海拔对大熊猫主食竹结构、营养及大熊猫季节性分布的影响

大熊猫主要采食竹子,因此主食竹对大熊猫生存具有重要的作用。在秦岭的佛坪地区的大熊猫主要取食巴山木竹以及秦岭箭竹。本文研究了海拔对这两种竹林的结构与营养含量的影响以及海拔与大熊猫季节性分布的关系。结果表明：（1）海拔对竹林基径、株高有显著影响（p0.05）;整齐度、均匀度、基径和株高分布的偏度值和峰度值均随海拔变化而变化。（2）海拔对主食竹营养含量的显著影响随季节而变化（春季粗蛋白和总糖p=0.02;夏季粗纤维p=0.01;秋季粗蛋白p=0.04、粗纤维p=0.04和总糖p0.01）。每个竹种在叶、枝、杆三个部位间的营养均有显著性差异（p0.05）。（3）海拔对竹林结构及营养的显著影响决定了大熊猫对主食竹的取食策略,夏季在高海拔活动,其余季节在低海拔活动。本文的研究结果对理解海拔、主食竹结构、营养以及大熊猫迁移活动之间的关系有重要作用,为圈养大熊猫的饲料配比提供理论依据,也为野外大熊猫的保护和规范保护区内部的人类活动提供科学支撑。     

大熊猫“松松”六月十八日迟迟发情

重庆动物园的雌性大熊猫“松松”在1986年9月25日顺利产下2仔后成活1仔,1987年2月15日断奶。到发情季节(3～5月上旬)仍未发情,直到6月18日才出现咩叫声,戏水,擦阴部等发情行为,19日即达发情高峰,表现为主动追随雄性大熊猫或用竹杆摩擦外阴,22日基本消失。此间因雄性熊猫发情期已过,进行了三次人工输精。这是目前有记载的人工饲养下大熊猫发情最迟日期。大熊猫“松松”六月十八日迟迟发情$重庆动物园@赵观禄     

大熊猫精清血小板激活因子乙酰水解酶(PAF-AH)活性影响因素的初步探讨

在2004年度2~5月大熊猫繁殖季节,对5只不同年龄雄性大熊猫的精液使用酶免法检测精清中的PAF-AH含量,并初步探讨了其含量高低的影响因素。结果在所有受检样品中均检测到PAF-AH活性的存在,浓度最低仅12.96 mmol/min.mL,最高达275.42 mmol/min.mL,大熊猫年龄不同、采精时间不同,精清PAF-AH含量存在一定差异;同时PAF-AH的含量表现出与精子活力呈极显著负相关(R=-0.73,P<0.001),与精子运动状态呈显著负相关(R=-0.58,P<0.05);与精子形态完整性也有一定相关性但差异不显著(R=-0.42,P>0.05)。结果表明,大熊猫精清中含有PAF-AH,其含量高低与大熊猫年龄、采精季节及精液质量有关。     

年龄、性别及季节因素对千岛湖岛屿社鼠最大活动距离的影响

2009年7-11月及2010年3-11月,在千岛湖2个岛屿上进行社鼠(Niviventer confucianus)的标志重捕,根据春、夏、秋3个季节将重捕4次以上的社鼠进行最大活动距离计算,分析年龄、性别及季节对岛屿社鼠最大活动距离的影响.结果显示,岛屿间无显著差异;将2岛数据合并后,幼年、亚成年、成年及老年4个年龄组社鼠最大活动距离之间差异极显著;雄性社鼠最大活动距离极显著地大于雌性,4个年龄组雌雄之间的最大活动距离均表现为雄性＞雌性,但仅成年组雌雄之间存在极显著差异;春、夏、秋3个季节之间的最大活动距离差异极显著,而仅亚成年组在3个季节之间存在极显著差异,雌性和雄性社鼠均表现春季＜夏季＜秋季,但只在春季表现出雌雄个体之间差异极显著,与以往巢区研究结果不一致,可能反映了岛屿环境下社鼠巢区活动的特殊性.显示岛屿隔离环境对小型哺乳动物巢区活动有影响,但这种岛屿效应仍有待深入研究.     

