基于物种多样性和空间格局的林分稀疏

为了解影响热带天然次生林稀疏的因素,本研究应用地上生物量模型、多样性指数和O-ring统计对固定样地中植物的地上生物量、物种多样性和空间分布格局进行定量研究,并结合Yoda自疏模型计算林分稀疏指数,分析物种多样性与空间格局对林分稀疏的影响。结果表明:林分地上生物量随着林分密度的减小呈现先增大,后减小,再增大的趋势,在径级Ⅲ或径级Ⅳ处,出现变化拐点,在天然林管理时应加以注意。多样性指数与林分稀疏指数总体上无显著的相关性,但中等多样性指数值却对应最大的稀疏指数。说明物种多样性中等情况下,林分稀疏最为强烈。植物个体聚集分布的最大强度与稀疏指数呈显著线性负相关,二者的回归方程为:α=-1.7873O11(r)max+2.3451(R2=0.798,P=0.003)。结果表明,在热带常绿季雨矮林中,过大的聚集强度不但不能促进稀疏过程的进行,反而会对其产生阻碍作用。     

阔叶红松林大径级个体对树木空间分布的影响

对森林空间结构的研究一直是生态学重要研究内容之一,林分中大径级个体直接影响周围林分的空间格局,当大径级个体成为倒木或枯立木时会造成较大林隙,这也将导致周围空间格局发生变化。利用小兴安岭凉水自然保护区内10.4 hm2样地的调查数据,统计了样地内乔木树种组成,分析计算样地内树木个体间的分布规律,探究大径级个体对周围邻木空间分布的影响。研究结果表明:样地中共有乔木24种,共计7412株(去除分株),隶属于11科18属,林分中大径级个体周围存在由小径级树木聚集生长形成的环形结构,该环形结构随着邻木径级的变化而变化,2级邻木(5.0≤DBH10.0 cm)主要在距离大径级个体3—7m范围内形成环形结构,3级邻木(10.0≤DBH30.0 cm)主要在距离大径级个体3—6 m范围内形成环形结构,而1级邻木(1.0≤DBH5.0 cm)与4级邻木(30.0≤DBH50.0 cm)并未形成环形结构,经分析环形结构的产生与林分内个体间的竞争存在密切关系,并且该结构与林隙斑块动态理论间存在内在联系,该结构是森林动态变化的一种表现形式,会伴随林木的生长产生或消失。另外研究表明大径级个体胸径的变化对邻木的环形结构分布范围也有一定影响,当大径级个体胸径增加时邻木的聚集范围有收缩的趋势。本次实验采用单次获取的林木数据,对于环形结构随时间的变化情况还有待进一步探究。     

广东石门台亚热带典型常绿阔叶林和亚热带山顶矮林群落特征

为了研究亚热带典型常绿阔叶林和亚热带山顶矮林的物种组成和群落结构,在广东石门台国家自然保护区内分别建立了1 hm2亚热带典型常绿阔叶林样地和1 hm2亚热带山顶矮林样地,以样地内所有胸径（DBH）≥1 cm的乔木、灌木和藤本为研究对象,分析两种森林类型的物种组成、密度、径级和株高结构。结果显示：（1）两种森林的Srensen物种相似性指数为0.41,优势种不同,但优势科却较相似;其中,茶科和杜鹃花科在两种森林中所占比例较高;（2）亚热带典型常绿阔叶林的幼苗（1 cm≤DBH〈2.5 cm）和幼树（2.5 cm≤DBH〈12.5 cm）密度都显著小于亚热带山顶矮林,但两种森林的小树（12.5 cm≤DBH〈25 cm）和大树（DBH≥25 cm）密度均无显著差异;亚热带典型常绿阔叶林幼苗和大树的平均胸径都显著大于亚热带山顶矮林,而幼树的平均胸径则显著小于亚热带山顶矮林,小树的平均胸径无显著差异;亚热带典型常绿阔叶林中小树和大树的平均高度都显著大于亚热带山顶矮林,而幼苗的平均高度显著小于亚热带山顶矮林,幼树的平均高度无显著差异。综合分析表明,亚热带典型常绿阔叶林和亚热带山顶矮林的物种组成、密度、胸径和高度结构差异较大,亚热带典型常绿阔叶林群落稳定性强于亚热带山顶矮林。     

