福建永定桫椤群落内主要灌木种群的种间联结性研究

采用X^2检验、联结系数（AC）和种间共同出现百分率（PC）等指标,分析了福建省永定桫椤群落内主要灌木树种的种间联结性,结果表明：除少数种对外,绝大多数种群间的联结性不显著;在联结性显著的种对中,下述4个种对之间有较高的正联结性;赤楠-杜茎山、蔷薇属一种=细齿叶柃、沿海紫金牛-杜茎山,青冈-冬青,表明这4个种对间的生态习性和对环境的需求较一致。     

桥山林区麻栎群落主要乔木种群的种间联结性

采用方差比率法(VR),基于2×2联列表的χ2检验、联结系数(AC)、共同出现百分率(PC)和点相关系数Ф,对桥山林区麻栎(Quercus acutissima)群落中重要值前17位的乔木种群进行种间联结测定与分析。结果表明:桥山林区麻栎群落17个主要乔木种群总体表现为不显著负关联,各物种趋于独立,群落整体不稳定;χ2检验结果显示17个主要种136个种对中,正联结占44.85%,负联结占55.15%,绝大多数呈不显著关联,说明群落种间关联较弱,群落处于不稳定演替阶段;联结系数AC与共同出现百分率PC分析结果都表明17个主要种总体上对生境的需求不同,各种对同时出现几率小;点相关系数Ф测定结果显示正联结种对62个,占总对数45.59%,负联结种对74个,占总对数54.41%;根据种群的聚类分析和种间联结测定结果及生态习性,把17个主要种群划分为3个生态种组。     

秦巴山地栓皮栎所在群落主要乔木树种种间联结性的研究

应用方差比率法,并通过2×2列联表χ2检验法及利用Jaccard指数测定法研究了秦岭北坡和巴山北坡栓皮栎所在群落主要乔木树种的种间联结性.结果表明: 1 两地栓皮栎所在群落主要乔木种群间在总体上呈显著正关联; 2 2×2列联表的χ2检验共有9 7为秦岭北坡的种对数,下同 个种对为显著正关联,1 25 个种对为显著负关联; 3 Jaccard指数标量出了两地栓皮栎所在群落中种对间的联结程度和相伴随出现的机率,两地栓皮栎所在群落中多数乔木种群间的联结性不显著且联结程度较低; 4 种对间的正关联,主要是由于它们具有相近的生物学特性以及对生境具有相似的生态适应性所致,种对间的负关联主要是由于物种间的空间排斥,适应不同的微环境的结果; 5 两地栓皮栎所在的群落处于演替的不稳定阶段.     

罗卜岩保护区闽楠种群与优势蕨类植物种间联结分析

对罗卜岩闽楠〔Ｐｈｏｅｂｅｂｏｕｒｎｅｉ（Ｈｅｍｓｌ．）Ｙａｎｇ〕群落中闽楠和１７种优势蕨类植物进行种间联结测定,应用２×２联列表,以联结系数（Ａｃ）、共同出现百分率（Ｐｃ）和ｘ２统计量度量等公式计算联结值。研究结果表明,蕨类植物与闽楠种群之间联结Ｐｃ值＞３０的有６对植物,但Ａｃ和ｘ２均较低。蕨类植物种间联结较紧密,Ｐｃ值＞３０的有６对植物;Ａｃ值＞４０的有８对植物;ｘ２值中≥ｘ２（１）（０．０１）的有３８对植物。闽楠与蕨类植物以及蕨类植物之间种间联结较紧密,体现了它们对环境要求的一致性     

