Structure and Development of Stomata on the Vegetative and Floral Organs of Some Amaryllidaceae

The structure and development of stomata in 10 Amaryllidaceousmembers are described. The study is made on the leaves and floralorgans of Amaryllis belladona, Crinum asiaticum, C. bulbispermum,C. latifolium, C. pratense, Pancratium sp., Polianthes tuberosa,and Zephyranthes atamsco, and on leaves of Agave sp. and Curculigoorchioides. In most of the organs of the different plants studiedmore than one type of stoma occur, even on the same surface.However, the stomata are largely anomocytic in Amaryllis, Crinum,Pancratium, Polianthes, and Zephyranthes, but they are tetracyticin Agave and Curculigo. An increase in the number of subsidiarycells in teracytic, tricytic, paracytic, and stomata with onesubsidiary cell has been noted. It may be due to wall formationin the subsidiary cells or by the neighbouring perigenes assumingtheir form. The range of variation in different types of stomatain each organ has been studied. Abnormal features such as juxtaposedor superimposed contiguous stomata, connections between guardcells of nearby stomata, transformation of meristemoids intoepidermal cells are observed. The development of different typesof stomata in different organs of the same plant is perigenous.The systematic position of different genera is discussed inlight of the present findings. A method of preparing epidermalimprints by the use of Depex, a mounting medium, and white ofan egg is also described.     

Structure and Development of Stomata in Vegetative and Floral Organs of Three Species of Kalanchoe

The structure and ontogeny of stomata in vegetative and floralorgans of three species of Kalanchoe is described. The matureanisocytic stomata are mono-cyclic or completely or incompletelyamphicyclic, rarely paracytic, transitional between paracyticand anisocytic and with a single subsidiary cell. The developmentof all the types is syndetocheilic or mesogenous from organto organ but the mature stomatal apparatus varies from organto organ as regards the number and arrangement of subsidiarycells. Abnormal stoma with a single guard cell and arresteddevelopment were observed on all organs. An abnormal stoma witha single guard cell develops directly from the meristemoid.     

气孔在四季秋海棠营养器官和繁殖器官上的发育及相关性分析

主要观察了气孔在四季秋海棠营养器官和繁殖器官上的分布和发育情况,并分别对叶片和翅上气孔簇大小、气孔簇密度等指标的相关性进行了研究、结果表明:在叶片的下表皮、雌花和雄花的花被片、苞片、小苞片和翅上有气孔分布,而在茎、花梗上却未见气孔分布.叶片下表皮和翅上气孔通常成簇分布.在叶片的下表皮,气孔簇大小与气孔簇密度呈显著的负相关(P<0.05);气孔簇密度与叶片长度呈极显著的负相关(P<0.01).而翅上的气孔簇密度、气孔簇大小与子房长度无显著相关性(P>0.05).在四季秋海棠中,不同器官表皮的气孔簇大小是不同的,这可能与生理功能的不同有关.     

Epidermal Structure and Ontogeny of Stomata in Vegetative and Reproductive Organs of Ephedra and Gnetum

The epidermal structure and development of stomata in vegetativeand reproductive organs of Ephedra foliata and Gnetum ula isdescribed. The epidermal cells are polygonal, isodiametric,or elongated with thick or thin straight, arched, or slightlysinuous anticlinal walls. The cuticle is thin or thick. Papilla-likeunicellular outgrowths are present in Ephedra foliata. The maturestomata are orientated parallel to the longitudinal axes orirregularly. The mature stomata are anomocytic, paracytic, witha single subsidiary cell, cyclocytic, and actinocytic. Arresteddevelopment, contiguous stomata, and stomata with aborted guardcells have been observed. The ontogeny of stomata on differentorgans of these two plants is typically haplocheilic or perigenousbut the stomatal apparatus varies from organ to organ.     

Structure and Development of Stomata in Some Labiatae

The structure and ontogeny of stomata have been studied in 33species of the Labiatae. The mature stomata are diacytic, transitionalbetween paracytic and diacytic, and anomocytic. The anomocyticstomata are haplocheilic or perigenous. The diacytic and thetransitional type of stomata are syndetocheilic or mesogenousas the two subsidiary cells and a pair of guard cells arisefrom the same meristemoid. The diacytic and the transitionalstomata are formed through three successive mitotic divisions.Abnormal stomata with single guard cells, arrested developments,and contiguous stomata have been observed. Contiguous stomataare formed either from two adjacently placed meristemoids orare the result of spatial readjustment during maturation ofthe leaf.     