黑龙江省东部地区红松人工中幼龄林生物量研究

运用非线性联立方程组建模理论建立红松立木相容性生物量模型,然后利用模型计算出人工红松各个样地林木各器官和样地总生物量。以林分年龄、林分平均胸径、林分密度等因素为制约条件,讨论分析林分生物量在林木各器官之间的分配规律,并且探究林分年龄、林木大小和林分密度的变化对林分生物量的影响。结果表明:幼龄红松人工林林分生物量与平均胸径成正相关关系;林分密度对林分生物量影响较大,并且随着密度的增大而增大,且最适合的林分密度范围是1 000~1 400株·ha-1;红松人工幼、中龄林林分生物量各器官分配规律相同,表现为树干树根树枝树叶,地上生物量占林分生物量79%左右;林分地上和地下生物量大概呈3.8∶1的比例。     

暖温带–北亚热带过渡带落叶阔叶林群落不同径级系统发育结构的变化

群落的系统发育结构能够有效地反映各种生态过程对群落组成的影响,通过研究群落系统发育结构能推断出其形成的生态过程,对于揭示群落动态具有重要意义。作者将宝天曼1 ha落叶阔叶林样地分为10 m×10 m、20m×20 m、25 m×25 m三个尺度的样方,将样地内乔木个体划分为小径级(1 cm≤DBH5 cm)、中径级(5 cm≤DBH10 cm)、大径级(DBH≥10 cm)三个径级,通过比较各个阶段系统发育结构的变化,来分析其群落系统发育结构的生态过程。不同零模型的比较发现,宝天曼落叶阔叶林群落的净系统发育亲缘关系指数(net relatedness index,NRI)和最近种间亲缘关系指数(net nearest taxa index,NTI)值都随着研究尺度和径级的增加而降低,表明该群落在不同时空尺度上都表现出群落系统发育结构发散,而且系统发育密度制约对大径级个体的系统发育结构的影响大于小径级个体。上述结果说明密度制约是地处暖温带–亚热带过渡带的宝天曼落叶阔叶林群落物种多样性维持的重要机制。     

长白山次生针阔混交林群落结构特征及群落动态

长白山次生针阔混交林是东北地区典型的次生林类型之一,处于向地带性顶级植被阔叶红松林方向演替的重要阶段。全面分析长白山次生针阔混交林群落动态,能为东北地区森林保护、恢复和可持续经营提供理论支撑。基于长白山地区5.2 hm~2次生针阔混交林动态监测样地,以2005和2017年样地内所有胸径(DBH)≥5cm的木本植物为研究对象,分析了12年间群落的物种组成、物种多样性、胸径结构和密度结构等非空间结构,以及林木空间分布格局、树种混交和林木竞争等空间结构的变化。结果表明:群落个体数量由6614株降至5884株,2017年调查到木本植物13科25属42种,较2005年增加2属2种,群落物种组成和多样性变化较小。平均胸径由14.4 cm增加至15.5 cm;径级结构在两次调查中均呈倒"J"型,虽然群落保持稳定的更新态势,但是各径级的个体数量显著下降。胸径变异系数和基尼系数分别由0.77和0.37增至0.79和0.38,群落复杂程度提高。群落株数密度由1272株/hm~2降至1132株/hm~2,林分密度由33.12 m~2/hm~2增至34.74m~(2/)hm~2。群落空间结构在两次调查中没有变化,群落水平分布格局为随机分布(■=0.51),大小分化程度为中庸分布(■=0.50),混交度为强度混交(■=0.76),空间结构稳定。研究还比较了样地和20m×20m样方尺度上的群落结构变化趋势,发现大部分指标在两个尺度上变化一致。综上所述,本研究中的长白山次生针阔混交林的群落非空间结构呈现正向演替趋势,而空间结构保持相对稳定,群落整体在12年内并未发生本质性改变。在未来经营中,可适当伐除假色槭和色木槭等林下层树种,为红松、蒙古栎和紫椴等顶级树种的生长和更新提供空间。     