大熊猫趣闻

大熊猫趣闻刘后一１９８６年１０月,由中国野生动物保护协会等单位联合举办的“我最喜欢的１０种动物”评选活动圆满结束了。这次活动收到国内外小朋友寄来的选票３万多张,得票最多的动物是大熊猫,得票率达９８．２３％。从这里可以看出大熊猫在全世界小朋友心中的地位...     

周至自然保护区大熊猫活动规律研究

2012年8月-2018年5月,在陕西周至国家级自然保护区的光头山和板房子秦岭梁区域,利用红外相机对野外大熊猫活动规律进行监测.结果 显示:光头山是本保护区大熊猫主要冬栖地.春季是大熊猫活动的高峰期,特别是3月活动频次最高,其次是冬季,2个季节累计相对活动强度为88.56％.大熊猫日活动频次有2个高峰,分别为8:00-...     

采笋对八月竹生长和大熊猫活动的影响研究

采笋是大相岭山系大熊猫栖息地内一种传统的资源利用活动。为了了解采笋活动对大熊猫活动以及不同采笋管理方式对八月竹Chimonobambusa szechuanensis生长的影响,2008—2012年在大相岭山系对大熊猫的活动情况进行了调查和监测,2013年对规模性采笋的四川省洪雅县和限制规模性采笋的四川省荥经县内的八月竹生长状况进行了调查。结果表明:(1)洪雅县一年生八月竹密度显著高于荥经县(P=0.002),荥经县多年生八月竹的株高显著高于洪雅县(P=0.005);(2)八月竹种群密度与海拔呈正相关。洪雅县八月竹的多年生基径、多年生株高和一年生株高与海拔均呈显著负相关,而荥经县八月竹的多年生基径、多年生株高和一年生株高则与海拔呈显著正相关;(3)大相岭山系大熊猫主要活动于海拔1 400~2 700 m,85%的痕迹点出现在2 000 m以上;(4)采笋期间未在八月竹林发现大熊猫活动痕迹,而采笋期前、后均能在八月竹林发现大熊猫痕迹。规模性采笋对八月竹的株高、基径和密度都有影响,并且采笋活动对大熊猫活动产生影响,应进一步规范采笋行为,协调保护与社区经济的可持续发展。     

高龄大熊猫繁殖的饲养研究

通过营造冬暖、夏凉、通风良好的洞穴兽舍,改造饲料营养,采用先粗后精、少量勤添的饲喂方法,增加活动量,接受阳光照射,让雌、雄大熊猫有较多直接或间接接触的机会和增强其信息交流等技术管理措施,使高龄大熊猫“新星”雌兽20岁受配产仔,同时一胎产2仔,高龄大熊猫雄兽“新8号”25岁龄自然交配,并在25～27岁龄连年自然配种,使受配雌兽怀孕产仔,创下了圈养大熊猫雌、雄兽高龄繁殖的新记录。     

雄性大熊猫配种期的性行为观察

本文通过对西安动物园大熊猫雄兽弯弯于１９８６－１９９１年与３只雌兽相继本交,爬跨３３次,交配２１次,产５胎,获６仔,育成６仔的性行为观察。获得雄兽在发情季节的爬跨与酱姿式,交配的时间与叫声,配种期的食量下降与活动量变化等资料。     

性别、季节和体型大小对吐鲁番沙虎巢域的影响

2008年6月份至2009年5月份对吐鲁番沙虎的巢域进行调查:2008年6月份至2008年8月份为繁殖季节(RS),2008年9月份至2009年5月份(冬眠期除外)为非繁殖季节(NRS)。利用截趾标志重捕法研究吐鲁番沙虎的巢域,共标记283只吐鲁番沙虎,累计繁殖季节24只,非繁殖季节43只重捕超过3次(其中13只个体在繁殖季节和非繁殖季节均够3次以上捕捉次数,为重复个体),可以用于计算个体巢域面积数据。利用软件MapGis计算最小凸多边形法(MCP)巢域面积,并分析性别、体型大小、季节等因素对巢域的影响。结果表明:吐鲁番沙虎非繁殖季节雄性、雌性与幼体各组间的巢域面积差异均显著,繁殖季节巢域面积差异不显著;雌雄个体不同季节或全年合并比较巢域面积差异性均不显著;非繁殖季节面积与吻肛长(SVL)显著相关、全年成体组的巢域面积与吻肛长显著相关;成体巢域面积季节差异显著(U=41,P=0.046),幼体则没有季节差异(U=159,P=0.537)。因而,吐鲁番沙虎的巢域大小受性别因素影响不大,体型大小对巢域面积有显著影响,由于繁殖、食物资源等的季节变化是影响吐鲁番沙虎巢域最重要的因素。     

