Solution structure of barley lipid transfer protein complexed with palmitate. Two different binding modes of palmitate in the homologous maize and barley nonspecific lipid transfer proteins.

The structure of a nonspecific lipid transfer protein from barley (ns-LTPbarley) in complex with palmitate has been determined by NMR spectroscopy. The structure has been compared to the structure of ns-LTPbarley in the absence of palmitate, to the structure of ns-LTPbarley in complex with palmitoyl coenzyme A, to the structure of ns-LTPmaize in its free form, and to the maize protein complexed with palmitate. Binding of palmitate only affects the structure of ns-LTPbarley moderately in contrast to the binding of palmitoyl coenzyme A, which leads to a considerable expansion of the protein. The modes of binding palmitate to the maize and barley protein are different. Although in neither case there are major conformational changes in the protein, the orientation of the palmitate in the two proteins is exactly opposite.     

Comparison of solution and crystal structures of maize nonspecific lipid transfer protein: A model for a potential in vivo lipid carrier protein

The three-dimensional solution structure of maize nonspecific lipid transfer protein (nsLTP) obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is compared to the X-ray structure. Although both structures are very similar, some local structural differences are observed in the first and the fourth helices and in several side-chain conformations. These discrepancies arise partly from intermolecular contacts in the crystal lattice. The main characteristic of nsLTP structures is the presence of an internal hydrophobic cavity whose volume was found to vary from 237 to 513 ų without major variations in the 15 solution structures. Comparison of crystal and NMR structures shows the existence of another small hollow at the periphery of the protein containing a water molecule in the X-ray structure, which could play an important structural role. A model of the complexed form of maize nsLTP by α-lysopalmitoylphosphatidylcholine was built by docking the lipid inside the protein cavity of the NMR structure. The main structural feature is a hydrogen bond found also in the X-ray structure of the complex maize nsLTP/palmitate between the hydroxyl of Tyr81 and the carbonyl of the lipid. Comparison of 12 primary sequences of nsLTPs emphasizes that all residues delineating the cavities calculated on solution and X-ray structures are conserved, which suggests that this large cavity is a common feature of all compared plant nsLTPs. Furthermore several conserved basic residues seem to be involved in the stabilization of the protein architecture. Proteins 31:160–171, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Effects of acylation on the structure,lipid binding,and transfer activity of wheat lipid transfer protein

Study of the effect of protein chemical acylation on their functional properties or activity often brings valuable information regarding structure-function relationships. We performed such work on wheat lipid transfer protein, LTP1, to investigate the role of grafted acyl chains on the lipid binding and transfer properties. LTP1 was acylated by using anhydride derivatives of various chain lengths from C2 to C6. Only the chemical modifications with hexanoic acid yielded a marked effect on the tertiary structure and a slight change in the secondary structure. The affinity of the modified proteins for myristoyl-lysophosphatidylcholine was similar to that of the native protein accompanied by a slight decrease in stoichiometry. Interestingly, the acylation of LTP1 enhanced the lipid transfer activity by at least a factor of 10 for hexanoic chain length. Finally, the grafting of acyl chains was investigated by means of molecular modelling, and an attempt is made to correlate with our experimental data.     

Recombinant production and solution structure of lipid transfer protein from lentil Lens culinaris

Lipid transfer protein, designated as Lc-LTP2, was isolated from seeds of the lentil Lens culinaris. The protein has molecular mass 9282.7 Da, consists of 93 amino acid residues including 8 cysteines forming 4 disulfide bonds. Lc-LTP2 and its stable isotope labeled analogues were overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Antimicrobial activity of the recombinant protein was examined, and its spatial structure was studied by NMR spectroscopy. The polypeptide chain of Lc-LTP2 forms four α-helices (Cys4-Leu18, Pro26-Ala37, Thr42-Ala56, Thr64-Lys73) and a long C-terminal tail without regular secondary structure. Side chains of the hydrophobic residues form a relatively large internal tunnel-like lipid-binding cavity (van der Waals volume comes up to ∼600 Å³). The side-chains of Arg45, Pro79, and Tyr80 are located near an assumed mouth of the cavity. Titration with dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) revealed formation of the Lc-LTP2/lipid non-covalent complex accompanied by rearrangements in the protein spatial structure and expansion of the internal cavity. The resultant Lc-LTP2/DMPG complex demonstrates limited lifetime and dissociates within tens of hours.     