桂西南喀斯特季节性雨林枯立木的空间格局及生境关联性分析

枯立木是森林生态系统物质循环和能量流动的重要组成部分,对森林群落动态和演替具有重要作用。该研究以位于桂西南的弄岗北热带喀斯特季节性雨林15 hm~2森林动态监测样地为平台,以样地中2011年第一次植被调查数据胸径(diameter at breast height,DBH)≥1 cm的枯立木为研究对象,在充分考虑空间自相关的基础上分析其不同径级(小径级,1 cm≤DBH5 cm;中径级,5 cm≤DBH15 cm;大径级,15 cm≤DBH)的空间分布格局、枯立木多度与环境因子的相关性及生境关联性等。结果表明:枯立木所有个体和小径级分别在0~4 m和0~5 m尺度上表现为聚集分布,其它尺度为随机分布;中径级和大径级在0~30 m尺度上均为随机分布。大径级与凹凸度表现为显著负相关,所有个体和小径级与干旱度指数和样方内所有植株个体数为显著正相关,所有个体和小径级与样方内最大胸径和平均胸径呈显著负相关。所有个体和小径级与3种生境类型间的关联性并不显著;中径级与山坡呈正关联性、与山脊呈负关联性、与山谷无显著关联性;大径级与山谷呈正关联性、与山坡无显著关联性、与山脊呈负关联性。在喀斯特季节性雨林中,枯立木空间分布格局总体表现为随机分布,仅小径级在小尺度内聚集分布,而较大径级在样地中表现出一定的生境关联性;树木死亡过程可能是小尺度内密度制约、大尺度内生境过滤和个体自然衰老等生态学过程形成的。     

关帝山寒温性云杉次生林样地树种组成、结构和空间分布

云杉次生林是关帝山的优势森林植被类型,也是华北亚高山地区寒温性常绿针叶林的代表类型.为更好地了解其物种组成、群落结构等基本特征及其潜在的生态学过程和机制,于2010年在关帝山庞泉沟国家自然保护区建立了4 hm²的云杉次生林固定监测样地(GDS样地).本文以第一次本底调查数据为基础,分析了样地树种组成、结构和空间分布.结果表明: 样地共有木本植物30种,隶属于11科22属.包括分枝的总个体数为26218(其中独立个体数为10266).植物区系组成属北温带成分;不同树种个体数、平均胸径和胸高断面积差异较大,导致群落成层分明,各层优势种明显.乔木层第一亚层树种径级结构呈双峰偏正态分布,乔木层第二亚层树种径级呈近似正态分布,灌木层树种径级呈“L”型分布.乔木优势树种青杄和华北落叶松的空间分布无论在个体数量还是聚集程度上均随径级变化而呈现不同的格局特征.相同径级的两树种,胸径(DBH)≥30 cm的华北落叶松在样地居多且聚集分布于样地中部,而DBH≥30 cm的青杄则相对较少,没有表现出空间聚集性.DBH≤10 cm的华北落叶松个体很少且散生于样地,而DBH≤10 cm的青杄大量聚集于样地中部.DBH≤10 cm的青杄在样地偏西北区域也有大量分布,而DBH≤10 cm的红桦主要分布于样地偏东南区域.灰栒子、土庄绣线菊和四川忍冬等灌木树种也表现出一定的异质性空间分布特征.树种分布格局受生境条件影响,同时与自身发育规律、更新特征及生态习性等相关.     

