《粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约》实施进展

简要叙述了《粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约》的目标和内容以及自生效以来取得的新进展,包括供资战略的实施、履约进展、方便获得和利益分享多边系统建设以及促进履约的计划和措施等,以期为我国植物遗传资源工作者和政府有关部门提供参考。     

中国粮食和农业植物遗传资源状况报告(Ⅱ)

10多年来,中国政府十分重视粮食和农业植物遗传资源的保护和可持续利用,并根据《粮食和农业植物遗传资源全球行动计划》20项优先领域,通过制定和完善相关的法律法规,加强了粮食和农业植物遗传资源的管理;通过培训和科普宣传,提高了公众意识;通过国际合作和协作网建设,实现了信息、人员和植物遗传资源的交流与交换;通过各种国家计划和项目的实施,建立和完善了植物遗传资源保护体系,实现了植物遗传资源的安全保存和可持续利用,为中国乃至世界植物育种和粮食安全发挥了较大作用。     

《粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约》与《名古屋议定书》比较研究

《粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约》（简称《条约》）与《生物多样性公约关于遗传资源获取和公平公正地分享由遗传资源利用产生惠益的名古屋议定书》（简称《议定书》）是遗传资源获取和惠益分享领域两个重要的国际法律文书,建立了各自的获取和惠益分享机制。由于担忧两个法律文书之间存在监管重叠,以及对我国遗传资源的保护和利用现状不够了解,我国均未批准加入。本文从目标、范围、获取和惠益分享框架和模式及受益者等4四个方面比较了《条约》和《议定书》的差异,结合我国遗传资源的保护和利用现状,就是否加入《条约》与《议定书》提出了以下建议：（1）两个国际法律文书均应加入;（2）在履行《条约》时,需要加强作物野生近缘种的保护,防止资源流失;（3）在履行《议定书》时,监测和评估我国遗传资源应用能力,并适时提出修订《议定书》条款的要求。     

Outcomes of the second workshop of the Food Sustainable Consumption and Production Round Table Working Group 1: deriving scientifically sound rules for a sector-specific environmental assessment methodology

Purpose  

This paper illustrates the consensus achieved by the members of the European Food Sustainable Consumption and Production Round Table Working Group 1 in their second scientific workshop held in the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre site in Ispra, Italy on July 5–7, 2011. This workshop came after having run a detailed analysis, of data gaps and of methodologies, for the environmental assessment of food and drink products. In particular, the aim of this workshop was to reach consensus amongst key stakeholders on those approaches found diverging across methodologies and on which the forthcoming protocol for the ENVIronmental assessment of FOOds and Drinks (ENVIFOOD Protocol) is expected to provide guidance to the sector.     

中国作物种质资源引进与流出研究

引进国外种质、促进粮食生产,对中国至关重要。中国每年从世界各地引进大量的作物遗传资源,如水稻、小麦、玉米、马铃薯、甘薯,当然主要是从国际农业研究磋商组织(CGIAR)各中心引进的。同时,中国也向国际农业研究磋商组织各中心和其他国家提供了许多作物遗传资源(如大豆),为世界做出了巨大贡献。种质资源的流动有利于中国,因此中国应该与国际农业研究磋商组织各中心和其他国家加强合作,组织专家系统研究并争取尽快加入《粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约》,强化统一管理,规范种质资源引进与输出,建立共享机制,推进种质资源共享。     

Indian Plant Germplasm on the Global Platter: An Analysis

Food security is a global concern amongst scientists, researchers and policy makers. No country is self-sufficient to address food security issues independently as almost all countries are inter-dependent for availability of plant genetic resources (PGR) in their national crop improvement programmes. Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research (CGIAR; in short CG) centres play an important role in conserving and distributing PGR through their genebanks. CG genebanks assembled the germplasm through collecting missions and acquisition the same from national genebanks of other countries. Using the Genesys Global Portal on Plant Genetic Resources, the World Information and Early Warning System (WIEWS) on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and other relevant databases, we analysed the conservation status of Indian-origin PGR accessions (both cultivated and wild forms possessed by India) in CG genebanks and other national genebanks, including the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) genebanks, which can be considered as an indicator of Indian contribution to the global germplasm collection. A total of 28,027,770 accessions are being conserved world-wide by 446 organizations represented in Genesys; of these, 3.78% (100,607) are Indian-origin accessions. Similarly, 62,920 Indian-origin accessions (8.73%) have been conserved in CG genebanks which are accessible to the global research community for utilization in their respective crop improvement programmes. A total of 60 genebanks including 11 CG genebanks have deposited 824,625 accessions of PGR in the Svalbard Global Seed Vault (SGSV) as safety duplicates; the average number of accessions deposited by each genebank is 13,744, and amongst them there are 66,339 Indian-origin accessions. In principle, India has contributed 4.85 times the number of germplasm accessions to SGSV, in comparison to the mean value (13,744) of any individual genebank including CG genebanks. More importantly, about 50% of the Indian-origin accessions deposited in SGSV are traditional varieties or landraces with defined traits which form the backbone of any crop gene pool. This paper is also attempting to correlate the global data on Indian-origin germplasm with the national germplasm export profile. The analysis from this paper is discussed with the perspective of possible implications in the access and benefit sharing regime of both the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and the newly enforced Nagoya Protocol under the Convention on Biological Diversity.     

World Health Organization activities on anthrax surveillance and control

The achievements of a World Health Organization Anthrax Working Group, established in 1990, have been the production of two editions of guidelines on anthrax surveillance and control and the formulation of templates to assist countries in the construction of their surveillance and control programmes. The latter was made possible by the active participation of the Department of Animal Production and Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries, Zambia and the Livestock Development Programme, Mongu, Western Province, Zambia in a model country programme designed by the Working Group for the purpose. This paper elaborates on these achievements, particularly the lessons learned from the experience of Western Province, Zambia.     

Report of the Working Group on Integrated Translational Research in DNA Repair

On September 28-29, 2006, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences led a team from the National Institutes of Health in hosting a Working Group on Integrated Translational Research in DNA Repair, in Berkeley, CA. In recognition of the far-reaching goals for this area of investigation, the Working Group was charged with conceiving a vision to facilitate projects that would apply the lessons of DNA Repair research to clinical application and public health. The participants included basic and physician scientists working in the various areas of DNA Repair and genome stability, as well as agency representatives of the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. In constructing this vision of practical research recommendations, the Working Group was asked to identify roadblocks to progress, suggest enabling technologies, and to consider areas that are ripe for translation. This report summarizes the rationale for this initiative and the recommendations that emerged.     

Estimating the Global Prevalence of Zinc Deficiency: Results Based on Zinc Availability in National Food Supplies and the Prevalence of Stunting

Background

Adequate zinc nutrition is essential for adequate growth, immunocompetence and neurobehavioral development, but limited information on population zinc status hinders the expansion of interventions to control zinc deficiency. The present analyses were conducted to: (1) estimate the country-specific prevalence of inadequate zinc intake; and (2) investigate relationships between country-specific estimated prevalence of dietary zinc inadequacy and dietary patterns and stunting prevalence.

Methodology and Principal Findings

National food balance sheet data were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Country-specific estimated prevalence of inadequate zinc intake were calculated based on the estimated absorbable zinc content of the national food supply, International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group estimated physiological requirements for absorbed zinc, and demographic data obtained from United Nations estimates. Stunting data were obtained from a recent systematic analysis based on World Health Organization growth standards. An estimated 17.3% of the world’s population is at risk of inadequate zinc intake. Country-specific estimated prevalence of inadequate zinc intake was negatively correlated with the total energy and zinc contents of the national food supply and the percent of zinc obtained from animal source foods, and positively correlated with the phytate: zinc molar ratio of the food supply. The estimated prevalence of inadequate zinc intake was correlated with the prevalence of stunting (low height-for-age) in children under five years of age (r = 0.48, P<0.001).

Conclusions and Significance

These results, which indicate that inadequate dietary zinc intake may be fairly common, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, allow inter-country comparisons regarding the relative likelihood of zinc deficiency as a public health problem. Data from these analyses should be used to determine the need for direct biochemical and dietary assessments of population zinc status, as part of nationally representative nutritional surveys targeting countries estimated to be at high risk.     

Consumer Preferences for Baobab Products and Implication for Conservation and Improvement Policies of Forest Food Resources in Niger (West Africa)

Economic Botany - Consumer Preferences for Baobab Products and Implication for Conservation and Improvement Policies of Forest Food Resources in Niger (West Africa).Adansonia digitata L. (African...     

International Conference - “Water-Saving Agriculture and Sustainable Use of Water and Land Resources in Arid and Semiarid Areas” October 26 ‐ 29, 2003. Yangling‐Shaanxi‐P. R. China

Conference Report

International Conference - “Water-Saving Agriculture and Sustainable Use of Water and Land Resources in Arid and Semiarid Areas” October 26 ‐ 29, 2003. Yangling‐Shaanxi‐P. R. China     

Estimating the Global Prevalence of Inadequate Zinc Intake from National Food Balance Sheets: Effects of Methodological Assumptions

Background

The prevalence of inadequate zinc intake in a population can be estimated by comparing the zinc content of the food supply with the population’s theoretical requirement for zinc. However, assumptions regarding the nutrient composition of foods, zinc requirements, and zinc absorption may affect prevalence estimates. These analyses were conducted to: (1) evaluate the effect of varying methodological assumptions on country-specific estimates of the prevalence of dietary zinc inadequacy and (2) generate a model considered to provide the best estimates.

Methodology and Principal Findings

National food balance data were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Zinc and phytate contents of these foods were estimated from three nutrient composition databases. Zinc absorption was predicted using a mathematical model (Miller equation). Theoretical mean daily per capita physiological and dietary requirements for zinc were calculated using recommendations from the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine and the International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group. The estimated global prevalence of inadequate zinc intake varied between 12–66%, depending on which methodological assumptions were applied. However, country-specific rank order of the estimated prevalence of inadequate intake was conserved across all models (r = 0.57–0.99, P<0.01). A “best-estimate” model, comprised of zinc and phytate data from a composite nutrient database and IZiNCG physiological requirements for absorbed zinc, estimated the global prevalence of inadequate zinc intake to be 17.3%.

Conclusions and Significance

Given the multiple sources of uncertainty in this method, caution must be taken in the interpretation of the estimated prevalence figures. However, the results of all models indicate that inadequate zinc intake may be fairly common globally. Inferences regarding the relative likelihood of zinc deficiency as a public health problem in different countries can be drawn based on the country-specific rank order of estimated prevalence of inadequate zinc intake.     

5-HT和DA对虾蟹打斗行为影响的研究进展

5-羟色胺(5-HT)和多巴胺(DA)是两种神经递质,可与众多不同类型的受体结合发挥多种重要的生理功能.现已证明其广泛分布于多种动物的不同组织中,在动物的打斗行为活动中起着重要的调节作用.目前,在虾蟹中已被报道的5-HT受体主要有5种,分别是5-HT1A、5-HT1B、5HT2A、5HT2B和5-HT7;DA受体主要为DA1A、DA1B、DA2和DA4.5-HT和DA及其受体分布存在明显的种属和组织特异性.5-HT和DA参于了虾蟹打斗行为的调节过程并有不同的调节机理.5-HT可以调节环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)或高血糖激素(CHH)的释放,促进或抑制虾蟹打斗行为;而DA同样能够通过调节cAMP及COMT等物质的释放来调节虾蟹打斗行为.     

Twenty-five years of international exchanges of plant genetic resources facilitated by the CGIAR genebanks: a case study on global interdependence

This article analyses 25 years of data about international movements of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA), facilitated by the gene banks hosted by seven centres of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. It identifies trends in the movements of PGRFA for use in research and development, and describes the diversity of those resources transferred over time. The paper also presents data on the number of countries involved in the global exchanges, analyses their development status and describes their role as providers and/or recipients, providing a picture of the breadth of these global exchanges. We highlight that it is primarily developing and transition economies that have participated in the flows, and that the transferred germplasm has been largely used within their public agricultural research and development programmes. We conclude that, when provided the opportunity of facilitated access, countries will use a wide diversity of germplasm from many other countries, sub-regions and continents as inputs into their agricultural research and development programmes. We highlight the importance of enabling the continuation of the non-monetary benefits from international access to germplasm. We discuss the implications for the process of development and reform of the multilateral system of access and benefit sharing under International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.     

Results of a joint pesticide test programme by the Working Group: Pesticides and Beneficial Arthropods

The side effect of 20 commercial pesticides (10 insecticides/acaricides, 6 fungicides, 4 herbicides) on 6 different beneficial arthropods was tested by members of the IOBC/WPRS Working Group “Pesticides and Beneficial Arthropods” in 3 countries. The tests were done according to standardized methods based on common rules, which, among others, emphasize the reduction of the beneficial capacity as the relevant parameter for evaluation. The beneficials tested were:Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal,Pales pavida Meig.,Phygadeuon trichops Thomson,Leptomastix dactylopii (How.),Coccygomimus turionellae (L.) andChrysopa carnea Steph. The insecticidal biopreparation Dipel, the acaricide Torque, the fungicides Nimrod, Cercobin-M, Ortho Difolatan, the herbicides Betanal and Illoxan were harmless to slightly harmful to all the natural enemies tested. These chemicals should be examined further for their possible recommendation for integrated control. Other pesticides gave less favourable results. It is hoped that the results would help other WPRS Working Groups and plant protection advisers in the development of rational control programmes.     

Genetic relationships among Kenyan and other East African indigenous chickens

In this study, 30 microsatellite markers recommended by the International Society for Animal Genetics and the Food and Agriculture Organization were used to determine the extent of genetic differentiation and phylogenetic relationships among indigenous chicken populations sampled in Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia and Sudan. Genetic differentiation (F(ST)) and chord genetic distances (D(C)) indicated that the indigenous chickens were genetically related but distinct from commercial broiler and egg layer lines. Genetic divergence among the indigenous chickens determined using the Mantel test was significantly influenced (P < 0.001) by geographic (reproductive) isolation. Genetic subdivisions were found between the Kenyan/Ugandan chicken populations and Ethiopian/Sudanese chicken populations. The Marsabit chicken population from northern Kenya was the most genetically distinct population within the Kenyan and Ugandan chicken cluster, thus warranting further investigation.     

遗传资源获取与惠益分享: 背景、进展与挑战

本文回顾了《生物多样性公约》(CBD)有关遗传资源获取与惠益分享(access and benefit sharing, ABS)问题的谈判背景, 介绍了ABS问题特设工作组的工作历程。对《公约》第8次缔约方大会以来有关ABS问题的谈判进展进行了详细的分析, 特别是有关遗传资源来源证书制度的讨论与成果, 进而对当前ABS问题面临的挑战进行了分析研究, 包括国际层面上WTO体系和世界知识产权组织(WIPO)体系与CBD之间在遗传资源及相关传统知识在知识产权问题上的冲突, 国家层面上ABS问题的立法需求与焦点问题, 以及在确定遗传资源来源和实施惠益分享方面的技术限制等。     

An Update to Returning Genetic Research Results to Individuals: Perspectives of the Industry Pharmacogenomics Working Group

The ease with which genotyping technologies generate tremendous amounts of data on research participants has been well chronicled, a feat that continues to become both faster and cheaper to perform. In parallel to these advances come additional ethical considerations and debates, one of which centers on providing individual research results and incidental findings back to research participants taking part in genetic research efforts. In 2006 the Industry Pharmacogenomics Working Group (I‐PWG) offered some ‘Points‐to‐Consider’ on this topic within the context of the drug development process from those who are affiliated to pharmaceutical companies. Today many of these points remain applicable to the discussion but will be expanded upon in this updated viewpoint from the I‐PWG. The exploratory nature of pharmacogenomic work in the pharmaceutical industry is discussed to provide context for why these results typically are not best suited for return. Operational challenges unique to this industry which cause barriers to returning this information are also explained.     

巴西植物遗传资源保护与对外交流管理

巴西拥有高等植物55000种,居世界第一。植被分为6个区系,即亚马逊雨林、塞拉多(Cerrado)稀树草原、卡廷加(Caatinga)旱生植被、大西洋雨林、南方森林草原和潘塔纳尔(Pantanal)湿地植被。已建立554个原生境保护区和126个基因库,保存植物遗传资源25万份。对外交流由巴西农业科学院(EMBRAPA)遗传资源与生物技术中心(CENARGEN)统一管理。     

Stunting Is Associated with Food Diversity while Wasting with Food Insecurity among Underfive Children in East and West Gojjam Zones of Amhara Region,Ethiopia

Background

Food insecurity has detrimental effects in protecting child undernutrition.This study sought to determine the level of child undernutrition and its association with food insecurity.

Methods

A community based comparative cross-sectional study design involving multistage sampling technique was implemented from 24^th of May to 20^th of July 2013. Using two population proportion formula, a total of 4110 randomly selected households were included in the study. Availability of the productive safety net programme was used for grouping the study areas. A multiple linear regression model was used to assess the association between food insecurity and child malnutrition. Clustering effects of localities were controlled during analysis.

Results

Stunting (37.5%), underweight (22.0%) and wasting (17.1%) were observed in East Gojjam zone, while 38.3% stunting, 22.5% underweight, and 18.6% wasting for the West Gojjam zone. Food insecurity was significantly associated with wasting (β = - 0.108, P < 0.05).Food diversity and number of meals the child ate per day significantly associated with stunting (β = 0.039, P < 0.01) and underweight (β = 0.035, P < 0.05) respectively. Residential area was the significant predictor of all indices.

Conclusion

The magnitude of child undernutrition was found to be very high in the study areas. Food insecurity was the significant determinant of wasting. Food diversity and number of meals the child ate per day were the significant determinants of stunting and underweight respectively. Child nutrition intervention strategies should take into account food security, dietary diversity, and carefully specified with regard to residential locations. Addressing food insecurity is of paramount importance.