Structure and Development of Stomata in Some Leptosporangiate Ferns

The structure and development of stomata are described for 17species of leptosporangiate ferns. In these species the maturestomata are anomocytic, diacytic, Pyrrosia(applied), tetracytic,suspended, or floating type. Stomata are present on both surfacesof floating as well as sub merged leaves of Azolla and Marsilea.In a few species twin stomata, arrested development, and persistentstomatal initials are present Floating stomata result from disintegrationof the anticlinal suspending wall in Pleopeltis, and by detachmentand displacement in Azolla pinnata. The development of stomatais haplocheilic, syndetocheilic, or syndetohaplocheilic. InCyathea spinulosa the guard cell nuclei divide amitoticallyand the resulting two daughter nuclei occupy the opposite polesof the guard cells     

The Development of Stomata in Vegetative and Reproductive Organs ofBupleurum tenue Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

InBupleurum tenue stomata have been observed on leaf, stem,stalk of compound umbel and umbellet, bract of involucre andinvolucel, pedicel of flower, both surfaces of petal, outerepidermis of pericarp, and the stylopodium. Their developmentis of the syndetocheilic type in vegetative as well as the reproductiveorgans. In the stylopodium the stomata are anomocytic whilein the rest of the organs they are anisocytic.     

Structure and Ontogeny of Stomata in Some Polemoniales

The ontogeny and structure of stomata in 22 genera and 51 speciesof the Polemoniales are described. Five main types of stomatanoticed are: anisocytic, anomocytic, diacytic, paracytic, andstomata with a single subsidiary cell. Three modes of stomataldevelopment: syndetocheilic or mesogenous, haplocheilic or perigenous,and meso-perigenous or syndeto-haplocheilic are observed. Abnormalitiesseen are: stomata with single guard cells, arrested developmentand contiguous stomata variously oriented. Contiguous stomataresult from adjacently placed meristemoids or readjustment duringmaturation. Stomata with a single guard cell are formed as aresult of degeneration of one of the guard cells before or afterpore formation. The stomatal apparatus varies in different organsof a plant in form, number, orientation and arrangement of thesubsidiary and also the surrounding cells. Three lines leadingto Polemoniales, Boraginales, and Solanales are distinet.     

Development of Stomata in Some Cruciferae

Epidermal structure and ontogeny of stomata are described forten species or varieties of Cruciferae. The mature stomata aretypically anisocytic. Their development is of the mesogenoustrilabrate type. The spiral sequence of divisions in the meristemoidmay be clockwise or anticlockwise. Very often the neighbouringcells divide and form successive generations of stomata whichbecome arranged in groups. Some theoretical implications ofthe study are also discussed.     

Development of Stomata in Some Papaveraceae and Fumaria

Epidermal structure and ontogeny of stomata are described forthree species of Papaveraceae and Fumaria. The mature stomataare typically anomocytic. Their development is of the mesoperigenoustype and only one mesogene neighbouring cell is formed, theothers being perigene. The present observations support a closerelationship between the Papaveraceae and Fumaria.     

多穗金粟兰营养器官的形态结构及组织化学研究

采用植物解剖学和组织化学定位方法研究多穗金粟兰（Chloranthus multistachysPei）营养器官的显微结构及萜类和黄酮类化合物在营养器官中的分布规律。结果表明：多穗金粟兰的根皮层细胞排列不整齐,液泡化明显,细胞间隙较大,有散在石细胞分布;茎皮层细胞排列不整齐,在韧皮部外方包围有少数几层束状纤维束;叶为异面叶,栅栏组织和海绵组织分化明显,叶片上、下表皮均无毛被,气孔器多为不规则型。组织化学定位结果显示萜类和黄酮类化合物分布在根的皮层、茎的皮层及韧皮部细胞中。     