Effects of ligand binding on the dynamics of rice nonspecific lipid transfer protein 1: a model from molecular simulations

Plant nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are small, basic proteins constituted mainly of alpha-helices and stabilized by four conserved disulfide bridges. They are characterized by the presence of a tunnel-like hydrophobic cavity, capable of transferring various lipid molecules between lipid bilayers in vitro. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed at room temperature to investigate the effects of lipid binding on the dynamic properties of rice nsLTP1. Rice nsLTP1, either in the free form or complexed with one or two lipids was subjected to MD simulations. The C-terminal loop was very flexible both before and after lipid binding, as revealed by calculating the root-mean-square fluctuation. After lipid binding, the flexibility of some residues that were not in direct contact with lipid molecules increased significantly, indicating an increase of entropy in the region distal from the binding site. Essential dynamics analysis revealed clear differences in motion between unliganded and liganded rice nsLTP1s. In the free form of rice nsLTP1, loop1 exhibited the largest directional motion. This specific essential motion mode diminished after binding one or two lipid molecules. To verify the origin of the essential motion observed in the free form of rice nsLTP1, we performed multiple sequence alignments to probe the intrinsic motion encoded in the primary sequence. We found that the amino acid sequence of loop1 is highly conserved among plant nsLTP1s, thus revealing its functional importance during evolution. Furthermore, the sequence of loop1 is composed mainly of amino acids with short side chains. In this study, we show that MD simulations, together with essential dynamics analysis, can be used to determine structural and dynamic differences of rice nsLTP1 upon lipid binding.     

Narbonin,a novel 2S protein from Vicia narbonensis L. seeds: cDNA,gene structure and developmentally regulated formation

cDNA and genomic clones encoding narbonin, a 2S globulin from the seed of narbon bean (Vicia narbonensis L.), were obtained using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. The full-length cDNA as well as genomic clones contain a single open reading frame (ORF) of 873 bp that encodes a protein with 291 amino acids comprising the mature narbonin polypeptide (M _r ca. 33 100) and an initiation methionine. The deduced amino acid sequence lacks a transient N-terminal signal peptide. The genomic clones do not contain any intron. No homology was found to nucleic acid and protein sequences so far registered in sequence data libraries. The biosynthesis of narbonin during embryogenesis is developmentally-regulated and its pattern of synthesis closely resembles that of typical seed storage globulins. However, during seed germination narbonin was degraded very slowly, indicating that it may have other function than storage protein. Southern analysis suggests the existence of a small narbonin gene family. Narbonin genes were also found in four different species of the genus Vicia as well as in other legumes such as Canavalia ensiformis and Glycine max. In Escherichia coli a recombinant narbonin was produced which yielded crystals like those prepared from narbonin purified from seeds.     

Evidence from NMR interaction studies challenges the hypothesis of direct lipid transfer from L‐FABP to malaria sporozoite protein UIS3

UIS3 is a malaria parasite protein essential for liver stage development of Plasmodium species, presumably localized to the membrane of the parasitophorous vacuole formed in infected cells. It has been recently proposed that the soluble domain of UIS3 interacts with the host liver fatty acid binding protein (L‐FABP), providing the parasite with a pathway for importing exogenous lipids required for its rapid growth. This finding may suggest novel strategies for arresting parasite development. In this study, we have investigated the interaction between human L‐FABP and the soluble domain of Plasmodium falciparum UIS3 by NMR spectroscopy. The amino acid residue‐specific analysis of ¹H,¹⁵N‐2D NMR spectra excluded the occurrence of a direct interaction between L‐FABP (in its unbound and oleate‐loaded forms) and Pf‐UIS3. Furthermore, the spectrum of Pf‐UIS3 was unchanged when oleate or phospholipids were added. The present investigation entails a reformulation of the current model of host‐pathogen lipid transfer, possibly redirecting research for early intervention against malaria.     