五针白皮松在群落演替过程中的种间联结性分析

通过方差分析、χ2检验和共同出现百分率PC等的计算,对五针白皮松(Pinus squamata)分布的群落中主要树种间的种间联结性进行了定量分析。研究结果表明：2个五针白皮松分布的群落总体种间关联性为显著正相关,其中半阳坡上的群落为正相关,阴坡上的群落为显著正相关。由于半阳坡上的群落为针阔叶混交林,而阴坡上的群落为常绿阔叶林,表明五针白皮松分布的群落有从针阔叶混交林向常绿阔叶林演替的趋势。χ2检验和共同出现百分率PC的结果说明,阴坡群落的树种间有较密切的正相关,五针白皮松与其他树种总体上无关联性,表明五针白皮松是一个阳性先锋树种,它与其他物种的共同出现往往是由于随机的因素。同时,通过五针白皮松年龄结构并联系云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)与其他物种关系的分析得出结论,五针白皮松的濒危状况可能是在长期的植被演化过程中被阔叶树种排挤所造成的。     

光皮桦天然林群落优势种群的种间联结性研究

运用2×2列联表x     

南方红豆杉群落主要树木种群间联结关系初步研究

南方红豆杉（Ｔａｘｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓｖａｒ．ｍａｉｒｅｉ）是红豆杉科红豆杉属植物、林业部确定的国家一级保护树种,木材材质优良,更因其含高效抗癌药物紫杉醇（ｔａｘｏｌ）而备受关注。南方红豆杉自然分布于华东、中南、西南以及陕西、甘肃的南部、台湾等地。...     

关帝山神尾沟森林群落木本植物种间联结性与相关性研究

用χ²检验和Pearson相关系数检验研究了关帝山神尾沟植物群落的种间关系,分别测定了8种乔木和18种灌木植物在神尾沟植物群落中的总体关联性以及它们在7类不同群落中的种间联结性和相关性。结果清楚地反映了木本植物种间关系以及它们在资源利用和生态位上的差异。     

中华水韭松阳居群的群落结构与种间联结性研究

为全面了解国家一级保护植物中华水韭(Isoetessinensis)的濒危机制,作者对分布于浙江松阳的中华水韭居群的自然生境进行了野外观察,在1m×1m样方尺度上研究了中华水韭与群落中出现频率较高的27个物种之间的联结性。结果表明:群落中物种组成贫乏,其组成成分中温带性质明显,中华水韭在不同小群落中分布密度差异较大,在少数小群落中能形成优势种群。中华水韭与薄叶假耳草(Neanotishirsuta)、鳢肠(Ecliptaprostrata)、短尖苔草(Carexbrevicuspis)等7个种群的种间联结性极显著,与多数种群间联结性不显著;中华水韭与大多数种群的联结系数(AC)值在–0.4至0.4之间,即关联小,说明中华水韭在群落中的存在是相对独立的;仅少数小群落的优势种与中华水韭之间有种间竞争。中华水韭受生境和种间竞争影响较大,生态适应性差。此研究结果对制定该物种合适的就地保护措施和恢复计划具有参考价值。     

北京西山静福寺地区鸟类多度分布格局

物种多度格局分析对理解群落结构具有重要意义。采用分割线段模型对北京西山静福寺地区鸟类群落物种数量关系进行拟合研究,并运用秩相关性分析对模型进行相关系数检验,结果表明:(1)该地区鸟类群落多度格局模型与分割线段模型显著相关,利用分割线段模型可以良好的拟合该地区鸟类群落多度格局;(2)鸟类多度分布格局具有时间和空间的双重属性;(3)月尺度上,1月与其他月份差异显著,森林群落间差异不显著;(4)季尺度上,冬季与春、秋两季差异显著,落叶阔叶林与针阔混交林差异显著,针叶林与落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林差异都不显著;(5)年尺度上,年变化差异不显著。     

