肿瘤转移抑制基因BRMS1的表达分析及机制研究进展

乳腺癌转移抑制基因1(BRMS1)是一个有活性的肿瘤转移抑制基因,参与抑制乳腺癌、黑素瘤、鼻咽癌、非小细胞肺癌、卵巢癌等恶性肿瘤的转移。BRMS1编码蛋白主要通过转录调控转移相关靶基因,参与调节细胞凋亡、细胞通讯、肿瘤血管新生等多种细胞事件。从BRMS1基因的分子结构、表达调控、生物学功能以及转移抑制机理等方面对BRMS1的研究进展做简要回顾。     

Galectin-1的4T1乳腺癌过表达细胞的构建及其对增殖和转移的影响

探查galectin-1促癌作用的广泛性,并为进一步研究该基因在三阴性乳腺癌中促癌转移的分子作用机制提供必要的实验工具和依据。采用生物信息学方法去分析多种癌症病人样本中该基因的表达情况,及其与乳腺癌病人总体生存率的关系;通过慢病毒转染去构建galectin-1过表达的4T1细胞株,并检测该基因对细胞增殖(CCK8检测法)、迁移和侵袭(Transwell检测法)的影响。研究结果显示,galectin-1在乳腺癌和淋巴癌等多种癌症中呈现高表达状态,且与乳腺癌病人的总体生存率呈负相关。同时,galectin-1过表达三阴性乳腺癌4T1细胞株被成功构建。Galectin-1的过表达能够显著促进4T1肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭。这些都显示了galectin-1是一个对乳腺癌等多种癌症具有促癌作用,并能促进三阴性乳腺癌细胞体外增殖和转移的因子。     

LKB1抑癌机制研究进展

人LKB1(Liver Kinase B1,或Serine-Threonine Kinase 11,STK11)基因的胚系失活突变可导致癌症易感病皮杰氏综合征(Peutz-Jeghers syndrome,PJS),该病患者多发错构瘤息肉且患癌症风险增加。LKB1基因的体细胞突变还广泛地存在于众多类型的恶性肿瘤中,如肺癌、结肠癌和乳腺癌等,因此,LKB1被普遍认为是抑癌基因。LKB1基因的编码产物LKB1是一种丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶,调节多种细胞生理病理过程。虽然LKB1的抑癌机制尚不完全清楚,但现有的研究表明,对细胞生长增殖、能量代谢和细胞极性等的调控是其抑制肿瘤发生和发展的重要方面。本文就目前已知的LKB1的抑癌机制作一综述。     

BRMS1与乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结微转移的临床研究

目的:探讨BRMS1的表达与乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结微转移的关系.方法:采用连续切片和CK-19联合检测86例腋窝淋巴结转移阴性的所有淋巴结微转移灶的情况,术后随访其复发情况,免疫组化检测乳腺癌组织中BRMS1的表达并分析其与淋巴结微转移及术后复发率的关系.结果:86例乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移阴性的689淋巴结中有48粒(6.97％)检测到微转移,其中阳性病例22例(25.58％),BRMS1的表达阴性的乳腺癌患者腋窝淋巴结微转移病例率(43.24％)和术后复发率(54.05％)远高于BRMS1表达阳性的乳腺癌患者(12.24％,8.16％),差异具有显著性,且呈明显的负相关.结论:BRMS1与腋窝淋巴结微转移密切相关,可以成为乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结微转移分子指标,并对乳腺癌的分期、预后、治疗具有重要的指导意义.     

Twist对小鼠乳腺癌细胞基因表达谱的调控研究

摘要 Twist是一个bHLH（basic Helix-loop-Helix）类型的转录因子,近年来研究发现,Twist在乳腺癌中的表达显著升高,并能促进乳腺癌的转移。为了探索Twist促进乳腺癌转移的分子机制,本文采用RNA干扰技术在小鼠乳腺癌细胞株4T1中沉默Twist的表达,通过全基因组基因芯片技术检测了Twist沉默前后4T1细胞基因表达谱的差异性。体内实验结果证明Twist表达被沉默后4T1细胞的肺转移能力明显被抑制。芯片结果表明：表达差异显著的基因有167条,其中与肿瘤相关的基因有26条,包括15条上调基因和11条下调基因。这些基因中可能存在能被Twist调控并与肿瘤转移相关的基因,为以后研究Twist影响乳腺癌转移的分子机制提供了帮助。     

乳腺癌细胞QSOX1的CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑及其对增殖侵袭的影响研究*

目的:乳腺癌细胞的恶性增殖和易于侵袭转移特性与其对患者的危害直接相关,因此,探究其产生的分子机制,对其有效防治具有重要意义。静息巯基氧化酶-1(QSOX1)是巯基氧化酶家族成员之一,有研究证明其对细胞内蛋白质折叠过程中二硫键形成及细胞外基质的形成发挥重要作用。由于QSOX1在乳腺癌和胰腺癌等多种癌细胞中过表达,将探索QSOX1对乳腺癌细胞过度增殖和侵袭转移方面的可能作用。方法:通过利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建QSOX1基因敲除和敲入的乳腺癌细胞模型,检测分析QSOX1对乳腺癌细胞MCF-7的分裂增殖、侵袭迁移能力等方面的影响。结果:利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术成功构建了QSOX1基因敲除和敲入的乳腺癌MCF-7细胞株,其与对照野生型组细胞相比,QSOX1基因敲除株的增殖能力显著下降,癌细胞在体外的迁移和侵袭能力受到明显抑制;而QSOX1基因敲入株的增殖能力和体外迁移侵袭能力却明显有提高。结论:初步揭示了QSOX1在癌症发生与发展中的作用,为进一步阐明其作用的分子机制和设计靶向药物奠定了重要基础。     

MiR-132抑制肿瘤转移

肿瘤转移是造成癌症难以根治的重要原因之一.近年来越来越多的研究发现,miRNA在肿瘤转移过程中发挥了直接或间接的作用.本研究的目标是找到一种特异性的肿瘤转移相关miRNA,能够作为抑制肿瘤转移的潜在靶标.miR-132是一类与炎症、血管生长、中枢神经系统相关的miRNA,至今还没有研究证明其与肿瘤转移相关.为了验证miR-132与肿瘤迁移的相关性,本研究将miR-132转染入高迁移乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-231细胞中,检测细胞迁移率的变化.实验发现miR-132能够抑制MDA-MB-231细胞的迁移.为了进一步揭示miR-132抑制细胞迁移的可能机制,本研究通过生物信息学手段寻找并鉴定了3种可能与肿瘤转移相关的miR-132的靶基因,它们分别是CHIP(STUB1)、G3BP1、G3BP2.分别比对MCF7与MDA-MB-231细胞,及转染miR-132和对照组MDA-MB-231细胞中以上3种基因的表达差异,我们发现G3BP1、G3BP2可能参与miR-132对肿瘤转移的调控.本研究首次报道miR-132与肿瘤转移的关系,并揭示了miR-132调节肿瘤转移的可能机制,说明了miR-132具有作为特异性抑制肿瘤转移靶标的潜力,为抑制肿瘤转移提供一个新的靶点.     

MTSS1与乳腺癌的相关性研究

肿瘤转移抑制因子是只能抑制自发以及大体上可见的肿瘤转移,而对原发肿瘤无影响的一类基因。目前研究发现肿瘤转移抑制因子1(metastasis suppressor 1,MTSS1)基因在乳腺癌的发生与发展过程中发挥重要作用。但MTSS1在乳腺癌的发生发展中的作用机制研究还不是十分清楚,还需继续深入的研究。     

新的蒽醌类衍生物1-硝基-2-酰基蒽醌-苯丙氨酸通过抑制NF-κB/p65信号通路降低乳腺癌MCF-7细胞的迁移能力北大核心CSCD

肿瘤细胞的侵袭和转移与大多数癌症患者的死亡率密切相关。了解肿瘤细胞的迁移机制可为阻断肿瘤细胞的转移提供一个关键的策略。蒽醌衍生物具有一定的抗肿瘤作用,我们结合抗肿瘤药物的作用机制以及蒽醌类衍生物的构效关系,设计合成了一类新的酰胺蒽醌衍生物1-硝基-2-酰基蒽醌-苯丙氨酸(简称C7),发现其具有很好的抗肿瘤活性。为了探究蒽醌类衍生物C7对人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞迁移的作用及其机制,本文首先采用MTT比色法检测蒽醌类衍生物C7对人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7生长活力的影响,结果证明较高浓度(60~100μg/m L)的蒽醌类衍生物C7对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞的增殖具有明显的抑制作用。其次,采用细胞划痕实验检测C7对MCF-7细胞迁移的影响,发现较低浓度(20~40μg/m L)的蒽醌类衍生物C7可以显著降低MCF-7细胞的迁移率。为进一步探究C7抑制MCF-7细胞迁移的分子机制,通过免疫荧光技术检测NF-κB/p65蛋白的核转位情况;同时利用qRT-PCR及Western印迹实验检测C7对MCF-7细胞中NF-κB/p65通路及迁移相关基因和蛋白质表达的影响。结果表明C7可以下调细胞质中IκBα的磷酸化,降低NF-κB/p65蛋白的核转位,减小MMP-2和MMP-9蛋白的表达。因此,C7可能是通过抑制NF-κB/p65信号通路的活化,抑制MMP-2和MMP-9蛋白的表达,进而抑制MCF-7细胞的迁移。     

新的蒽醌类衍生物1-硝基-2-酰基蒽醌-苯丙氨酸通过抑制NF-κB/p65信号通路降低乳腺癌MCF-7细胞的迁移能力

肿瘤细胞的侵袭和转移与大多数癌症患者的死亡率密切相关。了解肿瘤细胞的迁移机制可为阻断肿瘤细胞的转移提供一个关键的策略。蒽醌衍生物具有一定的抗肿瘤作用,我们结合抗肿瘤药物的作用机制以及蒽醌类衍生物的构效关系,设计合成了一类新的酰胺蒽醌衍生物1-硝基-2-酰基蒽醌-苯丙氨酸(简称C7),发现其具有很好的抗肿瘤活性。为了探究蒽醌类衍生物C7对人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞迁移的作用及其机制,本文首先采用MTT比色法检测蒽醌类衍生物C7对人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7生长活力的影响,结果证明较高浓度(60~100μg/m L)的蒽醌类衍生物C7对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞的增殖具有明显的抑制作用。其次,采用细胞划痕实验检测C7对MCF-7细胞迁移的影响,发现较低浓度(20~40μg/m L)的蒽醌类衍生物C7可以显著降低MCF-7细胞的迁移率。为进一步探究C7抑制MCF-7细胞迁移的分子机制,通过免疫荧光技术检测NF-κB/p65蛋白的核转位情况;同时利用qRT-PCR及Western印迹实验检测C7对MCF-7细胞中NF-κB/p65通路及迁移相关基因和蛋白质表达的影响。结果表明C7可以下调细胞质中IκBα的磷酸化,降低NF-κB/p65蛋白的核转位,减小MMP-2和MMP-9蛋白的表达。因此,C7可能是通过抑制NF-κB/p65信号通路的活化,抑制MMP-2和MMP-9蛋白的表达,进而抑制MCF-7细胞的迁移。     

MicroRNA-224 targets RKIP to control cell invasion and expression of metastasis genes in human breast cancer cells

The Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is a tumor suppressor that protects against metastasis and genomic instability. RKIP is downregulated in many types of tumors, although the mechanism for this remains unknown. MicroRNAs silence target genes via translational inhibition or target mRNA degradation, and are thus important regulators of gene expression. In the current study, we found that miR-224 expression is significantly upregulated in breast cancer cell lines, and especially in highly invasive MDA-MB-231 cells, compared to human normal breast epithelial cells. In addition, miR-224 inhibits RKIP gene expression by directly targeting its 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR). Moreover, metastasis, as assayed by Transwell migration, 3D growth in Matrigel, and wound healing, was enhanced by ectopic expression of miR-224 and inhibited by miR-224 downregulation. Promotion of metastasis in response to miR-224 downregulation was associated with derepression of the stroma-associated RKIP target genes, CXCR4, MMP1, and OPN, which are involved in breast tumor metastasis to the bone. Taken together, our data indicate that miR-224 play an important role in metastasis of human breast cancer cells to the bone by directly suppressing the RKIP tumor suppressor.     

Human Umbilical Cord Matrix Mesenchymal Stem Cells Suppress the Growth of Breast Cancer by Expression of Tumor Suppressor Genes

Human and rat umbilical cord matrix mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSC) possess the ability to control the growth of breast carcinoma cells. Comparative analyses of two types of UCMSC suggest that rat UCMSC-dependent growth regulation is significantly stronger than that of human UCMSC. Their different tumoricidal abilities were clarified by analyzing gene expression profiles in the two types of UCMSC. Microarray analysis revealed differential gene expression between untreated naïve UCMSC and those co-cultured with species-matched breast carcinoma cells. The analyses screened 17 differentially expressed genes that are commonly detected in both human and rat UCMSC. The comparison between the two sets of gene expression profiles identified two tumor suppressor genes, adipose-differentiation related protein (ADRP) and follistatin (FST), that were specifically up-regulated in rat UCMSC, but down-regulated in human UCMSC when they were co-cultured with the corresponding species’ breast carcinoma cells. Over-expression of FST, but not ADRP, in human UCMSC enhanced their ability to suppress the growth of MDA-231 cells. The growth of MDA-231 cells was also significantly lower when they were cultured in medium conditioned with FST, but not ADRP over-expressing human UCMSC. In the breast carcinoma lung metastasis model generated with MDA-231 cells, systemic treatment with FST-over-expressing human UCMSC significantly attenuated the tumor burden. These results suggest that FST may play an important role in exhibiting stronger tumoricidal ability in rat UCMSC than human UCMSC and also implies that human UCMSC can be transformed into stronger tumoricidal cells by enhancing tumor suppressor gene expression.     

Recent advances in breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1

Metastasis is a complex process divided into a number of steps including detachment of tumor cells from the primary tumor, invasion, migration, intravasation, survival in the vasculature, extravasation, and colonization of the secondary site. Proteins that block metastasis without inhibiting primary tumor formation are known as metastasis suppressors; examples are NM23, Maspin, KAI1, KISS1, and MKK4. Breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 (BRMS1) was identified as a suppressor of breast cancer metastasis in the late 1990s. In vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that BRMS1 is a potent metastasis suppressor not limited to breast cancer. However, conflicting clinical observations regarding its role as a metastasis suppressor and its validity as a diagnostic biomarker warrant more in-depth clinical study. In this review, the authors provide an overview of its biology, function, action mechanism and pathological significance.     

Proteomics-based strategy to delineate the molecular mechanisms of the metastasis suppressor gene BRMS1

The breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 (BRMS1) gene has been shown to suppress metastasis without affecting the growth of the primary tumor in mouse models. It has also been shown to suppress the metastasis of tumors derived from breast, melanoma, and, more recently, ovarian carcinoma (see ref 1). However, how BRMS1 exerts its metastasis suppressor function remains unknown. To shed light into its metastatic mechanism of action, the sensitive 2D-DIGE analysis coupled with MS has been used to identify proteins differentially expressed by either overexpressing (Mel-BRMS1) or silencing BRMS1 (sh635) in a melanoma cell line. After comparison of the protein profiles from WT, Mel-BRMS1, and sh635 cells, 79 spots were found to be differentially expressed. Mass spectrometry analysis allowed the unambiguous identification of 55 polypeptides, corresponding to 43 different proteins. Interestingly, more than 75% of the identified proteins were down-regulated in Mel-BRMS1 cells compared to WT. In contrast, all the identified proteins in sh635 cells extracts were up-regulated compared to WT. Most of the deregulated proteins are involved in cell growth/maintenance and signal transduction among other cell processes. Six differentially expressed proteins (Hsp27, Alpha1 protease inhibitor, Cofilin1, Cathepsin D, Bone morphogenetic protein receptor2, and Annexin2) were confirmed by immunoblot and functional assays. Excellent correlation was found between DIGE analysis and immunoblot results, indicating the reliability of the analysis. Available evidence on the reported functions of the identified proteins supports the emerging role of BRMS1 as negative regulator of the metastasis development. This work opens an avenue for the molecular mechanisms' characterization of metastasis suppressor genes with the aim to understand their roles.     

DKK-1通过上调nm23表达抑制乳腺癌细胞迁移

Dickkopf-1(DKK-1)作为Wnt/β-连环蛋白(Wnt/β-catenin)经典信号传导通路的拮抗剂而受到关注.为了进一步阐明DKK-1在乳腺癌细胞迁移中的作用及其分子机制,应用我们建立的乳腺癌细胞MCF-7高转移倾向亚克隆LM-MCF-7细胞株,比较了DKK-1在不同转移能力的乳腺癌细胞株中表达水平及其与细胞迁移能力的关系.结果显示,DKK-1在LM-MCF-7细胞中表达明显下调;"伤口愈合"实验结果表明,在MCF-7细胞中,RNA干扰DKK-1可导致细胞迁移能力增强;相反,在LM-MCF-7细胞中过表达DKK-1则可抑制细胞的迁移.进一步研究结果显示,DKK-1为肿瘤转移抑制因子nm23的上游激活因子.因此,我们的研究结果表明,DKK-1表达水平下调导致nm23表达水平下调,解除了对乳腺癌细胞迁移的抑制作用,是LM-MCF-7乳腺癌细胞具有高迁移能力的原因之一;反之,与LM-MCF-7相比,DKK-1在MCF-7细胞中高表达,其通过上调nm23可抑制乳腺癌细胞迁移.这一发现对进一步揭示乳腺癌细胞转移的分子机制具有的重要意义.     

ATBF1研究综述

AT模体结合因子1(ATBF1)是一个新发现的抑癌基因,从人肝癌细胞HuH-7中分离得到。ATBF1可与甲胎蛋白基因增强子中AT富含原件结合,其表达产物是目前发现的分子量最大的转录调节因子。ATBF1基因表达过程中,通过选择性剪接产生ATBF1-A和ATBF1-B两种mRNA,这两种mRNA对AFP表达的调节具有相互对抗作用。ATBF1-A是ATBF1基因的主要表达形式,能抑制癌细胞生长;而ATBF1-B则能促进癌细胞增殖。ATBF1作为抑癌基因,为肿瘤的治疗带来新希望,但目前学术界对ATBF1的研究仍然有限。本文重点对ATBF1在神经系统、乳腺癌、胃癌、肝癌、结直肠癌以及其他肿瘤中的研究作综述,以期进一步明确ATBF1的抑癌机制。     

Translational approaches using metastasis suppressor genes

Cancer metastasis is a significant contributor to breast cancer patient morbidity and mortality. In order to develop new anti-metastatic therapies, we need to understand the biological and biochemical mechanisms of metastasis. Toward these efforts, we and others have studied metastasis suppressor genes, which halt metastasis in vivo without affecting primary tumor growth. The first metastasis suppressor gene identified was nm23, also known as NDP kinase. Nm23 represents the most widely validated metastasis suppressor gene, based on transfection and knock-out mouse strategies. The biochemical mechanism of metastasis suppression via Nm23 is unknown and likely complex. Two potential mechanisms include binding proteins and a histidine kinase activity. Elevation of Nm23 expression in micrometastatic tumor cells may constitute a translational strategy for the limitation of metastatic colonization in high risk cancer patients. To date, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) has been identified as a candidate compound for clinical testing.