜂和拟澳洲赤眼蜂其实验种群对米蛾卵的寄生能力较强,内禀增长率rm分别为0．2442和0．3159,而松毛虫赤眼蜂比拟澳洲赤眼蜂更适于以人工卵作为寄主进行连代繁殖。松毛虫赤眼蜂在人工卵上单雌平均产卵量为61．5粒,卵、幼虫、蛹等幼期各期存活率分别为1．00、0．7020、0．9431;羽化率为0．7387。拟澳洲赤眼蜂在人工卵上繁殖1代。利用米蛾卵测其单雌平均产卵量为104．2粒,在人工卵内蜂卵、幼虫、蛹等幼期各期存活率分别为1．00、0．6454、0．9383;羽化率为0．7276。     

云龟履硕蚧的生物学及其自然种群生命表

云龟履硕蚧Perissopneumonxyliae (Ayyar)主要分布于云南玉溪、曲靖、楚雄等地 (州 )的板栗产区 ,是板栗的主要害虫之一。该虫在云南易门每年发生 1代 ,幼虫有 3龄 ,以 3龄若虫在树皮缝隙或树干基部越冬。高温、雨水冲刷、瓢虫捕食、紫胶白虫Eublemmaamabilis捕食和白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂Microterysericeri寄生是其主要的自然控制因子     

跗粗角萤叶甲的生物学特性

跗粗角萤叶甲Diorhabda tarsalis Weise是甘草上的重要食叶害虫,成虫、幼虫危害甘草叶片及幼嫩组织。该虫在河北省保定1年发生3代,以成虫在土缝、洞穴或者枯枝落叶下面的疏松层中越冬。翌年4月下旬越冬成虫开始活动,4月下旬至5月上旬交配产卵,卵产于寄主根部10～15mm的疏松土层。第1代、第2代和第3代幼虫分别于5月中旬、7月上旬和8月上旬孵化,各代幼虫均能对寄主造成严重为害,幼虫3龄。记述该虫的寄主、生活年史、发育历期、生活习性,并提出防治建议。     

梨斑叶甲的形态与生物学特性观察

梨斑叶甲主要危害梨和杜梨。成虫形态变异较大,可分为4种色型:红色黑斑形、黄色黑斑型、黑色红斑型和黑色黄斑型。野外以第一色型数量最多,占半数以上。该虫山东每年发生2代,7月份以后以成虫在石缝杂草等处越夏越冬,属专性滞育型昆虫。     

The effects of Nosema algerae on the horizontal life table attributes of Anopheles stephensi under laboratory conditions

Under controlled insectary conditions, infection with Nosema algerae (Cnidospora: Microsporidia) was found to significantly alter the life table characteristics of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) as follows: immature to adult survivorship decreased and developmental time was slightly delayed, female and male life expectancy at emergence decreased, fecundity, and thus the net reproductive rate, decreased, and the instantaneous rate of increase and the instantaneous birth and death rates decreased. The time in life of female reproduction and generation time were not significantly altered. Results are discussed in the context of vectorial capacity for malaria.     

荔枝蝽的实验种群生命表

通过田间笼罩试验 ,排除天敌等生物因子的作用 ,建立了荔枝蝽实验种群生命表 ,分析结果表明 ,荔枝蝽产卵期可持续 1 8周 ,产卵概率呈明显的偏态分布 ,且出现 2个产卵高峰 ;各虫态自然存活率很高 ,均在 95 %以上 ,其实验种群趋势的指数约为 84 0。     

Life history, life table, habitat, and conservation of Byasa impediens (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