Effect of sex hormones on plasma T-kininogen in the rat

The influence of sex hormones on rat plasma T-kininogen concentration was examined. The level of T-kininogen in the post-pubertal female rat is about 3-times that of the male animal. Female rats castrated as adults or 15 days after birth, had low T-kininogen concentrations, near those of male rats. In contrast, castration of mature or immature male animals induced no change in T-kininogen. Treatment of castrated female or male rats with 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol significantly increased the T-kininogen level, whereas administration of testosterone or progesterone had no effect. The influence of estrogen was specific for T-kininogen, since plasma HMW kininogen concentration was the same in male and female rats and was not affected by castration or sex hormone treatment. T-kininogen concentration was not significantly changed in pregnant rat between the 12th and the 20th day of pregnancy, but increased after parturition. It was high in the newborn rat at birth and then decreased similarly over the next 3 weeks in males and females. It continued to decrease in the males, reaching the level of the adult rat, but it increased in the female from 3-4 weeks of age and reached the adult level at about 6-8 weeks. These data indicate that natural estrogens have a physiological influence on the plasma level of T-kininogen in female rats whereas testosterone had no effect on either male or castrated female rats. HMW kininogen is not physiologically dependent on sex hormones.     

黄颡前驼形线虫发生和成熟的季节动态

报道了寄生于黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)胃、肠中的黄颡前驼形线虫(Procamallanus fulvidraconis)的成熟和感染丰度的季节动态。从2001年2月到2002年7月的18个月中,对来自于湖北省梁子湖的900尾黄颡鱼进行了调查,结果表明:该线虫的感染率除在2002年1月比较低(32%)外,其他月份都在90%以上,且没有显著的季节性变化(G=16.9620.0517=27.58);平均丰度也是在2002年1月较低(0.46),其他月份都高于6.32,但感染丰度表现出显著的季节性变化(F=12.58>F0.0117,882=1.98)。在对黄颡前驼形线虫雌虫成虫的三个阶段(成熟期、怀卵期和怀幼期)和雄虫成虫的季节变化分析中发现:该线虫的生命周期为一周年;处于成熟期的雌虫在2-3月达到高峰,怀卵期雌虫在5-7月达到高峰,怀幼期雌虫则在6-9月达到高峰。因此推测:雌虫从第一期幼虫发育到成熟期(显隐前期)可能需要5-6个月,成熟期到怀卵期需要4-5个月,怀卵期到怀幼期需要1-2个月;第一期幼虫的释放应该在秋季,第三期幼虫的感染主要发生在晚冬和早春。本文还讨论了引起黄颡前驼形线虫在黄颡鱼中高感染率和高感染强度的原因。       

地形对草甸草原植被生产力分布格局的影响

草原植被生产力在陆地生态系统碳平衡分析中扮演重要角色,而地形作为影响植被生产力(NPP)分布格局的重要环境因子在已有的草原遥感监测研究中没有被充分重视。以USGS和GLCF共享MODIS和DEM数据为数据源,选取呼伦贝尔辉河湿地保护区草甸草原核心区为研究对象,在地面光谱生物量模型构建的基础上,采用ARCGIS的空间分析功能对呼伦贝尔草甸草原2000—2012年的NPP分布格局进行了分析。研究结果表明,地形对草甸草原植被生产力分布格局有显著的影响。在海拔高度、坡度和坡向等3个地形因子中,海拔高度引起的NPP变化幅度最大,坡度次之,坡向最小。在总体特征上,海拔高度每升高10m,生产力增加4.78 g/m2;坡度每增加1°生产力增加-1.42 g/m2;N坡向植被生产力水平最高(184.8 g/m2),西南(SW)坡向最低(173.3 g/m2)。从不同地形因子的分布面积特点判断,地形对草甸草原NPP的影响尺度介于土壤环境异质性和草场类型异质性之间。不同生产力水平年份对生产力分布格局的影响趋势一致,但变化幅度不同,在中等生产力水平年份NPP变幅最大。     

Ecological determinants of divorce: a structural approach to the explanation of Japanese divorce.

This paper examines the ecological determinants of contemporary Japanese divorce rates on the prefectural level. LISREL and computer-generated graphics are the analytic methods used. The aggregate level of analysis demands the use of the ecological model which posits that demographic changes, economic activities, migration patterns, and the level of urbanization are significant predictors of divorce rate. Our analysis demonstrates that sex ratio, female labor force participation, female in-migration patterns, population increase, and net household income all play a significant role in affecting the divorce rate. Our findings also confirm the well-supported hypothesis that both population density and modernization positively influence modern Japan's divorce rates. The residual analysis also points out that in order to account for the large proportion of the unexplained variance of Japanese divorce, behavioral-related variables and island- or prefecture-specific dimensions need to be included in the ecological model of divorce.     

Identification of quantitative trait loci affecting cattle temperament

In addition to its potential contribution to improving animal welfare, the study of the genetics of cattle behavior may provide more general insights into the genetic control of such complex traits. We carried out a genome scan in a Holstein x Charolais cross cattle population to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing temperament-related traits. Individuals belonging to the second-generation of this population (F(2) and backcross individuals) were subjected to 2 behavioral tests. The flight from feeder (FF) test measured the distance at which the animal moved away from an approaching human observer, whereas the social separation (SS) test categorized different activities which the animal engaged in when removed from its penmates. The entire population was genotyped with 165 microsatellite markers. A regression interval mapping analysis identified 29 regions exceeding the 5% chromosome-wide significance level, which individually explained a relatively small fraction of the phenotypic variance of the traits (from 3.8% to 8.4%). One of the significant associations influencing an FF test trait on chromosome 29 reached the 5% genome-wide significance level. Eight other QTL, all associated with an SS test trait, reached the 1% chromosome-wide significance level. The location of some QTL coincided with other previously reported temperament QTL in cattle, whereas those that are reported for the first time here may represent general loci controlling temperament differences between cattle breeds. No overlapping QTL were identified for the traits measured by the 2 different tests, supporting the hypothesis that different genetic factors influence behavioral responses to different situations.     

Effect of age, gonadectomy and hypophysectomy on mitochondrial hydroxylation of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-triol in female and male rat liver.

In a previous study we found that liver mitochondrial side-chain hydroxylation of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-triol was higher in female than in male rats [Saarem & Pedersen (1987) Biochem. J. 247, 73-78]. The present paper describes the effects of age, gonadectomy and hypophysectomy on these activities. The sex difference became manifest above the age of 7 weeks. Ovariectomy and/or injection of oestradiol valerate had no effect on the hydroxylase activities in adult females. Castration increased, and subsequent testosterone treatment decreased, the hydroxylase activities in adult males. Hypophysectomy had no effect in females, but increased the hydroxylase activities in males. Testosterone treatment had no effect in hypophysectomized females or males. Injection of oestradiol valerate had no effect on the hydroxylase activities in hypophysectomized females. In hypophysectomized males this treatment had no effect on the vitamin D3 25-hydroxylase activity, but decreased the C27-steroid 27-hydroxylase activity in males. Microsomal 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 25-hydroxylase activity was lower in females than in males in all age groups. Castration or hypophysectomy decreased the activity in male rats. It is concluded that, in adult female rats, the mitochondrial side-chain hydroxylation of vitamin D3 and of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-triol is independent of sex hormones. In males these activities are regulated by influence of sex hormones on the hypophysis, probably by the presence of androgens in the neonatal period. Different effects on the two hydroxylases indicate the presence of at least two different cytochromes P-450 in rat liver mitochondria.     

Ecological determinants of divorce: A structural approach to the explanation of Japanese divorce

Abstract

This paper examines the ecological determinants of contemporary Japanese divorce rates on the prefectural level. LISREL and computer‐generated graphics are the analytic methods used. The aggregate level of analysis demands the use of the ecological model which posits that demographic changes, economic activities, migration patterns, and the level of urbanization are significant predictors of divorce rate. Our analysis demonstrates that sex ratio, female labor force participation, female in‐migration patterns, population increase, and net household income all play a significant role in affecting the divorce rate. Our findings also confirm the well‐supported hypothesis that both population density and modernization positively influence modern Japan's divorce rates. The residual analysis also points out that in order to account for the large proportion of the unexplained variance of Japanese divorce, behavioral‐related variables and island‐ or prefecture‐specific dimensions need to be included in the ecological model of divorce.     

超微铁皮石斛对脾虚便秘小鼠肠道微生物及酶活的影响

目的探讨超微铁皮石斛对脾虚便秘小鼠肠道微生物及酶活性的影响。方法采用灌胃番泻叶水煎液7 d后控制饮食,饥饱失常8 d,进行小鼠脾虚便秘造模。设模型组、正常组和治疗组,模型组和正常组灌胃无菌水,治疗组分别灌胃给药铁皮石斛传统汤剂、超微全量汤剂、超微50%量汤剂和超微25%量汤剂,共7 d,然后采集肠道内容物分析肠道菌群及酶活。结果模型组五类可培养微生物（细菌总数、大肠埃希菌、乳酸菌、双歧杆菌和真菌）数量与正常组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;铁皮石斛传统汤剂组大肠埃希菌数,铁皮石斛超微50%量汤剂组细菌总数、大肠埃希菌和真菌数,超微25%量汤剂组细菌总数和大肠埃希菌数均达到正常组水平（P〉0.05）;铁皮石斛超微全量汤剂组和超微50%量汤剂组对纤维素酶的影响作用相当,均达到正常组水平（P〉0.05）,铁皮石斛三种不同剂量的超微汤剂对木聚糖酶活性的影响作用相当（P〉0.05）,铁皮石斛超微全量汤剂组淀粉酶活性与正常组相当（P〉0.05）。结论铁皮石斛传统汤剂、超微全量汤剂和超微50%量汤剂对脾虚便秘均有很好的疗效,能够调控肠道微生态平衡及肠道酶活性。     

Effects of sex and dietary phosphorus level on the apparent metabolizable energy and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens

The influence of sex of broilers and dietary phosphorus (P) level on energy utilization and apparent ileal digestibility of N, P and phytate-P were investigated. The AME(N) was determined using 3- and 6-week old broilers, while the apparent ileal digestibility were determined only with 6-week old birds. Sex of broilers had no effect on the AME(N) values determined during week 3. During week 6, the AME(N) values for male broilers were higher (P < 0.01) than those for the females. An interaction (P < 0.05) between sex and dietary P level was also observed. AME(N) values determined with male broilers were lower in the adequate-P diet compared to those in the low-P diet, whereas no effect of P level was observed in females. Female broilers tended (P < 0.10) to have a higher ileal N digestibility than the males, but a significant (P < 0.01) sex x P level interaction was observed. Males receiving the adequate-P diet had a lower N digestibility than those receiving the low-P diet, whereas the opposite was true in the females. Ileal phytate P degradation in males was higher than in females (0.282 vs. 0.234), but the differences were not significant. Increasing dietary P level increased ileal P digestibility in both the males and females, but the improvements were greater in the females, as indicated by a significant sex x P level interaction.     

Sex differences in the hydroxylation of cholecalciferol and of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-triol in rat liver.

The effect of sex hormones on hydroxylation of cholecalciferol ('vitamin D3') and of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-triol has been investigated in female- and male-rat livers. The mitochondrial cholecalciferol 25-hydroxylase and C27-steroid 27-hydroxylase activities were respectively 4.6- and 2.7-fold higher in female- than in male-rat livers. The microsomal 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol 25-hydroxylase was 2.8-fold higher in male- than in female-rat liver. No significant difference was found in the microsomal 25-hydroxylation of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-triol. Liver microsomes (microsomal fractions) from male, but not from female, rats also catalysed 1-hydroxylation of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-triol. Injection of testosterone into female rats decreased the mitochondrial cholecalciferol 25-hydroxylase and C27-steroid 27-hydroxylase activities, but not to a statistically significant extent. Testosterone treatment had no effect on the microsomal hydroxylases in female-rat liver. Injection of oestradiol valerate to male rats resulted in increased activities of both mitochondrial hydroxylases to the same levels as those of control females, while the microsomal enzyme activities decreased. The present results indicate that sex hormones exert a regulatory control on the mitochondrial cholecalciferol 25-hydroxylase and C27-steroid 27-hydroxylase activities.