桂林岩溶石山密花树群落主要物种的种间关联及群落稳定性

研究群落内主要物种的种间关联及群落稳定性,有助于正确地认识种间关系和物种共存机制,进而能为植被的恢复与重建以及生物多样性保护等提供理论依据。然而桂林岩溶石山密花树群落主要物种的种间关联及群落稳定性仍不明确。基于群落调查数据,采用方差比率法(VR)、χ²检验、Pearson相关检验、Spearman秩相关检验和M.Godron稳定性等方法,对该群落主要物种的种间关联及群落稳定性进行研究。结果表明:(1)该群落乔木层、灌木层和草本层主要物种间的总体关联性均呈显著负关联;(2)χ²检验结果显示,各层次绝大部分种对均无显著关联,种间关联较松散,各物种间呈独立分布格局;(3) Pearson相关检验和Spearman秩相关检验发现,各层次绝大部分种对均呈不显著相关,种间相关性较弱;(4) M.Godron稳定性结果表明,整个群落及其各垂直层次的稳定性测定结果均远离20/80,皆处于不稳定状态。研究显示桂林岩溶石山密花树群落种间关联较松散,各物种呈相对独立分布格局,群落处于不稳定的演替早期阶段。因此,在岩溶地区植被恢复与重建过程中,应将资源利用方式、生物学特征和生态学习性相近,对生境要求相似的优势乡土物种搭配在一起。此外,可采取适当的抚育措施,调节种间关系,提高群落稳定性。     

退化草地阿尔泰针茅与狼毒种群的小尺度种间空间关联

采用草地群落学调查与点格局分析方法,在祁连山北坡选择4种退化高寒草地群落,分析了阿尔泰针茅(Stipa krylovii)与狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)种群的大小结构、斑块特征和种间关联关系。结果表明:随天然草地退化过程延续,阿尔泰针茅由大株丛结构演变为小株丛结构,种群密度和领地面积减小、空斑面积增大、领地密度先增大后减小,狼毒种群的株丛结构和斑块特征发生了相反的变化趋势;不同退化草地阿尔泰针茅和狼毒种群的空间关联呈现负关联、正关联和不关联规律;在未退化草地和轻度退化草地、中度退化草地,阿尔泰针茅与狼毒的关联性分别由0-14 cm、0-51 cm尺度上的负相关和0-85 cm尺度上的不相关,转变为14-100 cm、51-100 cm尺度上的不相关和86-100 cm尺度上的正相关。物种个体大小结构变化,以及狼毒种群的斑块吞并、合并和阿尔泰针茅种群的斑块破碎、被分割过程,既是物种关联性发生尺度转换的先决条件,又是引起草地群落中物种地位与作用改变的关键因素。     

Floristic relationship between plant communities of corresponding habitats in southeast Greenland and alpine Scandinavia

Barkman's similarity coefficiënts have been calculated for twelve ecologically related communities of southeast Greenland (SEG) and alpine Scandinavia (SCA). Comparisons were made between corresponding saxicolous lichen communities, dwarf shrub communities, snow bed communities and herb and Salix shrub communities. The corresponding SEG and SCA communities of extreme habitats have the same faithful taxa or the same dominant taxa, relatively few or no area-differential (ArD) taxa and they are floristically strongly related. They should be classified in one single association; the geographical variation is expressed in terms of geographical races. Corresponding vegetation types of mesic habitats have low floristic similarity coefficiënts, many ArD taxa and the same dominant taxa, or different faithful taxa. The geographical variation should be expressed here on the association level.     

Duplicated growth hormone genes in a passerine bird, the jungle crow (Corvus macrorhynchos)

Molecular cloning, molecular phylogeny, gene structure and expression analyses of growth hormone (GH) were performed in a passerine bird, the jungle crow (Corvus macrorhynchos). Unexpectedly, duplicated GH cDNA and genes were identified and designated as GH1A and GH1B. In silico analyses identified the zebra finch orthologs. Both GH genes encode 217 amino acid residues and consist of five exons and four introns, spanning 5.2 kbp in GH1A and 4.2 kbp in GH1B. Predicted GH proteins of the jungle crow and zebra finch contain four conserved cysteine residues, suggesting duplicated GH genes are functional. Molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that duplication of GH genes occur after divergence of the passerine lineage from the other avian orders as has been suggested from partial genomic DNA sequences of passerine GH genes. RT-PCR analyses confirmed expression of GH1A and GH1B in the pituitary gland. In addition, GH1A gene is expressed in all the tissues examined. However, expression of GH1B is confined to several brain areas and blood cells. These results indicate that the regulatory mechanisms of duplicated GH genes are different and that duplicated GH genes exert both endocrine and autocrine/paracrine functions.     