骆驼蓬(Peganum harmala)蛋白质的分布、提取及活性研究

采用不同溶剂分级提取骆驼蓬（Peganum harmala L．）根、茎、叶及种子中的蛋白质,结果表明总蛋白以种子中的蛋白含量最高,而营养器官以叶中的蛋白含量较高。当年种子总蛋白含量显著高于贮藏种子。不同溶剂分级提取的当年生种子、根、茎和叶中各组分,以碱提组分蛋白含量最高。用含不同盐离子浓度的缓冲液和不同pH值的广泛缓冲液提取骆驼蓬种子的蛋白质,结果表明优化后的缓冲液条件为含0．2mol／LNaCl,pH：7．0～8．0的5mmol／LPBS缓冲液。硫酸铵沉淀法获得的骆驼蓬种子中的蛋白粗提物（1．2mg／mL）对供试真菌交格链孢菌（Alternaria alternata）、指状青霉菌（Penicillium degitatum）、灰霉病菌（Botrytis cinerea）、稻瘟病菌（Magnaporthe grisea）和意大利青霉菌（Penicillium italicum）等5种植物病原真菌均有抑菌作用,其中对意大利青霉菌和交格链孢菌表现出较好的抑菌活性,抑菌环直径分别为19．50和18．50mm。对供试细菌表皮葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus epidermidis）、粪肠球菌（Enterococcus faecalis）、臭鼻克雷伯菌（Klebsiella penumoniae）、福氏志贺氏菌（Shigella flexneri）、金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureua）和鲍曼不动杆菌（Acinetobacter baumannii）等6种病原细菌也有抑菌作用,其中对臭鼻克雷伯菌、福氏志贺氏菌、表皮葡萄球菌等病原细菌等有较好的抑制作用,抑菌圈直径分别10．20、10．10和9．30mm。     

Solution structure of the hypothetical protein TA0095 from Thermoplasma acidophilum: a novel superfamily with a two-layer sandwich architecture

TA0095 is a 96-residue hypothetical protein from Thermoplasma acidophilum that exhibits no sequence similarity to any protein of known structure. Also, TA0095 is a member of the COG4004 orthologous group of unknown function found in Archaea bacteria. We determined its three-dimensional structure by NMR methods. The structure displays an alpha/beta two-layer sandwich architecture formed by three alpha-helices and five beta-strands following the order beta1-alpha1-beta2-beta3-beta4-beta5-alpha2-alpha3. Searches for structural homologs indicate that the TA0095 structure belongs to the TBP-like fold, constituting a novel superfamily characterized by an additional C-terminal helix. The TA0095 structure provides a fold common to the COG4004 proteins that will obviously belong to this new superfamily. Most hydrophobic residues conserved in the COG4004 proteins are buried in the structure determined herein, thus underlying their importance for structure stability. Considering that the TA0095 surface shows a large positively charged patch with a high degree of residue conservation within the COG4004 domain, the biological function of TA0095 and the rest of COG4004 proteins might occur through binding a negatively charged molecule. Like other TBP-like fold proteins, the COG4004 proteins might be DNA-binding proteins. The fact that TA0095 is shown to interact with large DNA fragments is in favor of this hypothesis, although nonspecific DNA binding cannot be ruled out.     

Purification and primary structure of novel lipid transfer proteins from germinated lentil (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lens culinaris</Emphasis>) seeds

A subfamily of eight novel lipid transfer proteins designated as Lc-LTP1-8 was found in the lentil Lens culinaris. Lc-LTP2, Lc-LTP4, Lc-LTP7, and Lc-LTP8 were purified from germinated lentil seeds, and their molecular masses (9268.7, 9282.7, 9121.5, 9135.5 daltons) and complete amino acid sequences were determined. The purified proteins consist of 92-93 amino acid residues, have four disulfide bonds, and inhibit growth of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Total RNA was isolated from germinated lentil seeds, RT-PCR and cloning were performed, and the cDNAs of six LTPs were sequenced. Precursor 116-118-residue proteins with 24-25-residue signal peptides were found, and two of them are purified proteins Lc-LTP2 and Lc-LTP4.     

