线粒体蛋白酶与人类疾病

线粒体是真核细胞的重要细胞器,在能量转换、细胞应激、脂质合成以及细胞凋亡中具有调节作用.许多线粒体蛋白酶参与蛋白质运输、加工激活和降解过程.其中, ATP依赖性的线粒体蛋白酶通过其AAA+结构域(ATP associated multiple activity domain, AAA domain)利用ATP水解来执行线粒体蛋白质质量控制和调节蛋白降解.线粒体蛋白酶活性的改变会导致线粒体功能障碍,从而导致多种人类疾病,包括心血管疾病、神经退行性疾病、衰老和肿瘤等.本文重点综述线粒体蛋白酶1(Lon protease 1, LONP1)、酪蛋白水解蛋白酶P(caseinolytic protease, ClpP)、m-AAA(IMM-embedded AAA face to matrix)和i-AAA(IMM-embedded AAA face to intermembrane space)蛋白酶四种ATP依赖性线粒体蛋白酶及其功能,并阐述其与人类疾病的相关性和临床意义.     

线粒体单体型与线粒体相关的人类疾病

线粒体是一种拥有自身遗传体系的半自主细胞器,它的遗传物质线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mt DNA)随着人类的迁移、隔离、进化而形成了广泛的线粒体基因组多态性,同一祖先所具有的一些相同mt DNA SNP位点的集合称为线粒体单体型.不同的线粒体单体型会在一定程度上影响线粒体功能,从而影响整个细胞的生长,并在某些情况下导致一些个体的病变,例如Leber遗传性视神经病变、母系遗传性耳聋、Ⅱ型糖尿病、帕金森以及各种癌症等复杂疾病.本文列举总结了几种线粒体相关疾病及其与线粒体单体型如A、B、D、F、G、H、J、K、M、N、T、U、Y及一些有特点的多态位点如G11778A、A1555G、T3394C、G10398A等的相关性.     

人类线粒体tRNA生物合成与线粒体疾病

线粒体是普遍存在于真核细胞中的一类细胞器.每个线粒体含有多个拷贝的闭合环状双链DNA. 人类线粒体DNA (mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA)共编码22种线粒体tRNA(mitochondrial tRNA,mt tRNA), 2种rRNA 及13种多肽.mt tRNA独特的结构特点决定了它们与具有典型三叶草结构的细胞质 tRNA不同.编码mt tRNA的基因突变频率较高,这可能是引起线粒体功能障碍的主要原因之一. 同时 ,这与很多病理现象相关.目前发现,大量与mt tRNA生物代谢和功能相关的核因子包括加工内切酶、 tRNA修饰酶和氨酰-tRNA合成酶.这些核因子的异常导致了疾病相关的tRNA致病突变.由此可见mt tRNA功能对于线粒体活性的重要性.     

人类线粒体的遗传

阐明了人类线粒体基因组特殊的分子结构和遗传学特征,论述了人类线粒体病独特的遗传方式。     

线粒体DNA突变与相关人类疾病

在过去的20年里, 人们发现线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA)突变与多种人类疾病相关, 其致病范围从单器官组织损害到多系统受累。文章目的在于探讨mtDNA突变与人类疾病的关系。文章重点论述: (1)线粒体遗传学特征; (2) mtDNA突变与人类遗传性疾病; (3)体细胞mtDNA突变在衰老和肿瘤中的作用; (4)mtDNA疾病的诊断和治疗。     

线粒体自噬与人类疾病

线粒体在生物体的新陈代谢中起着非常重要的作用,不仅为代谢活动提供能量,还可以产生具有信号传递和基因调节作用的活性氧．线粒体发生功能障碍或损坏都可能造成严重的后果,甚至导致细胞死亡．受损线粒体通常通过线粒体自噬降解,研究发现线粒体自噬紊乱与多种疾病发生有关．本文阐述了线粒体自噬的调节机制和介导途径,详细论述了近年来线粒体自噬在神经退行性疾病、心脏病及肿瘤中的作用,总结指出线粒体自噬的两面性,即一方面正常范围内的线粒体自噬可以维持人体细胞的正常生理机能,另一方面,线粒体自噬水平过高和过低都会引发疾病．     

线粒体铁代谢与人类疾病的研究进展

线粒体铁代谢的研究主要包括两个方面：铁在胞质和线粒体之间的转运和调控;铁硫簇和血红素在线粒体内的合成与转运。目前认为线粒体铁的转入主要是与mitoferrinl／2（MFRNl和MFRN2）和ABCBl0有关,运出可能与ABCB6和／或ABCB7有关,转运和调控的具体机制不是很清楚,推测与某种含有铁硫簇的信号分子有关。哺乳动物铁硫簇的合成可以发生在胞质和线粒体内,但以线粒体为主;真核生物中与铁硫簇合成相关的蛋白达二十多种,其中FXN、ISCS、ISDll和ISCU及其同系物被认为是核心组分。血红素的合成起始和终止发生在线粒体内,终止步骤为亚铁螯合酶将铁插入原卟啉IX,该酶活性又依赖于铁硫簇。因此,铁硫簇的合成与调控是线粒体铁代谢的核心,也是整个细胞铁运作的核心。本文主要围绕线粒体铁代谢特别是铁硫簇的合成异常引起的疾病做一简单的综述。     

