青霉菊粉酶的产生和性质

由淀粉通过葡萄糖异构化生产高果糖糖浆,生产上受到原料的限制。果糖另一种来源是菊粉（Inulin）。菊粉是以β-2,1果糖苷键连接的一种多聚果糖,其末端含有一个蔗糖残基,它作为贮存性多糖大量存在于菊芋（Helianthus tuberosus）、菊巨(chicoryintybus)、大丽花（Dahlia pinnata）等多种植物中,至今尚未得到很好利用。菊粉可通过化学法或酶法水解生成果糖。利用菊粉酶     

马克斯克鲁维酵母菌菊粉酶的异源表达及低聚果糖制备工艺优化

【目的】低聚果糖是新型的食品和保健品原料,具有广阔的市场需求。以菊粉酶水解菊粉制备低聚果糖的酶法工艺是先进的绿色制造。本研究旨在获得高产的菊粉酶菌株及以菊粉为原料酶法制备低聚果糖的优化工艺。【方法】采用基因工程手段克隆马克斯克鲁维酵母菌(Kluyveromyces marxianus)的菊粉酶基因,实现其在毕赤酵母中的高效表达;测定菊粉酶在不同p H、温度、金属离子和底物浓度等条件下的酶活变化趋势,获得最佳的反应参数;通过高效液相色谱法检测水解产物,获得不同酶量水解产物各组分分布。【结果】菊粉酶工程菌株在10 L发酵罐中的产菊粉酶活达1 570 U/m L、蛋白质含量为2.75 g/L发酵液;菊粉酶最适反应参数为:在体积为1 L的反应体系中,p H 5.0、反应温度50°C、含0.2 mmol/L Mg2+以及菊粉浓度为8%。在该条件下,酶量为10 U时菊粉被完全水解。水解产物中单糖和二糖含量仅为9.25%,而低聚果糖(C3-C8)含量为90.75%,且C3-C5低聚果糖含量高达72.92%。【结论】克隆了K.marxianus菊粉酶基因并实现了高效表达,获得了水解菊粉制备低聚果糖的最佳工艺条件。为菊粉酶的大量生产及低聚果糖的酶法制备奠定了良好的基础。     

1株产菊粉酶菌株的筛选、鉴定及发酵条件优化

筛选分离可以分解菊芋中菊糖的菌株。采用平板稀释法从土样中筛选出能够分解菊芋中菊糖的菌株,并从中得到1株酶活较高的真菌A-15,经菌落观察及采用18S rRNA基因测序鉴定,研究不同因素对菌株菊粉酶活力的影响。通过对分离得到的菌株形态观察及分子鉴定后,确定菌株A-15为黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)。通过正交试验优化菌株A-15的发酵条件分析结果显示,菌株A-15产菊粉酶最优条件:最佳氮源为酵母膏,氮源量1.0%,氯化钠0.5%,磷酸氢二钾0.3%,菊芋汁定容,初始pH 6,培养温度30℃,摇瓶发酵6 d。结果表明菌株A-15具有很好地降解菊芋中菊糖的性能。     

内切型菊粉酶生产菌株的筛选及诱变选育

采用透明圈法筛选得到了产菊粉酶的多株菌株,并得到了1株产内切型菊粉酶较高的隐球酵母属（Cryptococcus)菌株L1,以L1作为出发菌株经Co^60诱变后,得到1株产内切型菊粉酶最好菌株C10,其诱变后低聚果糖得率比诱变前提高了52．6％,酶活力提高了51．9％。     

底物结合性洋姜菊粉酶的动力学性质研究

 <正> 随着高果糖浆工业的发展,固定化葡糖异构酶的质量和成本逐渐成为影响产品商业化的突出问题。至今,国内外均从某些微生物中提取菊粉酶(Inulinase E、C、3.2.1.7),再去作用菊目植物中含有的菊粉,以此生产果糖。我们设想,如果能利用含天然底物和酶于一体的洋     