Merozoite surface protein 2 of Plasmodium falciparum: expression, structure, dynamics, and fibril formation of the conserved N-terminal domain

Merozoite surface protein 2 (MSP2) is a GPI-anchored protein on the surface of the merozoite stage of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. It is largely disordered in solution, but has a propensity to form amyloid-like fibrils under physiological conditions. The N-terminal conserved region (MSP2(1-25)) is part of the protease-resistant core of these fibrils. To investigate the structure and dynamics of this region, its ability to form fibrils, and the role of individual residues in these properties, we have developed a bacterial expression system that yields > or =10 mg of unlabeled or (15)N-labeled peptide per litre of culture. Two recombinant versions of MSP2(1-25), wild-type and a Y7A/Y16A mutant, have been produced. Detailed conformational analysis of the wild-type peptide and backbone (15)N relaxation data indicated that it contains beta-turn and nascent helical structures in the central and C-terminal regions. Residues 6-21 represent the most ordered region of the structure, although there is some flexibility around residues 8 and 9. The 10-residue sequence (MSP2(7-16)) (with two Tyr residues) was predicted to have a higher propensity for beta-aggregation than the 8-mer sequence (MSP2(8-15)), but there was no significant difference in conformation between MSP2(1-25) and [Y7A,Y16A]MSP2(1-25) and the rate of fibril formation was only slightly slower in the mutant. The peptide expression system described here will facilitate further mutational analyses to define the roles of individual residues in transient structural elements and fibril formation, and thus contribute to the further development of MSP2 as a malaria vaccine candidate.     

松墨天牛OBP基因MaltOBP2和MaltOBP6的克隆、序列分析及组织表达谱和原核表达研究

【目的】本研究旨在探索松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus Hope在嗅觉识别寄主植物过程中扮演重要角色的气味结合蛋白(odorant binding proteins,OBPs)的结构及功能。【方法】利用生物信息学方法对得到的Malt OBP2和Malt OBP6基因序列和蛋白结构进行分析,并通过实时荧光定量PCR分析Malt OBP2和Malt OBP6在松墨天牛雄虫不同组织和时空中的表达差异,利用p ET32a(+)原核表达载体对Malt OBP2和Malt OBP6进行了诱导蛋白表达。【结果】本研究得到两个松墨天牛气味结合蛋白基因——Malt OBP2(Gen Bank登录号:KP120891)和Malt OBP6(Gen Bank登录号:KP120892),ORF长度分别为402 bp和408 bp,翻译的氨基酸序列均含有4个保守的半胱氨酸位点,表明得到的两个OBP基因的编码蛋白均属于Minus-C OBP亚家族;推导的两个OBP蛋白均有6个α螺旋区域,且α螺旋区域在两个蛋白的位置非常相似,但是两个OBP蛋白推测的配体结合位点和位点极性却完全不同。组织表达模式表明,Malt OBP2和Malt OBP6在成虫头部、触角、下颚(唇)须、腹部末端和足中均有表达,表达程度不一,但都在头部显著表达,触角中的表达量相比其他组织中较低或只是持平。发育表达结果表明,Malt OBP2在蛹触角中的表达量最高,而Malt OBP6在幼虫头部的表达量最高。本研究成功构建了原核表达载体p ET32aMalt OBP2和p ET32a-Malt OBP6,并进行了OBP蛋白诱导表达,低温(16℃和20℃)条件利于蛋白表达在上清液中,延长诱导表达时间(12 h)可以增加蛋白的表达量。【结论】本研究从松墨天牛体内得到了Minus-C OBP蛋白亚家族的两个基因Malt OBP2和Malt OBP6,通过配体结合位点推测它们具有不同的生理功能;通过组织表达谱结果推测这两个OBP基因在松墨天牛中的功能不仅仅局限于嗅觉识别,或还有味觉感受、化学感受等其他生理功能。本研究结果为两个OBP蛋白的结构和功能研究奠定了基础,为探索松墨天牛的化学感受机制提供了条件。     

Solvation study of the non-specific lipid transfer protein from wheat by intermolecular NOEs with water and small organic molecules

Intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs) were measured between the protons of various small solvent or gas molecules and the non-specific lipid transfer protein (ns-LTP) from wheat. Intermolecular NOEs were observed with the hydrophobic pocket in the interior of wheat ns-LTP, which grew in intensity in the order cyclopropane (saturated solution) < methane (140 bar) < ethane (40 bar) < acetonitrile (5% in water) < cyclohexane (saturated solution) < benzene (saturated solution). No intermolecular NOEs were observed with dioxane (5% in water). The intermolecular NOEs were negative for all of the organic molecules tested. Intermolecular NOEs between wheat ns-LTP and water were weak or could not be distinguished from exchange-relayed NOEs. As illustrated by the NOEs with cyclohexane versus dioxane, the hydrophobic pocket in wheat ns-LTP preferably binds non-polar molecules. Yet, polar molecules like acetonitrile can also be accommodated. The pressure dependence of the NOEs between methane and wheat ns-LTP indicated incomplete occupancy, even at 190 bar methane pressure. In general, NOE intensities increased with the size of the ligand molecule and its vapor pressure. NMR of the vapor phase showed excellent resolution between the signals from the gas phase and those from the liquid phase. The vapor concentration of cyclohexane was fivefold higher than that of the dioxane solution, supporting the binding of cyclohexane versus uptake of dioxane.     

光滑鳖甲抗菌肽的原核表达条件优化及其抗菌活性

【目的】本研究旨在探索光滑鳖甲Anatolica polita borealis抗菌肽Ap AMP1015的最佳原核表达条件及其抗菌活性。【方法】利用生物信息学方法对得到的Ap AMP1015基因序列和蛋白结构进行分析,运用原核表达技术表达Trx A-Ap AMP1015融合蛋白,通过Western blot方法鉴定蛋白,并利用亲和层析的方法获得纯化的Trx A-Ap AMP1015融合蛋白,抑菌圈实验验证蛋白抗菌活性。【结果】克隆得到光滑鳖甲抗菌肽基因Ap AMP1015,其开放阅读框长387 bp,编码128个氨基酸,其中包含由19个氨基酸组成的信号肽和75个氨基酸组成的成熟肽。NCBI数据库同源序列比对结果显示该蛋白属Coleoptericin抗菌肽家族。确定了蛋白表达的最佳条件:0.1 mmol/L IPTG 150 r/min 25℃诱导4 h。肠激酶切割后的Ap AMP1015能够有效抑制大肠杆菌Escherichia coli的生长。【结论】克隆得到光滑鳖甲抗菌肽基因Ap AMP1015,获得了其编码蛋白的最优表达条件,研究发现Ap AMP1015能够有效抑制大肠杆菌的生长。本研究为光滑鳖甲抗菌肽Ap AMP1015的应用和进一步研究奠定了基础。     

The oligomeric structure of vaccinia viral envelope protein A27L is essential for binding to heparin and heparan sulfates on cell surfaces: a structural and functional approach using site-specific mutagenesis

The soluble domain of the self-assembly vaccinia virus envelope protein A27L, sA27L-aa, consists of a flexible extended coil at the N terminus and a rigid hydrophobic coiled-coil region at the C terminus. In the former, a basic strip of 12 residues is responsible for binding to cell-surface heparan sulfates. Although the latter is believed to mediate self-assembly, its biological role is unclear. However, an in vitro bioassay showed that peptides comprising the 12 residue basic region alone failed to interact with heparin, suggesting that the C-terminal coiled-coil region might serve an indispensable role in biological function. To explore this structural and functional relationship, we performed site-specific mutagenesis in an attempt to specifically disrupt the hydrophobic core of the coiled coil. Three single mutants, L47A, L51A, and L54A, and one triple mutant, L47,51,54A, were expressed and purified from Escherichia coli. The physical properties of the mutants were carefully examined by gel-filtration chromatography, CD, and NMR spectroscopy, and the biological activities were assessed by an in vitro SPR bioassay and three in vivo bioassays: binding to cells, blocking virus infection and blocking cell fusion. We showed that the L47A mutant, which is similar to the parental sA27L-aa in forming a hexamer, is biologically active. L51A and L54A mutants form tetramers and are less active. Notably, in the triple mutant, the self-assembly hydrophobic core structure is uncoiled; as a consequence, the tetrameric structure is biologically inactive. Thus, we conclude that the leucine residues, in particular Leu51 and Leu54, sustain the hydrophobic core structure that is essential for the biological function of vaccinia virus envelope protein A27L, binding to cell-surface heparan sulfate.     

