不同比例输血策略对创伤-失血性休克大鼠的凝血指标、血浆代谢指标影响及作用机制分析

摘要 目的：探讨不同比例输血策略对创伤-失血性休克大鼠的凝血指标、血浆代谢指标影响及作用机制。方法：选择Sprague- Dawley大鼠24只,制备创伤-失血性休克动物模型,采用血气分析仪检测凝血指标（PT及ATPP）血气分析指标（包括pH、PO₂、PCO₂、乳酸）,采用比色法检测常见代谢酶活性,采用PCR法检测mRNA含量,记录并对比目标血压为80 mmHg时B、C、D三组大鼠的输血量。结果：与A组大鼠相比,B、D组大鼠的ATPP、PT水平明显较高(P<0.05),A组与C组间对比无统计学意义(P>0.05);与B组大鼠相比,D组大鼠的ATPP、PT水平明显较低(P<0.05)。与A组相比,B、C、D组大鼠的pH、PO₂水平明显降低、PCO₂及乳酸水平明显升高对比(P>0.05);与B组大鼠相比,C、D组大鼠的pH、PO2明较高,PCO2、乳酸明显较低(P<0.05);C、D组间对比无统计学意义(P>0.05)。四组大鼠的血浆肌酸激酶、天门冬氨酸基转移酶、碱性磷酸酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶活动水平对比无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与A组相比,B、D组大鼠的血浆miR-24水平明显较高,肝脏FX mRNA水平明显较低(P<0.05),C组大鼠的血浆miR-24与肝脏FX mRNA与A组对比无统计学意义(P>0.05);与B组相比,D组大鼠的血浆miR-24水平明显较低,肝脏FX mRNA水平明显较高(P<0.05)。达到目标血压为80 mmHg时,输血量B组>C组>D组(F=133.139,P<0.001)。结论：新鲜冰冻血浆：红细胞比为1:1的输血策略较1：2.5的输血策略对创伤-失血性休克大鼠的复苏效果更好,可能与其降低大鼠的循环miR-24水平,提高肝脏FX mRNA水平表达有关。     

细辛肾毒性与细辛剂型剂量的动物实验研究

目的:研究细辛的肾毒性及其与细辛剂型剂量之间的相关性。方法:以灌服蒸馏水为空白对照,分别以不同剂量的细辛水煎剂、细辛散剂和麻黄附子细辛汤复方为受试药物,连续60天给SD大鼠灌胃给药,通过检测尿蛋白、血清肌酐、血尿素氮等生化指标和观察组织切片,评价细辛不同使用方式对大鼠肾脏的损伤作用。结果:细辛散剂组在3.0 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)的给药剂量下,各生化指标与空白组比较P0.05,有显著性差异,大鼠肾脏组织受到严重损伤,并普遍死亡;在1.5 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)的给药剂量下,同样引起了大鼠肾组织的明显损伤;在0.3 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)的给药剂量下,大鼠肾组织未表现出损伤,且生化指标与空白对照组比较P0.05,均无显著性差异。当细辛生药量达到33.0 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)时,细辛水煎剂组方表现出轻微的肾组织损伤,在16.5 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)和3.3 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)剂量下,细辛水煎剂组未表现出肾组织病理变化,生化指标与空白对照组比较P0.05,均无显著性差异。对麻黄附子细辛汤而言,在细辛生药用量达到16.5 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)时,开始出现大鼠轻微肾损伤,而在3.3 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)剂量下未表现出肾组织病理变化,生化指标与空白对照组比较P0.05,也均无显著性差异。结论:在大鼠中,肾脏是细辛致毒的靶器官之一,并且大鼠肾损伤与细辛用法用量密切相关,散剂的毒性显著强于水煎剂和复方麻黄附子细辛汤。     