This article investigates the biology of Byasa impediens, presenting its life-table data and analyzing its habitat requirements and the key factors threatening the survival of this species. This study also aims to detect specific protection methods to guarantee the long-term survival of Byasa impediens in Baishuijiang Reserve. Byasa impediens is bivoltine in Baishuijiang Reserve. The pupae overwinter on shrubs or on branches of trees. The eclosion of the first generation starts in mid-April. The adults of the first generation emerge in large numbers in mid-late May, and the second generation emerges from late June to mid-July. The two generations overlap. The adult males emerge 7–10 days earlier than the adult females. Their flight behavior is determined by factors such as perching along small rivers and gullies, and visiting flowers. The males are strong fliers. On the contrary, the flying ability of the females is weak; therefore, they just visit flowers, mate, and lay eggs near the natal area. The ratio of female to male is 1:4.1. The maximum lifespan of the males is 26 days, with an average of 6.9 days, whereas the maximum lifespan of the females is 21 days, with an average of 7.6 days. The pregnant eggs per female are 31.5 on average. The incubation period of the first generation is 12–14 days, whereas that of the second generation is 7–9 days. The larvae feed mainly on Aristolochia heterophylla. The larval period of the first generation lasts for 30 days with five instars and that of the second generation lasts for 30–40 days with five or six instars. The pupal period of the first generation begins in early June and lasts for 20–26 days whereas for the second generation, it begins between late July and late September. The adults prefer the following nectar plants: Albizzia julibrissin, Bauhinia glauca, Clerodendrum bungei, and Sambucus chinensis. The plant Aristolochia heterophylla is distributed at an altitude of 900–1680 m, and the most suitable range is 1200–1500 m. The host plants grow mainly along the paths and along the borders of forests where the canopy is rather open and shrubby undergrowth is found. The plant can hardly be found when the canopy density of the forest is greater than 80%. The elevation range most suitable for the larvae is 1200–1500 m. The ideal habitat of host plants also seems to be the ideal habitat of Byasa impediens. The key factors that adversely affect the population of Byasa impediens are loss and deterioration of habitats. The loss and deterioration of the habitats result in a decrease in the numbers of host plants and a more restricted distribution of the potential habitats. The habitat is easily influenced by anthropogenic activities, such as herding, cultivating, and using pesticides, which in turn influences the growth of the host plant Aristolochia heterophylla and the larvae of butterflies. Abnormal climatic conditions and natural enemies are the key factors affecting population density. The hot and dry weather in summer and the heavy rain in autumn considerably reduce the survival rate of eggs and larvae. The ichneumon parasitoids reduce the survival rate of the over-wintering pupae. The primary natural enemies of the larvae include spiders, earwigs, wasps, bugs, and ichneumon parasitoids. Other natural enemies of pupae and adults are birds. The most important conservation measures are preservation and reconstruction of the natural habitat, which includes rebuilding forests, enhancing management, enforcing existing laws, and developing eco-tourism. Creating a core-patch near all patches at a central area is also an important measure for conservation. In the most ideal habitat, appropriate shrub cutting can increase the growth of host plants, thereby promoting expansion of the Byasa impediens population.     

濒危植物沉水樟的种群生命表和谱分析

将林木依胸径大小分级,以林木径级结构代表年龄结构。采用分段匀滑技术,编制沉水樟种群特定时间生命表,绘制死亡率曲线、危险率曲线及存活曲线,分析沉水樟种群动态趋势。结果表明：沉水樟种群的存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅲ型,幼苗和中树稀缺是导致沉水樟濒危的重要原因。沉水樟种群天然更新过程的动态是通过沉水樟不同龄级的株数分布波动而表现的,种群动态的谱分析表明沉水樟种群动态除受基波的影响外,还显示出明显的小周期波动,在11龄级这一小周期波动与沉水樟高生长有关,在15龄级这一小周期的波动可能与沉水樟的生理特性有关。     

橄榄星室木虱实验种群生命表

从 2 0 0 2年 7月 1 8日到 9月 3 0日 ,在莆田市城厢区组建了橄榄星室木虱实验种群生命表 ,并对生命表进行了分析。实验结果表明 ,橄榄星室木虱的种群趋势指数I为 3 7 .2 2 ,世代死亡率为 68 0 7% ,内禀增长力rm 为 0 . 1 1 1 ,周限增长速率λ为 1 . 1 1 7,净繁殖率R0 为 41. 5 64,世代平均周期T为 3 3. 7d ,双倍时间为 7d。     

木荷天然种群生命表分析

以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础,编制的木荷种群特定时间生命表,绘制死亡密度函数曲线、危险率函数曲线及生存曲线,分析种群动态趋势。结果表明,木荷种群有3个死亡高峰,个体平均生存能力的期望在第3龄级最大;存活曲线属于典型的Deevey-Ⅲ型,种群前期存活数随龄级急剧下降,只有11%的幼株能进入第2龄级,而后期存活值波动不大。     

红圆蚧的空间分布及其自然种群生命表

调查了红圆蚧在不同定居地（果、叶、枝条和树干）的密度分布。结果表明,红圆蚧密度在果和树干上较高,在枝条和叶片上较低。红圆蚧的生命表研究说明,红圆蚧以各种虫态越冬,但低温对其存活影响很大。越冬成蚧存活率仅有１８．３％,各世代累积存活率在０．５４％￣３．８％之间变化。     

苹果全爪螨在不同温度下的实验种群生命表

在5种不同温度和16h/d光照长度的条件下组建苹果全爪螨Panonychus ulmi(Koch)实验种群生命表,在此基础上进行该实验种群的一些特征和生命参数分析。结果表明,适于苹果全爪螨实验种群增长的温度在26~30℃。