棉铃虫激活增强子结合蛋白AP-4基因的原核表达、多克隆抗体制备、表达谱分析及功能鉴定

【目的】激活增强子结合蛋白4(activating enhancer binding protein 4, AP-4)是近年来备受关注的一类功能广泛的转录因子,参与Wnt/β-catenin信号通路的调控。本研究旨在研究棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera HaAP-4基因的原核表达并制备多克隆抗体,明确HaAP-4基因的时空表达谱,初步探究HaAP-4对棉铃虫胆固醇载体蛋白2(sterol carrier protein-2, SCP-2)基因(HaSCP-2)表达的调控作用。【方法】通过PCR扩增棉铃虫HaAP-4基因片段,将其克隆至pET-28a原核表达载体,转化至大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21,经IPTG诱导表达,采用镍柱纯化重组蛋白,免疫新西兰兔制备多克隆抗体。运用RT-qPCR检测HaAP-4基因在棉铃虫不同发育阶段(卵、幼虫、预蛹、蛹和成虫)以及5龄幼虫和预蛹不同组织(中肠、脂肪体、头和表皮)中的表达水平。设计并合成HaAP-4 siRNA,转染棉铃虫Ha细胞,通过RT-qPCR检测和分析使用HaAP-4 siRNA进行RNA干扰后Ha细胞中HaAP-4和HaSCP-2基因 mRNA的表达情况。【结果】成功构建pET-28a-HaAP-4重组表达质粒,在大肠杆菌细胞中获得高效表达的可溶性蛋白,目的蛋白大小约为55 kD,经纯化获得了纯度较高的重组蛋白,免疫新西兰兔成功制备了多克隆抗体,通过Western blotting检测显示抗体具有较好的特异性,ELISA分析表明抗体效价较高。发育阶段特异性表达结果显示,HaAP-4基因在棉铃虫不同发育阶段均有表达,其中在卵期、5龄幼虫期和预蛹期的表达量较高。组织表达结果表明,HaAP-4基因在5龄幼虫和预蛹不同组织中均有表达,且在中肠和头部具有高表达,而在表皮和脂肪体中表达量较低。RNA干扰实验发现,HaAP-4基因的敲降对HaSCP-2基因转录有显著影响,HaSCP-2基因mRNA表达水平下降了约55%。【结论】利用pET-28a原核表达系统能有效地在体外表达可溶性的HaAP-4,并制备了较好的多克隆抗体。RNAi实验结果提示,在中肠内高表达的HaAP-4基因能促进HaSCP-2基因的转录表达,在棉铃虫脂质生理代谢过程中发挥作用。本研究为进一步深入阐明棉铃虫HaAP-4的潜在功能打下了基础。     

桔小实蝇气味结合蛋白BdorOBP2的cDNA克隆、组织表达及配基结合特性

为了研究桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis气味结合蛋白(odorant-binding proteins, OBPs)参与其嗅觉识别过程中的功能及其与植物气味的结合特性, 本研究克隆了桔小实蝇的一个气味结合蛋白基因, 命名为BdorOBP2（GenBank登录号为KC773766）, 并对该基因进行了原核表达。BdorOBP2开放阅读框长447 bp, 编码148 个氨基酸, 具有典型的6个半胱氨酸位点。定量PCR结果显示, 桔小实蝇BdorOBP2在不同组织中均有表达, 其中头部中的表达量最高, 翅中表达量最低（为头部表达量的63%±6%）。构建了BdorOBP2原核表达载体, 诱导并获得了重组BdorOBP2并进行了亲和层析纯化。最后以N-苯基-1-萘胺（N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, 1-NPN）为荧光探针, 利用荧光竞争结合实验测定了重组BdorOBP2与7种主要寄主水果气味物质的结合能力, 发现其对多数酯类和醛类化合物亲合力较强, 亲合力最强的气味物质为反-2-己烯醛和β-紫罗兰酮, 结合常数KD分别为9.96和15.37 μmol/L。本研究结果可为高效地开发和设计桔小实蝇的嗅觉引诱剂配方提供一定的理论依据和参考。