一种视网膜锥体细胞退行性变大鼠基础生理值的测定

目的对视网膜锥体细胞退行性变（retinal cone degeneration,RCD）大鼠的主要脏器及血液、生化指标进行检测。方法随机选择BN（Brown Norway）-RCDF2代大鼠,视网膜电图鉴定,取静脉血检测生化指标,并对重要脏器进行准确称量。结果此大鼠脏器质量在雌雄之间除体重、大脑和肾差异有显著性外（P〈0.05）,其余均无差异;脏器系数脑干和小脑雌性显著大于雄性（P〈0.01）;生化指标碱性磷酸酶、葡萄糖、白蛋白、尿素氮、总蛋白雌性高于雄性,总胆固醇、天冬氨酸转氨酶、丙氨酸转氨酶、甘油三酯雌性低于雄性,其中雌性碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于雄性;雌性离子钙浓度显著高于雄性。结论BN-RCD大鼠基础生理值和生化参数均在正常范围内,其中一些参数在性别之间有差异,但与正常SD大鼠相比,天冬氨酸转氨酶、丙氨酸转氨酶、肌酐、钾离子差异显著,葡萄糖、甘油三酯、离子钙有差异。RCD大鼠为遗传性视网膜疾病的研究提供了一种新的突变模式动物。     

大鼠子宫宫腔粘连模型的建立及评价指标

子宫内膜损伤是导致宫腔粘连的最主要原因,建立有效的子宫内膜损伤动物模型是研究此类疾病发生、发展和治疗反应等不可或缺的支撑条件。通过宫腔注射95%的乙醇制造大鼠(Rattus norvegicus)子宫内膜损伤模型,检测胚胎植入数目来分析子宫内膜损伤对大鼠生育情况的影响,观察大鼠子宫内膜厚度、腺体数量和纤维化面积,分析乙醇处理对子宫内膜的影响;检测细胞角蛋白(CK-19)和波性蛋白(Vimentin)的表达水平,分析上皮细胞和间质细胞的增殖分化及子宫内膜损伤程度。结果显示,正常组大鼠子宫比损伤组更为平滑且有韧性,与正常组相比,损伤组大鼠生育率显著降低(P0.01),子宫内膜厚度变薄(P0.01)、腺体数量显著减少(P0.01),纤维化面积显著增大(P0.01),CK-19和Vimentin表达量显著下调。结果提示已成功建立大鼠子宫内膜损伤动物模型。     

正常大鼠内毒素及肿瘤坏死因子和脂质过氧化的检测

用SD大鼠检测正常状态下血清内毒素、肿瘤坏死因子、二胺氧化酶、还原谷胱甘肽和肠匀浆二胺氧化酶,采用多指标测试的实验方法进行分析。通过上述检测,为大鼠有关生化指标提供了一些基本数据。     

内耳形态学和生理指标对缺铁性肾虚耳聋大鼠模型的评价作用

目的探讨耳蜗显微结构和生理指标对缺铁性肾虚耳聋大鼠模型的评价作用。方法选用体重30～32 g、无耳疾、听性脑干反应(auditory brainstem response,ABR)阈值正常的1～2周龄SPF级SD大鼠120只,雌雄分养,分为缺铁组80只、正常对照组40只,饲养时间12周;以出现肾虚证和至少一耳ABR阈值≥15 dB,作为判断肾虚耳聋的标准,获得缺铁性肾虚耳聋大鼠22只,从中选取肾虚耳聋大鼠20只,同时以20只正常大鼠作对照。观察耳蜗血管纹、螺旋器等耳蜗显微结构变化,检测ABR阈值以及血红蛋白和血清铁等指标的变化。结果实验组和正常对照大鼠的血红蛋白和血清铁分别为11.80 g/L,4.5μmol/L和45.9 g/L,22.23μmol/L,ABR阈值分别为(30±5)dB和(10±5)dB;实验组血管纹血管明显减少;螺旋器毛细胞听毛有缺失、倒伏现象。结论缺铁性肾虚耳聋大鼠血红蛋白、血清铁和ABR阈值,以及耳蜗血管纹、螺旋器等耳蜗显微结构变化等指标,均较为稳定,是较好的评价指标。     