线粒体核糖体蛋白质与人类恶性肿瘤

线粒体拥有自身独特的核糖体--线粒体核糖体,用于翻译线粒体DNA（mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA）编码的基因。线粒体核糖体由核基因编码的线粒体核糖体蛋白质(mitochondrial ribosomal protein, MRPs)和线粒体自身编码的rRNA组装而成。MRPs表达失调会引发代谢紊乱、呼吸链受损,导致细胞发生功能障碍和异常增殖,甚至发生癌变等恶性转化。大量研究证明,MRPs在不同的肿瘤细胞中表达异常,提示着MRPs在肿瘤发生发展过程中发挥着重要作用。本文就线粒体核糖体蛋白质与人类恶性肿瘤发生的关系作一综述,为进一步阐明其在恶性肿瘤发生过程中的作用机制奠定基础。     

人类线粒体DNA变异的检测方法和思路

基于线粒体DNA（mtDNA)的研究对于人群源流迁移、线粒体相关疾病病因的探讨和法医鉴定等具有重意义,就检测人线粒体突变的一些常用方法,如RFLP、SSO和控制区测序等作一小结和归纳,并重点介绍目前mtDNA突变的筛选方法和思路,另外,还总结了近年来对人mtDNA方面的研究结果,对世界人群中主要单倍型类群（haplogroup)特征变异位点和相应的酶切检测引物作了归纳。     

线粒体RNA转录后加工和修饰及其与人类线粒体疾病的关联

线粒体是真核细胞内参与能量生成和物质代谢的重要细胞器,拥有自身的基因组DNA.线粒体基因的表达调控对线粒体功能的维持至关重要.根据分子生物学中心法则,遗传信息是从DNA传递给RNA,再从RNA传递给蛋白质.线粒体DNA(mtDNA)编码13个信使RNA(mRNA)、2个核糖体RNA(rRNA)和22个转运RNA(tRN...     

Role of Mitochondria in Human Aging

Mitochondria are the major intracellular source and target sites of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are continually generated as by-products of aerobic metabolism in animal and human cells. It has been demonstrated that mitochondrial respiratory function declines with age in various human tissues and that a defective respiratory chain results in enhanced production of ROS and free radicals in mitochondria. On the other hand, accumulating evidence now indicates that lipid peroxidation, protein modification and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) muutation are concurrently increased during aging. On the basis of these observations and the fact that the rate of cellular production of superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide increases with age, it has recently been postulated that oxidative stress is a major contributory factor in the aging process. A causal relationship between oxidative modification and mutation of mtDNA, mitochondrial dysfunction and aging has emerged, although some details have remained unsolved. In this article, the role of mitochondria in the human aging process is reviewed on the basis of recent findings gathered from our and other laboratories.     

家蚕转基因方法的初步研究

为建立家蚕转基因研究中切实可行的外源基因导入方法、分别用显微注射法、精子介导法、脂质体法和压力渗透法将含有绿色荧光蛋白(gfp)基因的转座子载体和辅助质粒转入到家蚕的受精卵中。在后代中检测到发绿色荧光的蚕茧,用PCR方法检测到后代个体染色体中含有gfp基因,并比较了上述几种方法的优缺点,为进一步进行转基因家蚕的研究奠定了基础。     

植物线粒体与细胞质雄性不育研究进展

本文从能量代谢与植物细胞质雄性不育(CMS)、线粒体的结构和数量与CMS、线粒体DNA多态性与CMS、线粒体基因转录与CMS、线粒体多肽差异与CMS几个方面介绍了植物线粒体与CMS的关系。并介绍了与CMS相关的线粒体基因研究进展并对CMS形成的分子机制进行了探讨。     

脱辅基细胞色素c定向于线粒体的转运特异性研究

用分离纯化的完整线粒体和部分细胞器组分,初步研究了脱辅基细胞色素c在细胞内转运的特异性。完整线粒体用差速离心和密度梯度离心的方法,从幼龄鸡心肌组织中获得,对胞内几种细胞器标志酶比活力的测量表明,纯化的线粒体单胺氧化酶活力提高25.6倍,腺苷酸激酶活力提高3.59倍,细胞色素c氧化酶活力提高5.48倍,外膜完整性达90%以上,呼吸控制率大于20。以上数据表明该纯化的线粒体受胞内其它囊泡成分污染少,外膜完整并具有较高的氧化磷酸化偶联效率;在纯化线粒体的同时,得到另两种细胞器组分-内质网和溶酶体囊泡。体外转录翻译的apo.c与上述几个组分的结合实验表明,完整线粒体与apo.c的结合能力明显高于其它组分。     

柠檬醛损伤黄曲霉线粒体生化机理的研究

应用生物化学方法并结合扫描电镜,研究柠檬醛掺入黄曲霉细胞,并通过损伤线粒体(Mt),导致抑制其生长的机理。结果表明,在药物致敏浓度时,菌丝体经该醛作用后,胞内Mt呈不规则增多,氧化还原反应系统受到破坏,与对照组相比,柠檬醛组的琥珀酸脱氢酶(Succinate Dehydrogenase,SDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(Malate Dehydrogenase,MDH)活性分别呈不可逆下降271%和242%,随着药物浓度的升高,SDH、MDH的活性直至消失;以琥珀酸、α酮戊二酸和丙酮酸为底物时,线粒体呼吸速率分别下降24.1%、14.3%和36.1%,提示柠檬醛能使菌丝体DNA、RNA、脂类和蛋白质等生物合成受到抑制,促进细胞死亡。     

缺氧条件下FMMU白化豚鼠和杂色豚鼠心肌线粒体形态变化比较研究

目的　比较研究在缺氧条件下FMMU白化豚鼠和杂色豚鼠心肌线粒体的形态变化。方法　将FMMU白化豚鼠和杂色豚鼠置于常压缺氧舱内分别缺氧 7d、14d、2 1d ,复制常压缺氧模型 ,分别取FMMU白化豚鼠和杂色豚鼠心肌 ,电镜下观察心肌线粒体形态的变化。结果　在同一缺氧时间 ,二者的超微结构变化程度不同 ;在不同缺氧时间 ,同种豚鼠的变化程度也不同。结论　在缺氧条件下 ,FMMU白化豚鼠心肌线粒体的变化程度较杂色豚鼠轻 ,提示可能白化豚鼠对缺氧的耐受性优于杂色豚鼠     

Mitochondria regulation in ferroptosis

Ferroptosis is recognized as a new form of regulated cell death which is initiated by severe lipid peroxidation relying on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and iron overload. This iron-dependent cell death manifests evident morphological, biochemical and genetic differences from other forms of regulated cell death, such as apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis and pyroptosis. Ferroptosis was primarily characterized by condensed mitochondrial membrane densities and smaller volume than normal mitochondria, as well as the diminished or vanished of mitochondria crista and outer membrane ruptured. Mitochondria take the center role in iron metabolism, as well as substance and energy metabolism as it’s the major organelle in iron utilization, catabolic and anabolic pathways. Interference of key regulators of mitochondrial lipid metabolism (e.g., ASCF2 and CS), iron homeostasis (e.g., ferritin, mitoferrin1/2 and NEET proteins), glutamine metabolism and other signaling pathways make a difference to ferroptotic sensitivity. Targeted induction of ferroptosis was also considered as a potential therapeutic strategy to some oxidative stress diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, ischemia-reperfusion injury, traumatic spinal cord injury. However, the pertinence between mitochondria and ferroptosis is still in dispute. Here we systematic elucidate the morphological characteristics and metabolic regulation of mitochondria in the regulation of ferroptosis.     

Reconstruction of Pathways Associated with Amino Acid Metabolism in Human Mitochondria

We have used a bioinformatics approach for the identification and reconstruction of metabolic pathways associated with amino acid metabolism in human mitochon- dria. Human mitochondrial proteins determined by experimental and computa- tional methods have been superposed on the reference pathways from the KEGG database to identify mitochondrial pathways. Enzymes at the entry and exit points for each reconstructed pathway were identified, and mitochondrial solute carrier proteins were determined where applicable. Intermediate enzymes in the mito- chondrial pathways were identified based on the annotations available from public databases, evidence in current literature, or our MITOPRED program, which pre- dicts the mitochondrial localization of proteins. Through integration of the data derived from experimental, bibliographical, and computational sources, we recon- structed the amino acid metabolic pathways in human mitochondria, which could help better understand the mitochondrial metabolism and its role in human health.     

Mitochondria Revisited. Alternative Functions of Mitochondria

This review explores the alternative functions of mitochondria inside the cell. In a general picture of mitochondrial functioning, the importance and uniqueness of these intrinsic functions make them irreplaceable by other intracellular compartments. Among these are, participation in apoptosis and cellular proliferation, regulation of the cellular redox state and level of second messengers, heme and steroid syntheses, production and transmission of a transmembrane potential, detoxication and heat production. In most of the listed functions, reactive oxygen species modulate a number of non-destructive cellular activities. Some of the mitochondrial functions are reviewed in detail.