Chlorophyll a forms in Phaeodactylum tricornutum: Comparison with other diatoms and brown algae

The long-wave chlorophyll a forms in Phaeodactylum tricornutum (688 and 703 nm) change into a short-wave form, 670 nm, as a result of incubation with 55% glycerol, freeze-thawing, short ultraviolet irradiation and, probably, chloroplast preparation. This short-wave form is non-fluorescent. Fluorescence polarisation measurements indicate that the long-wave chlorophyll a molecules are oriented parallel to each other. Although “labile” long-wave chlorophyll a receives energy from Photosystem II pigments at room temperatures and follows the induction phenomena of fluorescence, it is indicated by afterglow experiments that it probably does not participate in Photosystem II.Long-wave chlorophyll forms in Fucus are stable and probably are related to Photosystem I.     

Strong associations between plant genotypes and bacterial communities in a natural salt marsh

Although microbial communities have been shown to vary among plant genotypes in a number of experiments in terrestrial ecosystems, relatively little is known about this relationship under natural conditions and outside of select model systems. We reasoned that a salt marsh ecosystem, which is characterized by twice‐daily flooding by tides, would serve as a particularly conservative test of the strength of plant–microbial associations, given the high degree of abiotic regulation of microbial community assembly resulting from alternating periods of inundation and exposure. Within a salt marsh in the northeastern United States, we characterized genotypes of the foundational plant Spartina alterniflora using microsatellite markers, and bacterial metagenomes within marsh soil based on pyrosequencing. We found significant differences in bacterial community composition and diversity between bulk and rhizosphere soil, and that the structure of rhizosphere communities varied depending on the growth form of, and genetic variation within, the foundational plant S. alterniflora. Our results indicate that there are strong plant–microbial associations within a natural salt marsh, thereby contributing to a growing body of evidence for a relationship between plant genotypes and microbial communities from terrestrial ecosystems and suggest that principles of community genetics apply to this wetland type.     

漓江河岸带枫杨群落主要木本植物种间联结与相关分析

种间联结能够反映植物群落中物种间的关系和群落的稳定程度,对植被的恢复与重建、生物多样性保护等具有重要的意义和价值。为了解漓江河岸带枫杨群落的种间联结特征,基于2×2联列表,通过方差比率(VR)、χ~2检验、Pearson相关系数、Spearman秩相关系数检验及PCA排序等,对枫杨群落主要木本植物种间关联性进行定量分析和生态种组划分。结果表明:(1)乔木层、灌木层以及乔木和灌木层的总体种间关联性均呈不显著正联结,表明枫杨群落处于较稳定的阶段;(2)χ~2检验结果显示,绝大多数种对呈不显著关联,说明群落各种对间关联较弱,各物种间呈独立分布格局;(3)Pearson相关检验和Spearman秩相关检验发现各层次的显著率均较低,种间相关性不显著的种对占绝大部分,种间相关性不强;(4)χ~2检验、Pearson相关系数检验和Spearman秩相关系数检验结果虽具有一致性,但也存在一定的差异,Spearman秩相关系数检验更具灵敏性,结合3种方法使用效果更佳;(5)根据PCA排序和种间联结关系,将20个主要物种划分为4个生态种组。     

Relationship of occurrence of Fruhstorferiola tonkinensis Will. and plant communities on riversides in northern Guangdong Province, China