SD大鼠麻醉后生化指标变化

目的观察SD大鼠麻醉后生化指标的变化。方法50只2月龄SPF级SD种大鼠,雄性28只,雌性22只,每鼠空腹16h,分别在麻醉后0、5、10和20min采血,检测血清ALT、AST、GLU、BUN、TP、ALB、AKP、CREA、CHOL、TG。结果随麻醉时间的延长,SD大鼠的生化指标有不同程度的变化。结论规范麻醉采血操作,缩短SD大鼠麻醉后等待采血的时间可减少生化指标的波动。     

无菌大鼠血液学及血液生化指标正常参考值的测定

目的人工培育Wistar无菌大鼠,观测F1和F2代无菌大鼠血液学及血液生化指标差异。方法对清洁级Wistar大鼠进行子宫摘除,隔离器内剥离子宫壁获得大鼠胎仔,人工哺育为无菌大鼠。待其繁殖后,采用全自动血液生化分析仪、全血细胞计数仪测定F1和F2代无菌大鼠的血液学及血液生化指标。结果不同代数无菌大鼠的血液学和血液生化指标存在显著差异,其中有差异的血液学指标包括RBC、HGB、HCT、MCV、MCHC、RDW、MPV、NE%、LYM%、EO%、BA%、NE#、LYM#、EO#、BA#（P〈0.05）;有差异的血液生化指标包括ALT、ALB、LDH、CHO、TBIL、HDL-C、LDL-C、GLO、GLU、ALP、A/G、UA、P（P〈0.05）。同时这些差异又因性别和年龄而不同。结论代数、性别、年龄对无菌大鼠的血液学及血液生化指标有较大影响。     

He-Ne激光结合丹参对类风湿性关节炎大鼠血液流变学指标的影响

目的:研究He-Ne激光结合丹参对类风湿性关节炎大鼠的治疗效果,以便为临床提供治疗风湿病的参考依据。方法:通过对健康大鼠注射鸡Ⅱ型胶原诱导后,成功建立了大鼠类风湿性关节炎的模型,随机分组后给予治疗,分析大鼠体重、血液流变学指标的变化。结果:1.与空白对照组相比,不同处理组大鼠类风湿关节炎体重增长幅度不同(P<0.05),其中模型组最小,丹参结合激光治疗组最高。2.与空白对照组相比,不同处理组的全血还原粘度低切、全血粘度(低、中、高切)、红细胞聚集指数均降低(P<0.05),其中模型组大鼠最高;而激光结合丹参治疗组最低。但全血还原粘度中、高切和红细胞压积没有统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:丹参结合激光对Ⅱ型胶原诱导类风湿性关节炎大鼠体重、血液流变学指标均有一定程度的改善。     

检测大鼠血浆游离DNA的定量PCR方法的建立及意义

目的:过度训练是体育界非常重要的问题,目前用多个指标的综合评定来判断是否有过度训练,尚无灵敏、特异的监控指标和简便的评价方法。本文建立检测大鼠血浆游离DNA(cell free DNA,cf DNA)的实时荧光定量PCR方法,并探讨血浆cf DNA水平能否成为反映大鼠过度训练的新监控指标。方法:12只雄性SD大鼠随机分为2组(n=6):安静组和过度训练组。过度训练组进行5周递增负荷的过度训练,每周运动6 d,运动的最后一天运动至力竭。力竭运动后36 h采集静脉血,检测大鼠血浆cf DNA、睾酮(T)和皮质酮(Cort)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、丙二醛(MDA)和肌酸激酶(CK)的水平以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性。结果:1所建立的方法能特异扩增大鼠血浆cf DNA;2与对照组相比,过度训练大鼠的血浆cf DNA水平显著增加(约为安静组的5.43倍);3血浆cf DNA与血浆T、Cort、T/C比值和MDA显著相关(相关系数分别为-0.729,0.854,-0.655和0.720);与T-AOC、GSH-Px、SOD和CK无相关性。结论:1建立检测大鼠血浆cf DNA的定量PCR方法;2过度训练大鼠的血浆cf DNA显著增加,且cf DNA与血浆T、Cort和T/C比值高度相关,提示血浆cf DNA是过度训练的新监控指标;3过度训练大鼠血浆cf DNA的增加可能与过度训练所致的氧化应激增强有关,可能与骨骼肌损伤关系不大。     

Correlation of cell counts and indices in testicular FNAC with histology in male infertility.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of percentage cell counts and cell indices in testicular fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in male infertility and their correlation with histologic categories as seen in open testicular biopsies. STUDY DESIGN: Differential cell counts were performed, and cell indices, including spermatic index, Sertoli cell index and sperm-Sertoli cell index, were calculated in testicular fine needle aspiration (FNA) smears in 30 azoospermic males whose open testicular biopsies were classified as normal spermatogenesis in 10 cases, maturation arrest in 5, hypospermatogenesis in 6, Sertoli cell only syndrome in 5 and tubular/peritubular sclerosis in 4. RESULTS: In normal spermatogenesis, FNA smears showed up to 40% Sertoli cells, and spermatozoa were the predominant spermatogenetic cell type. There was a progressive increase in Sertoli cell percentage and Sertoli cell index and reduction in spermatozon percentage, spermatic index and sperm-Sertoli cell index with increasing severity of reduction in spermatogenesis in different histologic categories. The differences between mean counts and indices in normal spermatogenesis and other histologic categories were statistically significant (P < .01). CONCLUSION: The percent cell counts and cell indices in testicular FNAC correlate with histologic categories and are useful in evaluating male infertility.     

CELL PROLIFERATION IN THE RAT KIDNEY INDUCED BY FOLIC ACID

The changes in proliferative activity of tubular epithelial cells of the rat kidney following a single injection of folic acid (250 mg/kg body weight) have been studied. Autoradiography with tritiated thymidine revealed a large increase in numbers of labelled cells, beginning at about 18 hr, in each of the three kidney zones examined. In the cortex the maximum increase in labelling index (16 times normal) was found at 36 hr whereas that of the outer medulla (34 times normal) occurred at 24 hr; there was no clearly defined peak in the inner medulla, values of up to 36 times normal being found between 24 and 96 hr. These changes were followed several hours later by similar changes in mitotic index in the corresponding zones. All the indices, except the mitotic index of the inner medulla, had returned to normal by 6 days. Comparison of the curves of labelling index and mitotic index in each zone indicated that the number of cells induced to synthesize DNA was approximately similar to the number of cells which subsequently underwent mitosis. A large increase was also found in the specific activity of DNA extracted from homogenates of whole kidneys from folic acid-injected rats, again using tritiated thymidine as label. The increase began at about 18 hr, reached a maximum of 16 times normal at 32 hr and returned to normal by 6 days. These changes were similar to those of labelling index in the cortical zone.     

叶子花表皮特征的研究及意义

对叶子花（Bougainvillea spectabilis）正常叶和变态叶上气孔密度、气孔指数和保卫细胞大小进行了研究。结果表明：正常叶上表皮的表皮细胞为多边形,垂周壁平直;下表皮的表皮细胞为不规则型,垂周壁浅波状;气孔类型为不规则型。变态叶上表皮没有发现气孔,变态叶下表皮的表皮细胞垂周壁则由浅波形逐渐变为深波形,气孔类型为不规则型和轮列型。随着变态叶的发育,变态叶下表皮的气孔密度降低,气孔指数升高;变态叶保卫细胞的长增大,宽减小。变态叶的平均气孔密度和平均气孔指数明显低于正常叶。正常叶和变态叶的保卫细胞均呈肾形。     

正常大鼠肠道菌群及细菌易位的变化

用SD大鼠检测正常肠道肠球菌、肠杆菌、双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌和类杆菌的细菌易位的变化,采用多指标测试的实验方法以进行分析。通过上述指标检测,为大鼠有关肠道菌群和细菌易位提供一些参考数据.     

Bone loss in primary hyperparathyroidism

X-ray images of the second metacarpals of 153 hyperparathyroid subjects were measured and an index of cortical bone was derived. Compared with normal standards, the cortical index was above the 50th percentile in only 17.8% of women and 13.6% of men. Comparing the mean index of hyperparathyroid subjects with the normal indices of each 10-year age group, it was found that the differences were highly significant and were the same for all age groups in each sex. In particular, the difference was not greater between older female hyperparathyroid and normal subjects than it was between younger female hyperparathyroid and normal subjects. It appears that bone involvement in the form of excessive cortical thinning is extremely common in hyperparathyroidism and that sex and age do not further influence its incidence or severity.     

Acid-base balance and cardiac index in SO2-bronchitic, papaine-emphysematous and paraquat-fibrotic rats after isoproterenol treatment

SO2-bronchitis, papaine-emphysema and paraquat fibrosis were induced in Wistar rats. Blood pressure, cardiac index, total peripheral resistance, arterial blood gas values, parameters of acid-base balance were determined. Effects of 0.1 and 0.3 microgram.-1.min-1 isoproterenol iv. infusion were examined. Morphologic alterations of the lungs were verified by histopathological examinations. All the parameters investigated were found to be normal in the control rats. The treated groups differed from the normal ones: an increased blood pressure was observed in emphysema and fibrosis. A decreased cardiac index was characteristic of chronic bronchitis, high cardiac index of emphysema, high TPR of bronchitis and arterial hypoxaemy of fibrosis. The groups reacted differently to beta adrenergic stimulation: in bronchitic and fibrotic rats the cardiac index was augmented, whereas in emphysematous ones the increase proved to be smaller. The effects of isoproterenol infusion can be related to the altered beta-receptor function in the various experimental pulmonary diseases.     

阿里红黄酮对衰老模型小鼠的抗衰老作用

目的：研究阿里红黄酮对衰老模型小鼠的抗衰老作用。方法：将小鼠随机分为6组（n=12）：正常对照组,衰老模型组,阳性对照组,低、中、高剂量阿里红黄酮组。除正常对照组外,其余各组均采用D-半乳糖颈背部皮下注射建立亚急性衰老小鼠模型,用不同剂量的阿里红黄酮（100、200和400 mg/（kg·d））灌服小鼠6周后,计算衰老模型小鼠脑指数及脾脏指数、胸腺指数,测定其脑组织丙二醛（MDA）含量及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性、肝组织过氧化氢酶（CAT）及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性。结果：阿里红黄酮3个剂量组可不同程度的升高衰老模型小鼠的脑指数、脾脏指数、胸腺指数、脑组织中的GSH-Px活性及肝组织中的CAT、SOD活性,降低其脑组织中的MDA含量。结论：阿里红黄酮可能通过提高机体的抗氧化能力而达到抗衰老作用。     

Carboxyhemoglobinemia, polycythemia, cardiomegaly, and cardiovascular function in the anesthetized rat

The effects of carbon monoxide (CO), polycythemia (PC), and cardiomegaly (CM) on cardiovascular function were investigated in adult rats in which the latter two conditions were induced by 500 ppm CO inhalation for 5-6 weeks. Using an anesthetized open-chest preparation, these rats were compared with normal rats. With CO + PC + CM present, resting cardiac index, stroke index, stroke work, and minute work were elevated (heart rate also in the conscious state), while left ventricle end-diastolic pressure (LVDP) was normal. With PC + CM after CO washout, cardiac index and stroke index returned to normal at normal LVDP. Minute work, peripheral resistance, heart rate, and blood pressure, however, remained above normal. With CM alone, minute work, +dP/dtmax, +dF/dtmax, peripheral resistance, blood pressure, and LVDP declined from the condition with PC + CM. Although most cardiovascular parameters increased in the three conditions above with acutely increased LVDP, only with CM alone was performance augmentation normal. The results (i) reveal several characteristics of the hemodynamic response to chronic carboxyhemoglobinemia, (ii) suggest that the transient hypertension attending CO elimination in the presence of PC results from rapid reversal of peripheral vasodilatation, (iii) demonstrate decreased cardiac functional reserve with CO and (or) polycythemia upon preload challenge, and (iv) provide evidence for the benign nature of CO-induced cardiomegaly alone, on heart function.     

脑电图检查对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的早期诊断及预后判断价值

目的:探讨脑电图检查对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病早期诊断及预后判断的临床意价值。方法:本研究所选研究对象为我院2011年3月至2014年3月住院的91例出生后一天内的窒息新生儿,对其行脑电图检查,根据脑电图的检查结果将其分为四组,分别为正常组、轻度异常组、中度异常组、重度异常组。对上述四组患儿进行随访,时间点为出生后3个月、6个月,采用婴幼儿发育量表对患儿的智能发育进行测评,对各组智能发育的差异进行比较。结果:(1)91例患儿中,脑电图异常的有83例,异常率为91.21%,脑电图的异常程度与临床分度基本一致;(2)对患儿随访至3个月时,轻度、中度、重度异常组患儿的智力发育指数与运动发育指数的平均值与正常组患儿相比,具有显著差异(P0.05);(3)对患儿随访至6个月时,轻度异常组患儿的智力发育指数与运动发育指数的平均值与正常组患儿相比,无显著差异(P0.05)。中度、重度异常组患儿的智力发育指数与运动发育指数的平均值与正常组患儿相比,具有显著差异(P0.05)。结论:早期脑电图检查结果对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的早期诊断有利,为临床上早期干预提供了重要的参考依据。     

高产磷高效水稻磷素吸收利用特征

通过正常供磷的大田试验（2011年）,以产量和磷籽粒生产效率为指标,将27份中熟水稻亲本材料划分为4个类型,再通过正常和低磷处理的土培试验（2012年）,筛选出高产磷高效水稻材料,并探讨各种磷效率对产量的贡献率.结果表明： 结合两年的试验结果,供试材料的产量和磷利用效率均存在显著的基因型差异,筛选出GR泸17/矮TTP//泸17_2（QR20）为高产磷高效材料.在两个供磷水平下,QR20的产量和磷利用效率均显著高于低产磷低效材料玉香B,其产量分别是玉香B的1.96和1.92倍.大田和土培试验结果均表明,磷积累量对产量的贡献率均高于磷籽粒生产效率和磷收获指数.正常供磷条件下,磷积累量和磷籽粒生产效率对产量的贡献率差异不大,低磷条件下差异较大（66.5%和26.6%）,磷收获指数对产量的贡献率最低,最高仅为11.8%（土培）.土培试验中,正常供磷条件下,拔节-抽穗阶段的磷积累量对产量和磷收获指数的贡献率最高,分别为93.4%和85.7%,对磷籽粒生产效率的贡献率为41.8%;在低磷条件下,分蘖-拔节阶段的磷积累量对产量和磷籽粒生产效率的贡献率最高,分别为56.9%和20.1%,对磷收获指数的贡献率为16.0%.土培正常供磷条件下,水稻QR20的产量、磷积累量和磷收获指数相对于低磷处理分别增加了20.6%、18.1%和18.2%,差异显著.综上,磷效率对水稻产量的贡献率大小依次为磷吸收效率＞利用效率＞转运效率;正常供磷条件下,拔节-抽穗阶段的磷积累量对产量的贡献率最高,低磷胁迫下,分蘖-拔节阶段的磷积累量对产量的贡献率最高,这两个阶段可能是水稻高产磷高效协调统一的关键时期.