银杏营养器官解剖结构的观察

为了揭示不同树龄银杏的根、茎、叶解剖结构以及内生菌分布情况,本研究采用石蜡切片法对银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)根、茎、叶显微解剖结构进行了观察。结果显示:(1)一年生银杏幼根不含树脂道,内生菌含量低,而皮层中含有大量蛋白细胞;多年生银杏老根含有较多树脂道,皮层细胞中含有大量内生菌并有针晶物质分布,未发现蛋白细胞。(2)一年生银杏幼茎有明显的角质层,皮层分布有大量蛋白细胞,韧皮射线及髓部发达,其中髓由大量薄壁细胞构成并且有蛋白细胞分布,未观察到树脂道但有簇晶物质存在。(3)多年生银杏叶片海绵组织疏松,具有树脂道,叶肉细胞含有簇晶物质;气孔下陷并具有耐旱的结构特点。本结果可为研究不同树龄银杏对环境的适应性变化以及内生菌特点提供参考。     

Epidermal Structure and Development of Stomata in some Annonaceae

Epidermal structure and development of stomata are studied in20 species of the Annonaceae. Epidermal cells are polygonalor irregular in outline, isodiametnc or elongated with straight,arched, or sinuous anticlinal walls. Cuticular striations radiatingfrom guard cells or hair bases are noticed. Four types of trichomesand secretory cells are seen. The mature stomata are paracyticwith 2–6 subsidiary cells, non-contiguous at both poles,or contiguous at one or both the poles. The increase in numberof subsidiary cells is due to their divisions. Contiguous stomata,arrested development, single guard cell, and degeneration ofguard cells are observed. The development is either syndetocheilicor mesogenous.     

Structure,Ontogeny and Taxonomic Significance of Stomata in Some Cucurbitaceae

Stomatal structure, ontogeny in vegetative and floral organs of 9 genera and 12 species of Cucurbitaceae are described. The stomatal types conform to aperigenous, monoperigenous, diperigenous, hemipara-mesoperigenous and para-mesoperigenous types of Fryns-Claessens & Van Cotthem (1973). Stomatal abnormalities such as contiguous stomata, single guard cells with or without pore, one and a half stomata, degeneration of one or both the guard cells, cytoplasmic connections between guard cells of neighbouring stomata and a guard cell of a stoma and an adjacent epidermal cell, and division of guard cells are described. Stomata index, frequency of stomata, epidermal cells, size of guard and epidermal cells and organwise distribution of stomata are given. Stomatal studies does not support the view that the Cucurbitaceae are related to the Passifloraceae. The inclusion of 9 genera and 12 species studied in the tribe Cucumerineae is justified.     

银线草营养器官结构及主要成分的组织化学定位

采用植物解剖学和组织化学定位方法研究银线草营养器官的显微结构和萜类、黄酮类化合物在营养器官中的分布规律.结果表明:银线草的根皮层细胞排列整齐,细胞间隙较小,韧皮部狭窄;茎皮层细胞也排列整齐,在韧皮部外方包围有多层束状纤维;叶为异面叶,栅栏组织和海绵组织分化明显,叶片上、下表皮均无毛被,气孔器多为不规则型.组织化学定位结果显示萜类和黄酮类化合物分布在根的皮层、茎的皮层和韧皮部细胞中.     

苦豆子营养器官的发育解剖学及组织化学研究

采用石蜡切片法对苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides L.)根、茎、横走茎及叶的发育过程进行了研究,并利用组织化学的方法对生物碱在苦豆子各营养器官中的分布规律进行了测定.苦豆子根、茎及横走茎的初生生长与一般双子叶植物的发育规律一致,但在次生生长时,部分维管形成层细胞平周分裂只形成薄壁组织,从而将次生维管组织也分离成束.茎与横走茎的功能及生活环境不同,所以在结构上也存在一定的差异.叶是等面叶,上下表皮内都有栅栏组织的分布,其组织分化和发育过程与双子叶植物叶的发育规律一致.在茎、横走茎及叶主脉中,韧皮部的外侧都包围有纤维束,其来源都是原生韧皮部.应用硅钨酸、碘化铋钾及I-KI溶液进行沉淀反应,测定出生物总碱在苦豆子根、茎、横走茎及叶的薄壁组织细胞中均存在.     

两个苜蓿品种营养器官解剖结构特征比较

为了明确具有极强抗虫特性的‘草原4号紫花苜蓿’(Medicago sativa L.‘Caoyuan No.4’) 营养器官的解剖特征,该研究选择具有抗蓟马特性较强的‘草原2号杂花苜蓿’(Medicago varia Martin.‘Caoyuan No.2’)为对照,采用显微镜观察比较两品种的根、茎、叶解剖结构特征,为揭示‘草原4号紫花苜蓿’ 抗蓟马特性提供理论依据。结果显示：(1)‘草原4号紫花苜蓿’根部解剖结构的皮层薄壁细胞厚度、内皮层厚度、形成层厚度、木质部厚度和木射线宽度等5个指标均极显著高于(P＜0.01)‘草原2号杂花苜蓿’,其中木射线宽度(159.37 μm)是‘草原2号杂花苜蓿’的1.82倍。(2)‘草原4号紫花苜蓿’的茎部厚角组织厚度(21.4 μm)极显著高于‘草原2号杂花苜蓿’(P＜0.01),而韧皮部宽度、髓直径却均极显著低于‘草原2号杂花苜蓿’(P＜0.01)。(3)‘草原4号紫花苜蓿’叶片解剖构造的7个指标均极显著高于‘草原2号杂花苜蓿’(P＜0.01),其中栅栏组织层数(2～3层)极明显地高于‘草原2号杂花苜蓿’(1~2层)。研究表明,‘草原4号紫花苜蓿’的组织结构特征具有明显的抗虫特征,且其组织的抗虫特征比‘草原2号杂花苜蓿’更为突出。     

Floral biology and reproductive system of enantiostylous Senna corymbosa (Caesalpiniaceae)

The genus Senna (K. Bahuin) Miller (Cassieae) is represented in Argentina by 35 species and several varieties distributed in temperate, tropical and subtropical regions, and presents a high degree of endemism. Some taxa are used for medicine, animal foraging and ornamental purposes. Floral morphology, phases, rewards, attractants, visitors, pollen, reproductive system, P/O ratio. OCI and ISI indexes of enantiostylous Senna corymbosa were analyzed for morphological androecial differentiation and possible related functional differences between stamens groups. The study was carried out over three consecutive flowering seasons in March of 1999, 2000 and 2001, in two populations near the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The species has a buzz-pollination syndrome. The pollinators are Bombus atratus that vibrate the stamens, leading to nothotribic or stemotribic deposition of pollen. P/O ratio and pollen production were high thanks to the precise pollinating mechanism that needs a large delivery of pollen to ensure effective pollen deposition. P/O ratio also indicates that the species is xenogamous, although geitonogamy and autogamy (only induced, not spontaneous) were also recorded. The species is self-compatible. There were differences in hand-pollination treatments between long and medium stamens in fruit set, as well as in vitro differential fertility between their pollen grains. Hence, there are morphological and functional androecium differences: the medium stamens play a nutritional role while the long ones play a reproductive one. These differences are reflected in the breeding system. Moreover, differential fertility and enantiostyly may diminish the effects of self-compatibility by partially reducing the contribution of geitonogamy to selfing.     

假俭草和结缕草营养器官结构对抗逆性的影响

利用光学显微镜和电镜技术,采用石蜡切片法,叶片离析法等实验技术对假俭草和结缕草的茎,叶等营养器官的解剖结构特征和表皮微形态特征作了研究;通过角质层厚度,维管束数目,气孔指数,泡状细胞等数据分析它们之间的抗逆性差别;首次从微形态角度初步了解假俭草和结缕草及其不同种群之间抗旱力,耐践踏性差异的原因。     

空心莲子草营养器官结构与三萜皂苷动态积累的关系

采用组织化学定位、显微制片技术和三萜皂苷定量分析方法对空心莲子草营养器官结构与三萜皂苷类物质积累关系进行了研究。结果表明：空心莲子草宿根、根状茎、茎和叶中均有三萜皂苷物质的积累,叶和根状茎内含量十分丰富。在相同采收期内含量依次为：叶＞根状茎＞根＞茎,叶中主要积累于栅栏组织细胞内。空心莲子草的根和根状茎横切面均属于异常结构,具有成同心环状排列的三生维管束。在宿根和根状茎的次生韧皮部、栓内层、三生韧皮部和结合组织内均有三萜皂苷的分布,三生结构在宿根和根状茎中占有主要地位,是三萜皂苷积累的主要场所。在不同采收期内叶、根状茎和根中三萜皂苷的积累趋势基本一致,均随生长期的增加而递增。空心莲子草茎的横切面由表皮、皮层、维管束和髓腔组成,仅部分皮层细胞和初生韧皮部内有三萜皂苷分布。