Plant communities on riversides in northern Guangdong Province were investigated with all-survey method, where a kind of native grasshopper Fruhstorferiola tonkinensis Will. broke out severely. 108 plant species belonging to 43 families were identified, and some plant indexes in those plant communities including their name, average height, congregation index, total coverage rate, phenological phase and biod were noted. In addition, plant comparability, plant abundance, quantity character and attribute symbol of dominant species in plant communities on riversides were studied. The results showed that the arrangement and distribution of vegetations on riversides offered a favorable habitat for F. tonkinensis. Moreover, the density of first instar nymphs of F. tonkinensis in plant communities was calculated. The results of partial correlation analysis (PCA) about the relationship between plant communities and occurrence of F. tonkinensis showed that Pterocarya stenoptera C. DC. was the most palatable plant to F. tonkinensis, presenting a very significantly positive correlation between coverage rate of P. stenoptera and occurrence of F. tonkinensis. The partial correlation coefficient (PCC) was 0.856072 (F=32.92012, P=0.0001). Bambusa flexuosa was a non-preferable plant of F. tonkinensis, presenting a significantly negative correlation between them, and the partial correlation coefficient was −0.607920 (F=0.16173, P=0.0211). Those results would help us to propose some approaches for the ecology control of F. tonkinensis on riversides in northern Guangdong Province.     

三工河流域琵琶柴群落特征与土壤因子的相关分析

琵琶柴(Reaumuria soongorica)是我国荒漠地区分布最广的地带性植被类型之一,对维系荒漠地区生态系统的稳定性具有重要作用。以三工河流域两个琵琶柴群落为对象,在2010年主要生长季节(6—10月),通过群落和土壤调查,采用土钻法、土柱法、地上收割法对两个琵琶柴群落的土壤性质、生物多样性、细根生物量、地上生物量、生物多样性与土壤性质的关系进行研究,结果表明:两个琵琶柴群落在冠幅、盖度、多度和物种多样性等方面均存在显著差异。在0—100 cm土壤层内,两个群落土壤电导率、pH值、容重、含水量存在显著差异。除土壤容重外,群落2各个土壤因子的值均大于群落1,并随土壤深度的增加表现出类似的趋势。两个群落物种多样性指数、地上生物量、细根生物量存在显著差异,从6月到10月呈现先下降再上升的趋势。由于7、8月群落1有大量夏雨型短命植物和类短命草本植物的出现,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数急剧降低,Simpson指数表现出相反的变化趋势。群落2土壤电导率和pH值较高,草本植物鲜有出现,多样性指数和均匀度指数变化均较为平缓。两个群落的Sorenson相似性系数较低,群落差异明显。相关和回归分析表明土壤环境因子是导致两个琵琶柴群落特征、生物多样性和生物量不同的主要因素。较高的土壤含水量可以增加琵琶群落的生物多样性,较高的土壤容重抑制琵琶柴群落细根的生长,轻度的干旱胁迫促进地上生物量的积累,一定浓度的土壤pH值和土壤盐分可以促进琵琶柴群落细根的生长。     

Schistosoma mansoni: Correlation between lipid partition coefficients and the transintegumental uptake of nonelectrolytes

Comparison of transintegumental membrane permeability and partition coefficients of selected nonelectrolytes attempted to correlate the parameters of lipid solubility and membrane permeation in male and female Schistosoma mansoni. Transintegumental uptakes and octanol:water partition coefficients were determined for 10 nonelectrolytes (acetamide, antipyrine, benzyl alcohol, caffeine, ethanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, sucrose, thiourea, and urea). Linear regression analyses comparing the logarithm of the partition coefficient to the transintegumental uptakes yielded values of R = 0.80 (P < 0.001) for males, R = 0.84 (P < 0.001) for females, and R = 0.82 (P < 0.001) for a combined analysis of males and females. The male and female schistosomes showed no statistically significant differences in correlation of these parameters. The evidence, then, suggests that the multilaminate membrane functions in a way similar to the function of a lipid bilayer with regard to the parameters studied.