崇安草蜥舌的显微和超微结构

采用显微技术观察了崇安草蜥(Takydromus sylvaticus)舌的显微和超微结构.舌腹面黏膜光滑;背面黏膜粗糙,由丝状乳头和轮廓乳头组成.丝状乳头锥体形,数量较多,排列成行,分布于舌体背面两侧和侧翼的腹面.在舌的横切片上有3～7个轮廓乳头,其表面平整,周围有环形沟,舌腺开口于环形沟中.舌肌肉发达.超微结构显示,舌上皮细胞问具有紧密连接,舌乳头细胞表面具有丰富的微绒毛.舌腺为单管泡状腺,分泌管由单层柱状上皮构成.柱状上皮细胞有两种,一种为分泌细胞,一种为暗细胞.分泌细胞内有典型的分泌颗粒,可协助食物的吞咽.暗细胞内无分泌颗粒,是否与离子分泌以及渗透压调节有关,尚需进一步证实.     

Cytobrush and wooden spatula for oral exfoliative cytology. A comparison.

The Cytobrush has been used frequently in cervical cytology, but as yet its value in oral exfoliative cytology has not been assessed. A study was undertaken to compare the efficiency of the Cytobrush with that of the wooden tongue spatula. For 26 patients, two smears were collected from clinically normal mucosa from four sites in the oral cavity (buccal mucosa, dorsal tongue, ventral tongue and hard palate). The smears were graded for cell yield and dispersion on a three-point scale. The results were analyzed using the chi 2 test. The Cytobrush was found to be significantly more efficient than the wooden spatula, in terms of both cell yield (P less than .005) and cell dispersion (P less than .005). When each site was examined separately, the Cytobrush produced significantly better dispersion for the dorsal tongue, ventral tongue and buccal mucosa and a better cell yield for the tongue surfaces. No significant difference for cell yield or dispersion was found for the hard palate. The study showed that the Cytobrush is an effective instrument for use in exfoliative cytology of normal oral mucosa.     

Light and scanning electron microscopic study of the structure of the ostrich (Strutio camelus) tongue

The ostrich's tongue is situated in the posterior part of the oropharyngeal cavity and its length is only about a quarter of the beak cavity. The triangular shortened tongue has retained the usual division into the apex, the body and the root. There are no conical papillae between the body and the root of the tongue, and the presence of the flat fold with lateral processes sliding over the tongue root in the posterior part of the lingual body is a unique morphological feature. All lingual mucosa covers non-keratinised stratified epithelium, and the lamina propria of the mucosa is filled with mucous glands whose round or semilunar openings are found on both the dorsal and ventral surface of the tongue. The complex glands found in the lingual body are composed of alveoli and/or tubules. Moreover, simple tubular glands seen in the posterior part of the tongue root are an exception. Numerous observations have shown that the ostrich's tongue is a modified structure, though not a rudimentary one, whose main function is to produce the secretion moisturising the beak cavity surface and the ingested semidry plant food in this savannah species.     

A rare case of melanotic hyperpigmentation of the tongue secondary to radiotherapy

Melanotic hyperpigmentation of the mucosa secondary to radiotherapy is a rare occurrence. It is a diagnosis of exclusion. Literature review has identified only two case reports published to date. We present a case of a patient treated at our institution. An 18-year-old male patient of Nigerian descent underwent radical radiotherapy (36 Gy in 18 daily fractions) to his right neck for paediatric type follicular lymphoma over a period of four weeks. He developed hyperpigmented tongue lesions during the third week of radiotherapy. There was no associated tongue discomfort, inflammation, infection, or pigmentation change elsewhere in the oral mucosa. Review of medications and past medical history did not demonstrate any potential contributing factors. Full blood count and biochemistry, morning cortisol levels and coagulation screen were all normal apart from mild neutropenia and lymphopenia. His oral cavity received a mean dose of 16.4 Gy, with the right side of his tongue receiving up to 37.5 Gy as this was within the planning target volume (PTV). He had an excellent response to radiotherapy and remains in remission. The tongue lesions resolved spontaneously 3 months post treatment.     

Claudin immunolocalization in neonatal mouse epithelial tissues

Emerging evidence supports the notion that claudins (Cldns) are dynamically regulated under normal conditions to respond to the selective permeability requirements of various tissues, and that their expression is developmentally controlled. We describe the localization of those Cldns that we have previously demonstrated to be functionally important in epidermal differentiation and the formation of the epidermal permeability barrier, e.g., Cldn1, Cldn6, Cldn11, and Cldn18, and the presence of Cldn3 and Cldn5 in various neonatal mouse epithelia including the epidermis, nail, oral mucosa, tongue, and stomach. Cldn1 is localized in the differentiated and/or undifferentiated compartments of the epidermis and nail and in the dorsal surface of the tongue and glandular compartment of the stomach but is absent from the oral mucosa and the keratinized compartment of the stomach. Cldn3 is present in the basal cells of the nail matrix and both compartments of the murine stomach but not in the epidermis, oral mucosa, or tongue. Cldn5 is found in the glandular compartment of the stomach but not in the epidermis, nail unit, oral mucosa, forestomach, and tongue. Cldn6, Cldn11, and Cldn18 occur in the differentiating suprabasal compartment of the epidermis, nail, and oral mucosa and in the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the tongue and the keratinized squamous epithelium of the stomach. The simple columnar epithelium of the glandular stomach stains for Cldn18 and reveals a non-membranous pattern for Cldn6 and Cldn11 expression. Our results demonstrate differential Cldn protein profiles in various epithelial tissues and their differentiation stages. Although the molecular mechanisms regulating Cldn expression are unknown, elucidation of their differential localization patterns in tissues with diverse permeability requirements should provide a better understanding of the role of tight junctions in tissue function. This work was supported by a research grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP-69087).     

Lightmicroscopical investigations of the sublingua of Microcebus murinus (Cheirogaleidae, Lemuriformes) with remarks on the phylogenetic relations of the tree shrews (Scandentia) to primates

The sublingua of Microcebus murinus was studied gross anatomically and light microscopically. The apex of the sublingua ends in two lobe-like projections separated by a distinct median cleft. The lobes exhibit at their oral, free margin tiny processes, but no "comb"-like specializations of intensely keratinized mucosa. At the ventral surface of the sublingua three longitudinally oriented keels or ridges are found; the mucosa of the keels is strongly keratinized, so that these structures maximize the rigidity of the undertongue. In none of the specimens examined was any trace of sublingual cartilage found; in the sublingua of Cheirogaleus (only one individual examined), the nearest relative of Microcebus, cartilage was also absent. The absence of sublingual cartilage and the incidental, irregular occurrence of cartilaginous elements in the sublingua of Tarsius and Tupaia indicate that the sublingual cartilaginous skeleton is not a derivative of the hyoid arch. It is a newly developed supporting structure which does not regularly occur. A sublingua occurs only in prosimians and Tarsius; whether the fimbria linguae of the Hominoidea is the homologue of a sublingua is still disputable. The exclusive occurrence of a sublingua in prosimians and Tarsius indicates a phylogenetic relationship between these two groups and Tupaia. The "Tupaia-problem" concerns the origin of primates and from this point it derives its general importance. At present we are far from a final solution; a definite answer cannot be expected before sufficient fossil records are available which document conclusively the historical paths of the origin of primates.     

A relationship found between intra-oral sites of 4NQO reductase activity and chemical carcinogenesis

Abstract. Topical application on rat oral mucosa of the chemical 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) has been shown to produce squamous cell carcinomas on the posterior tongue and/or the posterior hard palate. 4NQO is broken down in vivo by a diaphorase, 4NQO reductase (E.C.1.6.99.2), to produce an active molecule believed to be responsible for carcinogenesis. It has been shown that there are higher concentrations of 4NQO reductase in oesophageal mucosa compared with elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract. The purpose of these experiments was to compare the distribution of certain diaphorases in the oral mucosa. Samples of rat tongue and cheek epithelia were homogenized, then ultracentrifuged to provide mixed cytosol and microsome fractions from the epithelial cells. A spectrophotometer was used to measure the variation in absorbance at 340 nm of NADH consumed by reduction of 4NQO by enzymes present in the tissue extracts. A histochemical technique was used to compare the activity of NADH diaphorase, NADP diaphorase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase at different sites of the oral mucosa. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant ( P < 0–01) differences between the activities of all three enzymes at different sites of the oral mucosa. In each case, a higher activity was found at the sites of high incidence of squamous cell carcinoma. A lower activity was found at sites where carcinomas did not occur.     

Light and scanning electron microcopy study of the tongue in Rhea americana

Morphological characteristics of the tongue were studied in adult rhea (Rhea americana). The lingual surface and the surface of epithelium-connective tissue interface of rhea tongue were examined macroscopically and by light and scanning electron microscopy. The rhea tongue revealed a triangular aspect, without adjustment of the inferior bill formation, occupying approximately ? of the length of the oral cavity. Lingual papilla-like structures were not observed over the lingual surface. The tongue mucosa was composed of a thick non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium in the dorsal and ventral part, supported by a connective tissue core. The submucosa contained numerous glands with cytoplasmic granules, and luminal secretion was positive for histochemical reaction to Alcian Blue in pH 2.5 and PAS, and negative to Alcian Blue in pH 0.5. Despite the rudimentary characteristic of the tongue in rhea, our results suggest an important role of tongue secretions in food lubrication and humidification during the swallowing process, based on the enormous quantity of lingual glands in the submucosa and the histochemical characteristics of their secretions.     

Comparison of isotopic and immunohistochemical methods of studying epithelial cell proliferation in hamster tongue

Our purpose was to validate different approaches to the study of cell proliferation in stratified squamous epithelia, using oral mucosa as a model. Dorsal and ventral tongue from the hamster were examined following in vivo labelling with tritiated thymidine and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd), and in vitro labelling with BrdUrd. These were compared with direct immunolabelling of fixed tissue sections with monoclonal antibody PC10. For the former methods S phase cells were quantified following autoradiography or immunohistochemistry. We conclude that the proliferative status of simple, flat, lining mucosae such as ventral tongue can be derived by all three prelabelling methods and, on average, 18–19 cells per surface millimetre length were in DNA synthesis. On the other hand dorsal tongue epithelium, which is thicker, has an undulating morphology and a complex cell renewal pattern, gives different results with the three labelling methods. In both sites the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) index was fourfold that obtained by nucleotide labelling. This is consistent with PCNA marking proliferative cells in other phases of the cell cycle in addition to the S phase. Thus, there are potential differences between the information on proliferative status derived by PCNA immunohistochemistry and other established cell cycle markers, which need to be taken into account in the interpretation of epithelial cell kinetic data in health and disease.     

Light and scanning microscopy of the tongue and its gustatory organs in the common toad, Bufo bufo (L.).

Unlike frogs and European tree frogs, the common toad Bufo bufo possesses a tongue lacking filiform papillae on its dorsal surface. Instead, the mucosal epithelium forms irregular, high folds, dividing the surface of the tongue into numerous separate compartments. At the bottom of those compartments occur openings of tubular glands and singular ciliated cells. In a strongly distended tongue the folds of mucosa disappear, and the regions of glandular orifices assume a shape of pocket-like recesses. The taste discs with an average diameter of 120 micrograms are localized on the top of markedly shortened fungiform papillae. The superficial layer of taste discs contains a single type of glandular supporting cells, which in part of discs show features suggesting their gradual dezintegration, probably related to the process of cellular turnover in gustatory organs.     

Müllerianosis

Müllerianosis may be defined as an organoid structure of embryonic origin; a choristoma composed of müllerian rests--normal endometrium, normal endosalpinx, and normal endocervix--singly or in combination, incorporated within other normal organs during organogenesis. A choristoma is a mass of histologically normal tissue that is "not normally found in the organ or structure in which it is located" (Choristoma, 2006). Müllerian choristomas are a subset of non-müllerian choristomas found throughout the body. Histologically, endometrial-müllerianosis and endometriosis are both composed of endometrial glands and stroma, but there the similarity ends. Their pathogenesis is different. Sampson faced the same difficulty with pathogenesis and nomenclature when he wrote: "The nomenclature of misplaced endometrial or müllerian lesions is a difficult one to decide upon." "The term müllerian would be inclusive and correct, but unfortunately it suggests an embryonic origin." Sampson then divided "misplaced endometrial or müllerian tissue" into "four or possibly five groups, according to the manner in which this tissue reached its ectopic location" (Sampson, 1925). Sampson's classification of heterotopic or misplaced endometrial tissue is based on pathogenesis: 1) "direct or primary endometriosis" [adenomyosis]; "a similar condition occurs in the wall of the tube from its invasion by the tubal mucosa" [endosalpingiosis]; 2) "peritoneal or implantation endometriosis;" 3) "transplantation endometriosis;" 4) "metastatic endometriosis;" and 5) "developmentally misplaced endometrial tissue. (I admit the possibility of such a condition, but have never been able to appreciate it.)" (Sampson, 1925). It is precisely this condition "developmentally misplaced endometrial tissue," [müllerianosis] that is the subject of this review.     

Expression of Caveolin-1 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma by quantum dots

Quantum dots (QDs) are a new class of fluorescent probes to detect biomarker expression. The role of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the expression profile of Cav-1 in carcinogenesis and development of TSCC by QDs immunofluorescence histochemistry (QDs-IHC) and discuss the relationship between the Cav-1 expression and the clinicopathological outcomes. QDs-IHC was used to detect Cav-1 expression in tissue microarrays including normal tongue mucosa (NTM; n=10), hyperplastic tongue mucosa (HTM; n=10), tongue pre-cancer lesions (TPL; n=15) and primary tongue squamous cell carcinoma (PTSCC; n=61). Correlations between the Cav-1 expression and clinicopathologic variables were evaluated statistically. Cells positive for Cav-1 were clearly detected and bright images were obtained in a fine, granular pattern at the cell membrane and cytoplasm using QDs-IHC. The rate of Cav-1 immunoreactivity increased progressively from NTM (0%), HTM (0%), TPL (36%) to PTSCC (74%). When compared with each other, there was statistical significance among PTSCC, TPL and NTM as well as among PTSCC, TPL and HTM. Moreover, Cav-1 expression level in PTSCC was correlated positively with clinical stage and histologic grade. QDs-IHC could accurately detect protein location in tongue mucosa. An increased expression of Cav-1 in the stepwise carcinogenesis from NTM, HTM, TPL to PTSCC suggested that Cav-1 might be an oncogene in the development of tongue squamous cell carcinoma.Key words: tongue squamous cell carcinoma, caveolin-1, quantum dots.     

Migration of Gasterophilus intestinalis larvae (Diptera: Gasterophilidae) in the equine oral cavity

Cogley T. P., Anderson J. R. and Cooley L. J. 1982. Migration of Gasterophilus intestinalis larvae (Diptera: Gasterophilidae) in the equine oral cavity. International Journal for Parasitology12: 473–480. Larvae of G. intestinalis pursued a specific migratory pathway within the equine oral cavity en route to the stomach. The larval migration included the following sequence: burrowing in the tongue mucosa, invasion of the interdental spaces, transitory attachment at the root of the tongue and movement to the stomach. The molt from first to second instar did not occur in the tongue, as commonly believed, but between the interdental spaces. Ninety five percent of the larvae invading the interdental spaces were associated with gingiva of the upper molars. SEM analysis revealed further details of the oral migration: (1) air holes excavated in the epithelium which connect with deeper burrows; (2) an intimate association between air holes and posterior spiracles of larvae; (3) precise impressions of larvae in tissue immediately surrounding the most recently formed burrows; and (4) initial larval entry into the tongue through the use of natural disruptions or healing lesions. Factors influencing the development of the oral migration are discussed.     

Comparative histopathology of the growth cartilage in short-rib polydactyly syndromes type I and type III and in chondroectodermal dysplasia

The histopathology of growth cartilage of long bones was studied in two cases of chondroectodermal dysplasia (Ellis-Van Creveld syndrome), a case of short-rib polydactyly (SRP) type I (Saldino-Noonan syndrome), three cases of short-rib polydactyly (SRP) type III (Verma-Naumoff syndrome), and a case with polydactyly without other skeletal abnormalities but with visceral malformations. The lesions were qualitatively similar in chondroectodermal dysplasia and SRP I: regular concave ossification line, short, slightly irregular columns, regularly dispersed hypertrophic chondrocytes. In SRP III, the ossification line was irregular and the hypertrophic cells had a discontinuous distribution in clusters. No amylase resistant PAS intracytoplasmic inclusions were found. Short, slightly or markedly irregular primary trabeculae, some of them with wide cartilaginous cores, tongue prolongations and islands of cartilage situated along the periost were found in chondroectodermal dysplasia, SRP I and III. The case of polydactyly without other skeletal abnormalities had a normal morphology of the growth plate. These data suggest that there is a relationship between chondroectodermal dysplasia and SPR type I, and that SRP type III is distinct from SRP type I.     

Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy studies on the reduction of the tongue microstructures in the white stork (Ciconia ciconia,Aves)

The structure of the tongue in the white stork (Ciconia ciconia) is observed macroscopically and under light and scanning electron microscopy. Our observations of the tongue reveal a rare terminal reduction of the size of the tongue and microstructures of the lingual mucosa among the investigations of birds published so far. The short, triangular tongue with a pointed tip is approximately 2.5 cm long in the adult and is situated in the caudal part of the oral cavity close to the laryngeal prominence. On the dorsal surface of the tongue, no typical mucosa microstructures like lingual papillae, median groove or lingual prominence are observed. The main structure of the tongue is composed of rostral part of hyoid apparatus, that is, entoglossal cartilage connects with basihyoid. Very thin mucosa is composed of fibrous connective tissue covered with orthokeratinized epithelium. No lingual glands and muscles are observed in the lamina propria of mucosa. Even though the triangular shape of the tongue in the white stork is typical for birds, the inner structure of the reduced organ is composed only of flat cartilagineous entoglossum of hyoid apparatus. During feeding behaviour of the white stork, the food transportation in oral cavity called cranio‐inertial transport is undoubtedly affected by structural reduction of the tongue.     

Two series of parapophyses in neoscopelid fishes (teleostei: Myctophiformes)

Observations of the vertebrae of three genera and five species of neoscopelid fishes revealed the presence of two series of parapophyses (a ventral series and a lateral foveal series). The ventral parapophyses, situated on the ventral surface of the centra, were present on only the anterior abdominal vertebrae (AV): inScopelengys (AV1, 2),Neoscopelus (AV1–6 or 7),Solivomer (AV1–8). Parapophyses on the first vertebra were ossified, cone-shaped enlargements, the remainder being small, cartilaginous and ovalshaped. The lateral foveal parapophyses were formed from an extension of the lower edges of the foveae on the lateral surfaces of the centra, into which the ribs are set, being developed caudally to form the hemal arches: inScopelengys (AV4 posteriorly),Neoscopelus (AV6 or 7 posteriorly),Solivomer (AV8 posteriorly). The last ventral cartilaginous parapophyses and first lateral foveal parapophyses were present on the same centrum in two genera,Neoscopelus (AV6 or 7) andSolivomer (AV8). Lateral foveal parapophyses series were also found in some acanthomorphs and a ventral parapophyses series in some non-acanthomorphs. Whereas the ventral papapophyses in the non-acanthomorphs developed posteriorly to form the hemal arches, this parapophyses series in neoscopelids is incomplete, being absent on the posterior abdominal vertebrae. This suggests that the ventral parapophyses series in neoscopelids seems to be a remnant of that in the non-acanthomorphs. In myctophids, although cartilaginous ventral parapophyses were absent posteriorly from the second vertebra, enlarged ossified cone-shaped parapophyses on the first vertebra (as in neoscopelids) and lateral foveal parapophyses usually from the third vertebra were present. Accordingly, myctophids appear to be similar to neoscopelids in having two types of parapophyses.     

Lbx1 is required for muscle precursor migration along a lateral pathway into the limb

In mammalian embryos, myogenic precursor cells emigrate from the ventral lip of the dermomyotome and colonize the limbs, tongue and diaphragm where they differentiate and form skeletal muscle. Previous studies have shown that Pax3, together with the c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase and its ligand Scatter Factor (SF) are necessary for the migration of hypaxial muscle precursors in mice. Lbx1 and Pax3 are co-expressed in all migrating hypaxial muscle precursors, raising the possibility that Lbx1 regulates their migration. To examine the function of Lbx1 in muscle development, we inactivated the Lbx1 gene by homologous recombination. Mice lacking Lbx1 exhibit an extensive loss of limb muscles, although some forelimb and hindlimb muscles are still present. The pattern of muscle loss suggests that Lbx1 is not required for the specification of particular limb muscles, and the muscle defects that occur in Lbx1(-/-) mice can be solely attributed to changes in muscle precursor migration. c-Met is expressed in Lbx1 mutant mice and limb muscle precursors delaminate from the ventral dermomyotome but fail to migrate laterally into the limb. Muscle precursors still migrate ventrally and give rise to tongue, diaphragm and some limb muscles, demonstrating Lbx1 is necessary for the lateral, but not ventral, migration of hypaxial muscle precursors. These results suggest that Lbx1 regulates responsiveness to a lateral migration signal which emanates from the developing limb.     

Experimental candidiasis in Japanese quail: Pathological changes

Candidiasis was experimentally produced in young Japanese quail by oral administration ofCandida albicans cells. Lesions were confined to upper digestive tract with most characteristic changes occurring on the mucosa of crop. No lesions were observed in other tissues of the body. The initial changes in the crop were characterized by thickening and yellowish-white necrotic plaques on the mucosa. From 10th day onwards, there was marked thickening and corrugations of the crop mucosa giving it a typical turkish towel appearance. Varying degree of mucosal swelling was also observed in the oesophagus and proventriculus. Two of the infected birds also revealed yellowish-white necrotic plaques on the tongue at 7th and 10th day post-infection. The prominent microscopic lesions in the crop and tongue consisted of hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis with congestion of the subepithelial tissues. Varying degree of parakeratosis and epithelial hyperplasia coupled with subepithelial oedema and hypertrophy of glands was observed in the oesophagus. The proventriculus and small intestine revealed congestion, oedema, mild to marked goblet cell hyperplasia and focal epithelial sloughing. Fungal elements could be demonstrated in the sections of tongue upto 10 days while in crop upto 14 days post-infection. Reisolation of the fungus was consistently achieved from the crop of infected birds throughout the duration of the experiment.     

Sublingual structures of primates. II. Hominoidea, review, summary and literature

1. In Homo and the great apes (Pongidae) there occurs, besides the plica sublingualis a plica fimbriata at the ventral surface of the tongue. This duplicature of the mucosa does not occur in the Hylobytidae and in the other primates. 2. Some taste buds could be found in the epithelium of the plica sublingualis of the Pongidae. 3. There are many taste buds in the epithelium of the plica fimbriata of the Pongidae. On this sublingual structure there were counted 1776 taste buds in Pongo, 592 in Gorilla and 280 in Pan. A few taste buds could also be found on the plica fimbriata of a human newborn. 4. A glandula apicis linguae occurs in Homo, Pan, Gorilla and Pongo. 5. The fresh saliva of the glandula apicis linguae and the saliva on the floor of the mouth can be tested by the taste buds in the epithelium of the plica fimbriata, of papillae lenticulares and of areae gustatoriae at the ventral surface of the tongue. 6. It might be the function of the sublingual taste buds to taste the fresh saliva as a gradient for the central nervous comparison with the taste of the saliva on the dorsal surface of the tongue. 7. Because of the complete absence of a sublingua in the Platyrrhini and in the Cercopithecinae it is unlikely that the plica fimbriata of Homo and the great apes can be interpreted as a homalogon of the sublingua in the prosimians. 8. Because of the absence of a sublingua in other ordines of the Mammalia (Insectivora, Carnivora, Rodentia, Chiroptera, Ungulata) it is unlikely as well that the sublingua in the prosimians can be interpreted as a homologon of the tongues of the lower vertebrates. The sublingual structures occuring in the Marsupialia have to be investigated. 9. Because of these reasons the new development of the sublingua in the prosimians and the plica fimbriata in the Hominoidea, in complete independence from one another, seems to be a better explanation of the 2 structures and less contradictionary to anatomical and phylogenetic arguments. The different function of both structures in the recent primates gives a hint for the possible reason for their development during the process of evolution.