湖北七姊妹山亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林的物种组成和群落结构

亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林是亚热带山地中重要的森林植被类型之一,是维持区域生态安全和保护生物多样性的重要屏障。为深入研究亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林中的生物多样性维持机理和动态过程,我们在湖北恩施七姊妹山国家级自然保护区6 ha亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林动态监测样地调查了所有胸径(DBH)≥1 cm的木本植物,分析了其群落组成、径级结构和优势种的空间结构特征。共记录到木本植物50,316株,其中独立个体有36,596株(去除分枝和萌生),隶属于57科124属245种,包括7种国家级保护植物和76种稀有种(每公顷个体数不超过1株)。样地内落叶物种分别占总物种数的61.2%(150种)和总个体数的52.6%(26,503株)。整个样地内植物个体胸径呈明显的倒"J"型分布,平均胸径为4.38 cm。样地小径级木本植物较多,胸径≥30 cm的木本植物仅175株。样地中重要值排名前4位的物种分别是川陕鹅耳枥(Carpinus fargesiana)、多脉青冈(Cyclobalanopsis multinervis)、交让木(Daphniphyllum macropodum)和缺萼枫香(Liquidambar acalycina)。这些优势种虽然在整个样地均有分布,但大径级个体(DBH≥10 cm)的空间分布差异较为明显。依据群落组成和径级结构特征,湖北七姊妹山森林动态样地属于人为干扰后处于自然恢复中期的森林群落。针对该样地开展长期的森林动态监测,将有助于深入了解亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林恢复过程中的群落构建规律和物种多样性维持机制。     

小兴安岭阔叶红松林大径级个体对同种邻木分布的影响

利用小兴安岭凉水自然保护区内10.4 hm²样地的调查数据,统计并分析样地内乔木树种的组成与分布,借助混交度计算方法探究大径级个体周围同种邻木分布情况,并分析其产生的原因及大径级个体在其中发挥的作用,研究结果表明：（1）大径级个体（DBH ≥ 50.0 cm）与其周围5-6 m范围内的邻木的混交程度最低,易形成围绕大径级个体（以下简称中央木）的同种邻木环形结构,该环形结构在一定程度上推动着未来的森林演替与更新;（2）距离中央木15 m范围内的中小径级个体（1级木（1.0 cm ≤ DBH < 5.0 cm）、2级木（5.0 cm ≤ DBH < 10.0 cm）、3级木（10.0 cm ≤ DBH < 30.0 cm））与中央木均保持较高的混交程度,而4级木（30.0 cm ≤ DBH < 50.0 cm）、5级木（DBH ≥ 50.0 cm）与中央木的混交程度明显下降,以5级木最低,这种现象的产生与密度制约及物种共存机制存在密切关系。通过研究不同物种及不同生长阶段（不同径级）的林木分布,揭示了凉水地区阔叶红松林中大径级个体周围邻木分布格局特征及其成因,论证了大径级个体在控制周围林分结构、维持物种多样性及推动森林演替中的重要作用,为阔叶红松林的经营及管理提供了数据支撑。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Feeding the vertebrate retina from the Cambrian to the Tertiary

The retina of the vertebrate eye is metabolically active and requires nutritive support. During the last 540 million years it has evolved into forms as complicated and nutritionally demanding as those found in avian or primate eyes. Diffusion from the choroid is generally able to supply the metabolic needs of thin retinae. However, when the thickness exceeds the limits of diffusion, structures are needed to supplement the vascular supply from the choroid. These supplemental nutritive devices include the choroidal gland, the falciform process and preretinal vascular plexus of fish, the conus papillaris of lizards, the pecten oculi of birds, the intraretinal vessels of mammals and a few novel systems that remain difficult to classify. These vascular systems are among the most variable features of the vertebrate eye. Here, we review classical and recent findings regarding such retinal nutrition systems, propose a three category classification for them based on histologic origins and speculate on the evolutionary forces which drove their development.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan