干旱胁迫对菜苔叶片保护酶活性和膜脂过氧化的影响

以3个不同耐旱性的菜苔（Brassica parachinensis L.H.Bailey）品种为试材,研究了干旱胁迫对叶片保护酶活性和膜脂过氧化的影响及其与抗旱性的关系。干旱胁迫条件下,菜苔叶片的电解质外渗率和MDA含量呈上升趋势,叶绿素含量、抗坏血酸含量和SOD活性呈下降趋势,CAT活性表现为先上升后下降。耐旱品种比不耐旱品种具有较高的叶绿素含量和抗坏血酸含量,具有较低的电解质外渗率和MDA含量;耐旱品种的SOD活性比不耐旱品种下降幅度小。轻度干旱胁迫下,耐旱品种的CAT活性上升幅度比不耐旱品种高;重度干旱胁迫下耐旱品种的CAT活性下降程度比不耐旱品种低。耐旱品种的POD活性在干旱条件下先上升而后降低,不耐品种的POD活性处于下降趋势。干旱6d后,耐旱品种的SOD、CAT和POD活性显著高于不耐旱品种。     

不同硝酸盐含量菠菜品种的生理差异分析

采用营养液栽培方式,以4个硝酸盐含量有显著差异的菠菜品种为材料,测定其生长指标（株高、主根长、株幅、柄长、干鲜重和叶面积）、光合色素（叶绿素a、b及类胡萝卜素）含量、光合作用参数(实际光化学量子产率、表观光合电子传递率、光化学猝灭系数、非光化学猝灭系数)、硝酸根吸收速率和硝酸还原酶活性等,研究不同硝酸盐含量基因型品种的生理差异。结果显示：（1）不同基因型菠菜叶片的硝酸盐含量始终存在着巨大差异,且硝酸盐含量与生物量之间没有明显的相关关系,在同样的栽培条件下,生物量大的品种并不代表其硝酸盐含量低。（2）高硝酸盐含量基因型菠菜品种的光合色素含量较低,光合作用效率较差,硝酸吸收速率较高,硝酸还原酶活性较低;而低硝酸盐含量基因型菠菜品种的光合色素含量较高,光合作用较强,硝酸吸收速率较低,硝酸还原酶活性较高。（3）低硝酸盐含量基因型品种SL 06 13的综合评价最好,可以作为选育低硝酸含量菠菜品种的材料。研究表明,菠菜硝酸盐含量的基因型差异产生的原因可能是受硝酸盐吸收和转运的共同影响。     

酸枣保护酶活性和膜脂过氧化产物对干旱胁迫的响应

以3年生酸枣为试材,通过盆栽控水试验法研究干旱胁迫条件下酸枣生理生化特性的响应规律。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫梯度的加大、干旱时间的延长,保护酶SOD、POD和CAT在酸枣体内积累,表现出先增后降的变化趋势;在中度干旱下SOD活性达到608.36 U/g·FW,高于CK组52.14%且差异极显著(P0.01),POD活性达到190.97μg/min·g·FW,高于CK组113.59%(P0.01)。而CAT活性变化与SOD、POD略有不同,随胁迫程度的加重,其活性逐渐降低,仅高于CK组1.40倍(P0.05)。电导率、NR活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量表现出增加的趋势;电导率持续升高,高于CK组11.14倍(P0.01),对膜的结构和功能破坏越严重。NR活性达到14.60μg/(g·h)比CK增加了94.66%(P0.01),MDA含量达到26.82μmoL/g·FW,是CK组的2.71倍(P0.05),膜脂过氧化反应加强,对膜的伤害增加。     

NaCl胁迫对大麦硝酸盐吸收和有关的酶活的影响

NaCl胁迫下,抗盐性弱的洋草麦对NO_3~-的吸收明显下降;而抗盐性强的鉴4对NO_3~-的吸收显著升高,对Cl~-的吸收则显著小于洋草麦。盐胁迫下大麦GS活力提高,GDH活力无明显变化。在低盐度下,鉴4NR活力变化较小,洋草麦则显著增加;高盐度下,两品种NR活力均迅速下降或丧失。NR活力与叶片的水势变化有显著相关。     

外源水杨酸对高温胁迫下葡萄几种抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物含量的影响

本文以二年生‘克瑞森’无核葡萄为材料,探明外源水杨酸（SA）对高温胁迫下葡萄体内几种酶活性和抗氧化物质含量的影响及其在抗高温胁迫中的作用。实验结果表明,与对照相比,外源SA可以促进高温胁迫下葡萄叶片内ASA和GSH含量的积累,维持较高的APX、GR、SOD、POD和CAT活性。外源SA可能通过提高高温胁迫下葡萄体内抗氧化水平,削弱了高温胁迫对葡萄植株的氧化胁迫伤害作用。     

温度对福寿螺抗氧化酶活性和 丙二醛含量的影响

福寿螺（Pomacea canaliculata）是外来入侵物种,对中国南方大部分地区的生态环境造成严重威胁,其生长和繁殖受到温度影响。本文研究了15 ℃（低温）、25 ℃（对照组）和36 ℃（高温）三种温度条件下,不同时间点（0、6、12、24、48、72 h）福寿螺体内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化。实验结果表明,在低温（15 ℃）和高温（36 ℃）胁迫下,福寿螺肝胰脏和鳃中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性以及丙二醛含量均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,并且在72 h时恢复到对照组（25 ℃）水平。低温和高温胁迫下,福寿螺鳃中的过氧化氢酶活性和肝胰脏中的超氧化物歧化酶活性在12 h、24 h和48 h时均显著高于对照组（P < 0.05）,并在48 h时达到最大值（P < 0.01）。鳃和肝胰脏中的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性在12 h升高并在24 h时达到最大值。低温和高温胁迫下,丙二醛含量分别在24 h和12 h达到最大值。结果表明,温度能够诱导福寿螺抗氧化应激反应。福寿螺可以通过增加体内抗氧化物酶活力来缓解温度胁迫所造成的压力。鳃中抗氧化物酶活性变化快于肝胰脏抗氧化物酶活性变化,福寿螺氧化应激反应表现出组织特异性。     

铝胁迫对黑大豆膜脂过氧化及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以耐酸型黑大豆(丹波黑大豆,简称RB)和酸敏感型黑大豆(简称SB)为材料,在水培条件下分析不同浓度的铝胁迫对这两种黑大豆叶和根膜脂过氧化和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果显示:RB的铝耐受能力比SB强;在不同浓度铝胁迫下RB叶和根中的H2O2和MDA上升幅度低于SB,SB的叶和根中膜脂过氧化程度大于RB。在不同浓度铝胁迫下,RB叶和根中的SOD活性与SB差异不大,而CAT活性在RB和SB的叶和根中均被诱导显著升高,POD活性在RB叶和根中有下降趋势但仍然显著高于SB。因此,与酸敏感型的黑大豆相比,耐酸型黑大豆在铝胁迫下具有较强的保护酶活性,使其膜脂受氧化损伤的程度较低,从而表现出更强的耐铝胁迫能力。     

采后菠菜叶片失水萎蔫对膜透性及膜脂过氧化作用的影响

本文分析了菠菜叶片失水萎蔫时叶绿素、相对含水量、膜透性及膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛的变化,结果表明:叶片萎蔫衰老时随着相对含水量的降低,叶绿素含量减少,膜透性和丙二醛含量增大;并且随萎蔫程度加深,膜透性与丙二醛含量也明显增加.这说明菠菜叶片失水萎蔫与膜结构完整性的破坏有密切的关系。     

渗透胁迫下钙对巨尾桉苗木生长和保护酶及膜脂过氧化的影响

控制培养液中钙含量(0、5、10、15mmol/L)研究水分胁迫(-0.8Mpa)下,钙对巨尾桉苗木生长及叶片中超氧阴离子(O2-.)产生速率、过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的影响。结果表明:水分胁迫下,10mmol/L钙处理的苗木生长状况明显高于其它处理,与缺钙处理相比高生长增加35.3%,基径生长增加39.8%,生物总量增加28.1%,根/冠比增加29.8%;而O2-.产生速率、H2O2和MDA含量、相对电导率明显低于缺钙处理,SOD和CAT活性明显增高,而POD和APX活性明显降低。     

干旱胁迫对不同抗旱性棉花品种抗氧化酶活性及基因表达的影响

为明确不同抗旱性棉花品种对干旱胁迫的适应性差异,该研究选用‘新陆早50号’(耐旱型)和‘新陆早27号’(干旱敏感型)为材料,分析干旱及复水处理下两材料的活性氧产生、电解质渗漏、抗氧化酶活性变化,并分析部分抗氧化酶基因、渗透调节基因和转录因子在干旱胁迫下的表达谱。结果显示:(1)棉花叶片的电导率和MDA含量随着干旱胁迫的加强逐渐增加,复水后恢复;在干旱胁迫处理6和8d,耐旱型品种‘新陆早50号’的抗氧化酶活性显著高于干旱敏感型品种‘新陆早27号’。(2)基因表达谱分析显示,棉花超氧化物歧化酶基因(GhSOD)仅在干旱胁迫下表达,且2个品种间差异不显著,GhBADH、GhNCED和GhP5Cs及转录因子GhPHD1、GhPHD5、GhPHD6和GhPHD10在‘新陆早50号’叶片中的表达量均高于‘新陆早27号’。研究表明,耐旱型棉花品种较干旱敏感型在干旱胁迫下其体内的活性氧含量、电导率和MDA含量较低,抗氧化酶活性较高,并且其抗旱相关基因表达量也更高。     

Spinach Nitrate Reductase : Effects of Ionic Strength and pH on the Full and Partial Enzyme Activities

Initial velocity studies of immunopurified spinach nitrate reductase have been performed under conditions of controlled ionic strength and pH and in the absence of chloride ions. Increased ionic strength stimulated NADH:ferricyanide reductase and reduced flavin:nitrate reductase activities and inhibited NADH:nitrate reductase, NADH:cytochrome c reductase and reduced methyl viologen:nitrate reductase activities. NADH:dichlorophenolindophenol reductase activity was unaffected by changes in ionic strength. All of the partial activities, expressed in terms of micromole 2 electron transferred per minute per nanomole heme, were faster than the overall full, NADH:nitrate reductase activity indicating that none of the partial activities included the rate limiting step in electron transfer from NADH to nitrate. The pH optimum for NADH:nitrate reductase activity was determined to be 7 while values for the various partial activities ranged from 6.5 to 7.5. Chlorate, bromate, and iodate were determined to be alternate electron acceptors for the reduced enzyme. These results indicate that unlike the enzyme from Chlorella vulgaris, intramolecular electron transfer between reduced heme and Mo is not rate limiting for spinach nitrate reductase.     

低氧胁迫对黄瓜幼苗根系无氧呼吸酶和抗氧化酶活性的影响

对两个抗低氧胁迫能力不同的黄瓜品种进行营养液水培,研究了低氧胁迫下植株根系中无氧呼吸酶和抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明,低氧胁迫下,黄瓜植株生长受到抑制,鲜重和干重显著降低,根系中蛋白质含量降低,而根系中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、丙酮酸脱羧酶（PDC）、乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性在低氧胁迫下显著提高,且提高的幅度与品种抗低氧胁迫能力的强弱有关,与“中农8号”相比,抗低氧性胁迫能力较强的“绿霸春四号”根系内LDH活性增幅较小,而ADH、PDC、SOD、POD和CAT活性增幅较大。说明较高的ADH、PDC、SOD、POD、CAT活性和较低的LDH活性有利于增强幼苗植株抗低氧胁迫的能力。     

NaCl 胁迫对甘草生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

目的:通过分析不同浓度NaCl胁迫下甘草生长和抗氧化酶活性的变化探讨甘草对盐分胁迫的适应性机理;方法:采用不同浓度的NaCl溶液(配成Hoagland液)处理盆栽一年生甘草,分别于35d、70d和105d取样,测定甘草株高、地上部分鲜、干重、根鲜、干重及甘草叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性,分析各生长指标与抗氧化酶活性的相关性;结果:NaCl胁迫70d和105d,0.6%和0.9%处理组的株高、地上部分鲜、干重及根鲜、干重均显著低于CK,SOD、POD及CAT活性均显著高于CK,经相关性分析得知,SOD、POD及CAT活性与各生长指标均负相关,其中POD活性与各生长指标极显著负相关;结论:甘草对NaCl胁迫的响应有胁迫时间和浓度的依赖性,在遭遇胁迫时,通过改变自身的生长和提高抗氧化酶活性,来提高机体的抗盐能力。     

水杨酸对香荚兰抗逆相关酶的活性和丙二醛含量的影响

对大田栽培的香荚兰植株进行不同浓度的水杨酸(SA)处理,结果表明：较低浓度(25～100mg/L)的SA,使其叶片的SOD、POD、PAL和PPO活性增加,MDA含量降低,抗逆性增强;而较高浓度的SA(150～200mg/L)则抑制了这些酶的活性、使MDA含量升高,抗逆性减弱。     

Effects of Calpain on Antioxidant Enzyme Activities

The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase were not affected by in vitro incubation with the intracellular proteinase calpain, suggesting that these enzymes are not in vivo substrates of calpain. In contrast, the activity of another important antioxidant enzyme, glutathione peroxidase, is stimulated in vitro by calpain. This may explain the correlation between elevations in glutathione peroxidase activity and calpain activity which occur in aging, exercised and dystrophic muscle. Calpain treatment in vitro caused a large decrease in the activity of carnosine synthetase which is involved in the synthesis of the putative antioxidant carnosine. This may be the reason for the in vivo correlation between elevated calpain and diminished carnosine levels in aging, hypertensive, denervated and dystrophic muscles.     

NaCl胁迫对甘草生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

目的：通过分析不同浓度NaCl胁迫下甘草生长和抗氧化酶活性的变化探讨甘草对盐分胁迫的适应性机理;方法：采用不同浓度的NaCl溶液（配成Hoagland液）处理盆栽一年生甘草,分别于35d、70d和105d取样,测定甘草株高、地上部分鲜、干重、根鲜、干重及甘草叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性,分析各生长指标与抗氧化酶活性的相关性;结果：NaCl胁迫70d和105d,0．6％和0．9％处理组的株高、地上部分鲜、干重及根鲜、干重均显著低于CK,SOD、POD及CAT活性均显著高于CK,经相关性分析得知,SOD、POD及CAT活性与各生长指标均负相关,其中POD活性与各生长指标极显著负相关;结论：甘草对NaCl胁迫的响应有胁迫时间和浓度的依赖性,在遭遇胁迫时,通过改变自身的生长和提高抗氧化酶活性,来提高机体的抗盐能力。     

Effects of Nitrate and L-Arginine on Content of Nitric Oxide and Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes in Roots of Wheat Seedlings and Their Heat Resistance

Separate and combined effects of nitrate (NaNO₃) and L-arginine as potential sources of nitric oxide (NO) on the content of endogenous NO in roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings and on their heat resistance were studied. Both agents increased the seedling resistance to the damaging heating; the effect was maximal at 20 mM NaNO₃ or 5 mM L-arginine. The treatment with L-arginine elevated the NO content in the roots within the first 2 h of the treatment. Nitrate caused a stronger and longer rise in nitric oxide. Activity of nitrate reductase considerably (2–3 times) increased in the roots exposed to nitrate. The augmentation in the nitric oxide level caused by nitrate or L-arginine was prevented by the root pretreatment with an inhibitor of nitrate reductase (sodium tungstate) or an inhibitor of animal NO-synthase—N^G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Upon the combined treatment with NaNO₃ and L-arginine, the nitrateinduced stimulation of the nitrate reductase activity, NO level in the roots, and seedling heat resistance were less pronounced than after separate application. In the presence of L-NAME, the negative influence of L-arginine on nitrate effects was markedly attenuated. The plant exposure to nitrate or L-arginine increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and guaiacol peroxidase). A mixture of NaNO₃, and L-arginine caused weaker effects. It was suggested that nitrate-dependent and arginine-dependent pathways of NO formation are antagonistic to each other in wheat roots.     

Effects of Cadmium on Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Sugar Cane

Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L. cv. Copersucar SP80-3280) seedlings were grown in nutrient solution with varying concentrations (0, 2 and 5 mM) of cadmium chloride for 96 h. Leaves were analysed for catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Although a clear effect of CdCl₂ on plant growth was observed, the activity of SOD was not altered significantly. However, the CAT activity decreased as the concentration of CdCl₂ increased. GR exhibits a significant increase in activity at 2 and 5 mM CdCl₂. CAT and SOD isoenzymes were further characterised by analysis in non-denaturing PAGE. Activity staining for SOD revealed up to seven isoenzymes in untreated control and 2 mM CdCl₂ treated plants, corresponding to Cu/Zn-SOD isoenzymes. At 5 mM CdCl₂, only six Cu/Zn-SOD isoenzymes were observed. No Fe-SOD and Mn-SOD isoenzymes were detected. For CAT, one band of activity was observed.