碳源和氮源对玫瑰栗色链霉菌No．336产葡萄糖异构酶的影响

玫瑰粟色链霉菌(Streptomyces rosecocastaneus) No. 336变异株对碳源或氮源的利用及其和产葡萄糖异构酶的关系,用半合成培养基进行了摇瓶液体培养试验。测定以15种单精和糖醇、8种寡糖和5种多糖作为碳源,6种含氮化合物作为氮源对菌的生长和产酶的影响。证明N。．336菌株除利用L一阿拉伯糖和D二木糖等五碳糖作为碳源外,也能利用D一葡萄糖等六碳糖作为碳源和能源。糖醇对酶的形成或无明显影响,或有抑制作用。在供试的氮源中,玉米浆和酵母膏对产酶的影响明显优于蛋白胨,该菌几乎不能以无帆氮化合物或乙酸镶作为唯一的氮源。C／N比的试验表明,2：1、1：1或3：1的培养基组成有利于葡萄糖异梅酶的形成,提高氮素含量虽能促进菌的生长,但对产酶不利。以麦麸水解液和玉米浆为主要成分的培养基有利于No.336菌株的生长和产酶,每毫升培养液的酶活力在180单位以上。     

微生物菊粉酶的研究进展

菊粉酶（Inulinas．EC3.2.1.7）是B－2．1-D-果聚糖酶,可从果糖的非应原端逐个切下单个果糖（外切酶活性）,或在分子内部随机切断某个p－2.1糖着键（内切酶活性）［1］。菊粉酶主要来源于菊科植物和部分微生物,微生物菊粉酶主要来自霉菌、酵母菌和细菌。菊粉酶可水解天然果聚精一菊粉（Inulin）,利用菊粉酶一步水解菊粉制备高果糖浆具有工艺简单、原料价格低廉、转化率高、副产物少,不增加环境污染等优点,因而具有很大的开发应用潜力。菊粉是果糖的多聚物,富含于菊芋（He－lianthustuberosus）等多种菊科植物中,菊芋块茎主要成分…     

毛云芝菌利用糖蜜酒精废水产漆酶培养基优化

为提高毛云芝菌的漆酶产量,降低生产成本,同时使糖蜜废水中的营养成分得到充分利用,变废为宝,以糖蜜废水作为碳源,对毛云芝菌发酵产漆酶进行研究。在单因素试验基础上,以不同浓度糖蜜废水、尿素含量为自变量,漆酶活力为因变量,采用Box-Behnken设计方法得到最佳的培养基配方为糖蜜废水浓度47%,尿素添加量0.5%,漆酶活力可达1 810.0 U/mL,约为优化前的6倍。说明毛云芝菌利用糖蜜废水作为碳源生产漆酶是可行的,为糖蜜废水资源化利用高效生产有价值产品奠定了理论基础。     

发酵菊芋汁生产果糖糖浆研究

分析了来自不同地区的菊芋成分,干物质含量在23％～26％,菊粉多糖含量为17％～18％（鲜重）。制备菊芋汁中的主要固形物成分是菊粉多糖,游离的还原糖和可溶性蛋白质含量很低,菊芋用于果糖或果糖糖浆生产具有较高的经济价值;通过摇瓶发酵试验确定了利用菊芋汁生产果糖糖浆的工艺,用自动模拟发酵罐进行了生产模拟实验。产品总糖含量为61％,其中果糖95％,葡萄糖5％,通过发酵法生产果糖糖浆总糖得率为90％。     

黑曲霉产菊粉酶菌株的选育及培养基优化

为获得高产菊粉酶的黑曲霉菌株,以Aspergillus niger YH-1为出发菌株,经过亚硝基胍(NTG)诱变,以高温高菊芋粉相结合的方式进行梯度驯化,选育出一株产菊粉酶菌株YH-3,并运用响应面实验方法对该菌株的培养基进行优化。确定了最佳培养基组成:菊芋粉25.2 g/L、豆饼粉40 g/L、蔗糖酯4.9 g/L、NaCl 5.5 g/L。发现内切菊粉酶活力(I)由60.9 U/mL提高到165.0 U/mL,比出发菌株提高了1.7倍。研究证明蔗糖酯对于黑曲霉YH-3发酵产菊粉酶是一种有效的促进剂。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism