苏芸金杆菌广谱杀虫Tm13－14菌株晶体毒素及毒力特性

以新筛选的对鞘翅目、鳞翅目、双翅目均具毒性的Ｂ．ｔ．Ｔｍ１３－１４菌株为材料,用ＨＤ－１、３３７０－１为参考菌株,比较了伴孢晶体蛋白的多肽组成,以及经三种昆虫肠道酶降解产生的抗酶多肽组分。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析表明：Ｔｍ１３－１４晶体蛋白含１３８ｋＤ、１３２ｋＤ主要成分和６５ｋＤ次要成分。其晶体分别由三种昆虫肠道酶消化产生绚毒性多肽,经生物测定,杀家蚕的毒性成分为６８．５ｋＤ、５９ｋＤ多肽;杀斜纹夜蛾毒性成分为７１ｋＤ,６７ｋＤ和５９．６ｋＤ多肽杀马铃薯瓢虫毒性成分为６９ｋＤ、６５ｋＤ多肽。它与ＨＤ－１、３３７０－１晶体均有明显差异。     

苏芸金杆菌伴孢晶体和芽孢孢衣的蛋白质组分及其与毒力的关系

研究了苏芸金杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)3个变种6个菌株的提纯伴孢晶体和芽孢对大蜡螟(Galleria mellonella)和大菜粉蝶(Pieris brassicae)的毒力、晶体的蛋白质和多肽成分及芽孢衣中的类晶体蛋白质成分.生物测定表明,晶体毒力高于芽孢,在总数量相同的情况下,晶体和芽孢近1:1的混合物的毒力高于单独的晶体或芽孢.芽孢衣中存在一种类似晶体蛋白质的成分,无晶体突变株及无效野生株的芽孢则无此种蛋白质且对两种昆虫无毒.变种wuhanensis和变种galleriae的晶体含MW138000的主要蛋白质和63000的次要蛋白质,经碱性缓冲液溶解后,上清液含MW138000的蛋白质,沉淀中含MW63000的蛋白质;变种aizawai的晶体中仅含138000的蛋白质.对大蜡螟无毒的HD-11(var.aizawai)晶体的蛋白质成分有别于上述晶体,其胰蛋白酶消化物的SDS凝胶电泳图型显示少2条多肽带,但对大菜粉蝶仍有效.结果表明,苏芸金杆菌的芽孢在昆虫病理中有重要作用,伴孢晶体的蛋白质和多肽成分与它们对昆虫的毒力特性之间有密切关系.     

苏芸金杆菌高毒力菌株筛选方法研究

通过对36株苏芸金杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)菌株孢晶混合物的蛋白图谱和其对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)。致倦库蚊(culex pipens)二十八星瓢虫(Epjlachna vigintioctopunctata)三种昆虫幼虫的致死率研究,我们建立了一套快速高效的苏芸金杆菌内毒素高毒力菌株筛选程序。该程序是将蛋白电泳方法引入苏芸金杆菌菌株筛选,经过一个简单的苏芸金杆菌孢品混合物的蛋白电泳后,可以迅速辩别出对所有试虫毒力均很低的菌株,这一类菌株在苏芸金杆菌分离物中的比例可高达80％以上。除此之外,根据电泳的结果还可以预测该菌株大概的宿主范围和发现新的杀虫晶体蛋白类型。运用该方法,可以大大提高苏芸金杆菌菌株筛选的效率并降低筛选所需的费用。     

苏芸金杆菌抗药性的研究

本文报道了苏芸金杆菌包括30个亚种标准菌株在内的34个菌株对6种抗菌素的抗性研究结果。结果表明所有被试菌株对氨苄青霉素50—200单位/ml表现出较强的抗性,其中有17个菌株对链霉素12.5ug/ml、18个菌株对四环素25单位/ml显示出弱抗性。全部供试菌株对链霉素25—50ug/ml、四环素50单位/ml、红霉素12.5—50ug/ml、氯霉素12.5—100单位及卡那霉素12.5单位/ml均未显示出任何抗性。显微镜检查了部分菌株在含四环素25单位/ml,链霉素12.5ug/ml培养基上形成的抗性菌落的菌体发育情况,在所检查的11株链霉素抗性菌落中,有6个菌株的抗性菌落可形成正常的芽孢和晶体,在10株四环素抗性菌落中,有8个菌株可形成正常的芽孢和晶体。试验还测定了其中5株苏芸金杆菌对四环素25单位/ml的抗性频率为7.7—13.2％。     

苏云金杆菌Z113菌株伴孢晶体特性及其杀虫活性

本文研究了苏云金芽孢杆菌Z113菌株在发酵过程中形成的伴孢晶体的形态及毒素蛋白的杀虫活性 ,并考察了该菌株的发育状况、OD值、pH值及不同发育时期毒素蛋白和杀虫活性的变化 ,确定了Z113菌株杀虫毒力与晶体蛋白之间的关系。     

苏芸金杆菌的抗药性研究

微生物杀虫剂中苏芸金杆菌(简称BT)对某些害虫具有高毒性,它对人类及大多数有益昆虫和其它非目标生物低毒或无毒。通过新菌株的开发和遗传工程技术的促进,以及由于人们环境意识的增强和许多化学农药因连续使用而使害虫产生了抗药性,从而扩大了BT的应用范围,     

苏芸金芽孢杆菌与蜡状芽孢杆菌

苏芙金芽抱杆菌（ffecilliusthuringiensis简称B．t．）与蜡状芽抱杆菌（Bacilluscereus简称Bc,）这一对高度近缘细菌既有重要的经济意义又与人类的健康密切相关。B．l．在其芳抱形成期可产生杀虫晶体蛋白,已成为全球性应用最广泛的细菌杀虫剂［‘］二能产生多种有害毒素,诸如肠毒素、呕吐毒素、溶血素等,可引起人类非肠道感染及食物中毒,是人类的条件致病菌口。尽管B．t．杀虫剂有较好的完全性记录。但新近的文献表明,昆虫病原菌Bt．与人类的条件致病菌五C,的基因型及表现型非常相似,B．t．菌株也可产生对非靶标生物及人富有毒…     

诱变剂对苏芸金杆菌的影响

本文研究了五种诱变剂对苏芸金杆菌HD-1菌种的诱变效应,并获得了一些诱变菌。这些诱变菌所产生的伴孢晶体无论在大小,数量或形状比例方面都发生了一些变化。通过对家蚕(Bombyx mori)、菜青虫(Pierts rapae)、稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)的毒力试验,有的诱变菌提高了对某些昆虫的毒力。在五种诱变剂中以亚硝基胍(MNNG)和硫酸二乙酯(DES)的诱变效应最明显,获得的抗噬菌体菌株和产色素菌株都对某些害虫具有较高的杀虫活性     

苏芸金杆菌MS07A的Cry Ⅰ基因在大肠杆菌中的克隆及表达

分离了苏芸金杆菌库斯塔克变种MS07A(Bacillus thuringiensis var.kurstaki MS07A)的质粒,经HindⅢ酶解、凝胶电泳和Southern转移后,用DIGdUTP标记的质粒pES1的EcoR Ⅰ—F片段作探针进行DNA分子杂交,发现5.3、6.6和7kb左右的DNA片段含Cry Ⅰ基因。用Glass milk合并回收这些片段,克隆到pUC18的HindⅢ位点上并转化大肠杆菌JM109。通过菌落原位杂交、重组质粒的限制性消解等分析方法,选出带有Cry Ⅰ基因并能在大肠杆菌中表达其毒蛋白的转化子。初步生物测定结果表明。转化子TM48和TM76对松毛虫和菜青虫有毒杀活性。     

含二元毒素基因的苏云金杆菌重组子晶体蛋白分析及其对蚊幼虫的毒性

通过电转化方法将含球形芽孢杆菌（Bacillussphaericus简称B.s)二元毒素基因的重组质粒pCW2转化野生型苏云金杆菌以色列亚种（B．thuringiensissubsp.israelensis简称B．t．i）,获得一株含二元毒素基因的重组菌株B＋CW-1。重组菌株能表达二元毒素及δ-内毒素和CytA毒素,并形成2类位于芽孢孢外膜外的伴孢晶体。B＋CW-1对伊蚊（Aedes）、按蚊（Anopheles）和抗性库蚊（Culex）的毒力明显高于B．s,同时也略高产B.t.i菌株,但其杀蚊谱和杀活性水平同B．t．i相似。未发现二元毒素同B．t．i毒素间的协同作用。     

白念珠菌14-3-3蛋白Bmh1在细胞生长和菌丝发育中的功能解析

【目的】应用Tet-off启动子研究白念珠菌唯一的14-3-3蛋白Bmh1在白念珠菌生长和菌丝发育过程中的功能。【方法】在白念珠菌URA3+菌株SN152中,我们敲除了1个BMH1基因拷贝,并用Tet-off启动子替代另一个BMH1基因拷贝的启动子,得到了可以用强力霉素(Doxycycline)控制Bmh1表达水平的菌株。然后我们通过斑点试验和形态学观察对该菌株的生长和菌丝发育表型进行了分析。通过在ras1、flo8、efg1、cph1、tec1等重要菌丝发育调控因子突变体中过表达Bmh1,我们初步研究了Bmh1在菌丝发育调控网络中的位置。最后,我们构建了一些不同C末端的Bmh1嵌合体并检测了其对白念珠菌生长和菌丝发育的影响。【结果】Doxycycline诱导Bmh1表达水平下调时严重抑制了细胞的生长。非Doxycycline诱导条件下Bmh1高表达强烈促进了细胞的菌丝发育。这一促进作用绕过了ras1、efg1、cph1和tec1等基因缺失的影响,却被flo8基因的缺失阻断。C末端缺失或更换异源C末端的所有Bmh1突变株在Doxycycline诱导时都能够正常生长,但是没有明显促进菌丝发育。【结论】验证了白念珠菌14-3-3蛋白Bmh1是细胞生长所必需的,证明了Tet-off启动子可以严密控制Bmh1的表达水平。Bmh1是一个菌丝发育的正调控因子,位于Ras1、Efg1、Cph1和Tec1的下游,Flo8的上游。Bmh1的保守结构域是细胞生长所必需的,而C末端则是生长非必需的。     

NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE OF THE GENES FOR RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE/OXYGENASE LARGE SUBUNIT AND RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S14 FROM A CHLORELLA-LIKE GREEN ALGA1

Two chloroplast genes were sequenced from an exsymbiotic strain of a eukaryotic, Chlorella-like green alga. The genes for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL) and the ribosomal protein S14 (rps14) were oriented in the same direction and were separated by 402 bp. The rbcLs of the exsymbiont and a free living Chlorella ellipsoidea were compared with other reported rbcL sequences. The rbcL gene of the exsymbiont is closely related to that of free-living Chlorella ellipsoidea. This is the first published report of an rps 14 gene sequence from an alga.     

14-3-3参与apelin-13促进大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖ERK1/2信号途径研究

本室以前已经报道了G蛋白偶联受体APJ的内源性配体多肽,apelin-13,通过激活ERK1/2促进大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖.本文研究14-3-3信号蛋白是否参与apelin-13促进大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖ERK1/2信号途径,探讨apelin/APJ系统的细胞信号转导机制.组织贴块法培养大鼠胸主动脉VSMCs;Western blotting方法检测14-3-3、pRaf-1、Raf-1、pERK1/2、ERK1/2、cyclinD1、cyclinE的表达;MTT方法观察14-3-3抑制剂Difopein对VSMCs的增殖作用;免疫共沉淀方法检测14-3-3和Raf-1蛋白复合物的形成.Western blotting方法结果显示,apelin-13(0、0.5、1、2、4μmol/L)浓度依赖性刺激大鼠VSMCs 14-3-3表达、Raf-1和ERK1/2磷酸化,以2μmol/L最为明显;2μmol/L apelin-13时间依赖性刺激大鼠VSMCs 14-3-3表达、Raf-1和ERK1/2磷酸化,在4 h增加最为显著;14-3-3蛋白抑制剂Difopein明显抑制apelin-13诱导的Raf-1磷酸化、ERK1/2磷酸化、cyclinD1及cyclinE表达;免疫共沉淀方法发现apelin-13诱导14-3-3与Raf-1结合增加,而Difopein明显抑制两者结合;MTT法显示Difopein明显抑制apelin-13诱导的血管平滑肌细胞增殖.上述结果表明,Apelin-13通过14-3-3/Raf-1复合物-ERK1/2信号转导通路促进大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖.     

长期大强度运动对大鼠脑组织神经肽Y、亮氨酸脑啡肽、强啡肽A_(1-13)动态变化的影响

目的和方法：采用ＡＢＣ免疫组织化学法结合图象分析,观察大鼠脑组织神经肽Ｙ、亮氨酸脑啡肽、强啡肽Ａ１１３ 在长期（ 共７ 周）大强度（速度由１５ ｍ／ｍｉｎ 递增至３５ ｍ／ｍｉｎ、运动时间为２０ ～２５ ｍｉｎ／ｄ） 的运动下的变化。结果：安静状态下在丘脑室旁核（ＰＶ） 、下丘脑背内侧核（ＤＭ） 、下丘脑腹内侧核（ＶＭＨ）等核团ＮＰＹ 无显著性变化;在此基础上的末次急性运动结束后３ ｈ ＮＰＹ 变化尤为明显。安静状态下大鼠尾壳核ＬＥＮＫ 下降;而末次急性运动后大鼠下丘脑ＬＥＮＫ 被迅速激活而升高。该强度运动能激活下丘脑ＤＹＮＡ１１３ ,尤以运动结束后３０ ｍｉｎ 最为明显。结论： ＮＰＹ、ＬＥＮＫ、ＤＹＮＡ１１３ 在该强度运动下大鼠不同脑区呈现不同变化趋势     

Isolation and characterization of a cellulase-free endo-β-1,4-xylanase produced by an invertebrate-symbiotic bacterium, Cellulosimicrobium sp. HY-13

A xylanolytic bacterium, Cellulosimicrobium sp. HY-13, was isolated from the digestive tract of an earthworm, Eisenia fetida. The purified cellulase-free endo-β-1,4-xylanase (XylK) produced by strain HY-13 was found to contain an N-terminal amino acid sequence of APSTLEAAAE and to have a relative molecular mass of 36 kDa. It was most active at pH 6.0 and 55 °C and had V_max and K_m values toward oat spelt xylan of 4067 IU/mg and 2.78 mg/ml, respectively. XylK primarily degraded xylan to a series of xylooligosaccharides composed of xylobiose to xylotetraose, but it could not further hydrolyze xylobiose to xylose. The results of the present study suggest that the relatively highly active XylK lacking exo-xylanolytic activity is a promising candidate for the efficient production of non-digestible xylooligosaccharides that may have beneficial effects to gastrointestinal health via promotion of the growth of probiotics.     

Effets physiologiques de ľ atrazine à doses sublétales sur Lemna minor, VII. Incorporation ďacétate-l,2-[14C] dans les groupes de lipides et leurs acides gras

Physiological effects of sublethal doses of atrazine on Lemna minor. VII. 1,2-[¹⁴C] acetate incorporation into the groups of lipids and their fatty acids. The lipids and the fatty acids of ten-day old duckweed (Lemna minor L.), cultivated aseptically in mineral solution containing sublethal concentrations of 0,10 and 0,50 ppm (0.46 and 2.3 μM, respectively) of atrazine, were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid radiochromatography after 1,2-[¹⁴C] acetate feeding. Sublethal concentrations of atrazine increased the incorporation of radioactivity in total lipids, diacylgalactosylglycerol (DGG), diacyldigalactosylglycerol (DDG), sul-folipids (SL), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diacylglycerol (DAG) and triacylglycerol + steroll esters (TAG+SE). The incorporation of acetate-1,2-[¹⁴C] decreased in phos-phatidylcholine (PC) and in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in the presence of atrazine. The radioactivity increased in total Transic-hexadecenoic, linoleic and α -linolenic acids while it decreased in the other fatty acids. This indicates that the sublethal concentrations of atrazine stimulate the desaturation of fatty acids of L. minor. The radioactivity was strongly incorporated in the α -linolenic acid of DGG in the presence of atrazine. The specific radioactivity of α-linolenic acid was greater in DAG than in PG > TAG + SE > PC > PE > DGG > SL > DDG and it increased in all groupd of lipids analyzed under the influence of sublethal doses of atrazine. The labelling of Translchexadecenoic acid of PG and its specific radioactivity increased in the presence of atrazine. These changes suggest that the sublethal concentrations of atrazine stimulate especially the lipid metabolism of the chloroplasts of L. minor and they could explain the increase in the number of grana per chloroplast in treated L. minor. The results are discussed in relation to the biosynthesis of galactolipids.     

Cloning and characterization of a modular GH5 β-1,4-mannanase with high specific activity from the fibrolytic bacterium Cellulosimicrobium sp. strain HY-13

The gene (1272-bp) encoding a β-1,4-mannanase from a gut bacterium of Eisenia fetida, Cellulosimicrobium sp. strain HY-13 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant β-1,4-mannanase (rManH) was approximately 44.0 kDa and has a catalytic GH5 domain that is 65% identical to that of the Micromonospora sp. β-1,4-mannosidase. The enzyme exhibited the highest catalytic activity toward mannans at 50 °C and pH 6.0. rManH displayed a high specific activity of 14,711 and 8498 IU mg⁻¹ towards ivory nut mannan and locust bean gum, respectively; however it could not degrade the structurally unrelated polysaccharides, mannobiose, or p-nitrophenyl sugar derivatives. rManH was strongly bound to ivory nut mannan, Avicel, chitosan, and chitin but did not attach to curdlan, insoluble oat spelt xylan, lignin, or poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). The superior biocatalytic properties of rManH suggest that the enzyme can be exploited as an effective additive in the animal feed industry.