脓疮草复合体的生物学特性研究

通过野外和移栽实验观测,对脓疮草复合体（Ｐａｎｚｅｒｉａｎ ｌａｎａｔａ ｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ）居群进行了生物学特性研究。结果表明：浓疮草复合体居群在生活史方面无明显差异,移栽的１０个复合体居群生活史十分 相似：脓疮草复合本的花量大,花期可达３个月左右,花为雌雄异熟,以异花授粉为主,自交（同株异花授粉）亲合;叶裂程度、花萼裂片宽窄等性状,在天然居群中是连续变化的,而且移栽后可逆性较大,性状不稳定。     

泡沙参复合体(桔梗科)的物种生物学研究III. 性状的遗传变异及其分类价值

阐明性状变异的遗传基础是评估性状分类价值以及揭示类群关系和进化过程的前提。本文根据泡沙参复合体内6个天然居群的材料,利用居群样本分析、子代测定和杂交试验等手段,结合统计学方法对该复合体一些在以往类群划分中起鉴别作用的形态性状进行了遗传学分析。结果表明,叶形、叶缘锯齿数目和大小、茎叶被毛、花萼裂片齿数、花梗长短等性状都是遗传性比较强的性状,而且性状之间有很强的相关性。但是,这些性状在居群内呈现连续变异且变异幅度非常大,以致于变异的两个极端个体被分别作为不同的种处理。通过对野外居群样本的统计分析和对极端变异类型个体所进行的子代测定及其人工杂交,进一步证实上述性状是受多基因决定的数量性状,其变异幅度大,变异式样中并不存在任何程度的间断性,因而至少在本复合体内没有鉴别意义。因此,以往建立在上述性状变异基础上的3个类群(A．biformifolia Y．Z．Zhao;A.bockinan Diels和A.polydentata P．F．Tu et G．I.Xu)均不成立。 最后,本文对形态性状变异的遗传基础及其与类群划分的关系进行了讨论。     

泡沙参复合体（桔梗科）的物种生物学研究：Ⅰ表型的可塑性

表型可塑性是生物变异中由环境引起的一种变异,是植物适应的一种重要方式。对沙参属这样一个形态上复杂多变、分类上很难处理的类群,研究其表型可塑性不仅为探讨性状变异、判断其系统学意义及选择可靠的分类性状提供了有益的资料,而且有助于揭示沙参属植物变异、适应和进化的机制。本文从泡沙参复合体中选择了6个居群,利用播种和移栽试验,通过对不同个体和居群在一致条件下的表现及野外和移栽后的对比,对根、茎、叶、花和果等形态性状的表型可塑性进行了初步的观测分析。结果表明,一些叶片、花部和果实性状具有较大的发育可塑性,尤其是叶形、花萼裂片不仅发育变化大,而且随发育过程定向变化。环境可塑性较大的性状主要是根、茎、花序分枝等性状,而叶片、花部、果实和种子性状的环境饰变能力都较小。最后,对泡沙参复合体形态性状的变异从发育可塑性和环境可塑性的角度进行了讨论。     

泡沙参复合体(桔梗科)的物种生物学研究: I.表型的可塑性

表型可塑性是生物变异中由环境引起的一种变异,是植物适应的一种重要方式。对沙参属这样一个形态上复杂多变,分类上很难处理的类群,研究其表型可塑性不仅为探讨性状变异、判断其系统学意义及选择可靠的分类性状提供了有益的资料,而且有助于揭示沙参属植物变异、适应和进化的机制。本文从泡沙参复合体中选择了6个居群,利用播种和移栽试验,通过对不同个体和居群在一致条件下的表现及野外和移栽后的对比,对根、茎、叶,花和果等形态性状的表型可塑性进行了初步的观测分析。结果表明,一些叶片、花部和果实性状具有较大的发育可塑性,尤其是叶形、花萼裂片不仅发育变化大,而且随发育过程定向变化。环境可塑性较大的性状主要是根、茎、花序分枝等性状,而叶片、花部、果实和种子性状的环境饰变能力都较小。最后,对泡沙参复合体形态性状的变异从发育可塑性和环境可塑性的角度进行了讨论。     

河北木蓝的叶表型可塑性研究

以中国分布最广、形态变异复杂且分类上存在争议的木蓝属植物河北木蓝(Indigofera bungeana Walp.)为研究对象,运用GIS技术从较大尺度上(17省28县29个居群)进行叶表型可塑性分析,利用表型可塑性指数和变异系数对叶表型可塑性进行评价,并对叶表型性状与环境因子的相关性进行分析。结果显示:河北木蓝叶表型性状在居群间的变异大于居群内;叶长、叶柄长、最少小叶数、最多小叶数、小叶长、小叶宽6个叶表型性状均具有可塑性,其中叶长的可塑性最大,小叶数目的可塑性最小;年均降水量是对叶表型可塑性影响最大的环境因子;6个叶表型性状与海拔均呈负相关,与年均气温呈正相关。研究结果可为河北木蓝的分类、适应性进化和开发利用奠定基础。     

泡沙参复合体(桔梗科)的物种生物学研究——Ⅲ.性状的遗传变异及其分类价值

阐明性状变异的遗传基础是评估性状分类价值以及揭示类群关系和进化过程的前提。本文根据泡沙参复合体内6个天然居群的材料,利用居群样本分析、子代测定和杂交试验等手段,结合统计学方法对该复合体一些在以往类群划分中起鉴别作用的形态性状进行了遗传学分析。结果表明,叶形、叶缘锯齿数目和大小、茎叶被毛、花萼裂片齿数、花梗长短等性状都是遗传性比较强的性状,而且性状之间有很强的相关性。但是,这些性状在居群内呈现连续变异且变异幅度非常大,以致于变异的两个极端个体被分别作为不同的种处理。通过对野外居群样本的统计分析和对极端变异类型个体所进行的子代测定及其人工杂交,进一步证实上述性状是受多基因决定的数量性状,其变异幅度大,变异式样中并不存在任何程度的间断性,因而至少在本复合体内没有鉴别意义。因此,以往建立在上述性状变异基础上的3个类群(A.biformifolia Y.Z.Zhao;A.bockiana Diels和A.polydentata P.F.Tu et G.I.Xu)均不成立。最后,本文对形态性状变异的遗传基础及其与类群划分的关系进行了讨论。     

狭叶沙参复合体(桔梗科)的物种生物学研究

通过对狭叶沙参复合体进行居群(共46个)采样、引种、栽培实验,生物学特性观察,染色体观察 (已发表),杂交、同工酶比较、形态性状的定性定量分析、茎解剖和花粉形态的观察,发现：(1)该 复合体主要进行异花授粉,实生苗第二年才抽茎生花;(2)32个居群的染色体计数表明,在辽宁东部、 辽宁西部(绝大部分地区)和山西霍县的居群都为二倍体(2n=34),而其它地方的居群为四倍体(2n 68);(3)叶的酯酶同工酶的变异大,和一些形态特征,尤其是叶的形态和大小的变异相似,而种子的酯 酶同工酶则相当稳定;(4)通过9个居群的杂交试验,在狭叶沙参和石沙参四倍体居群间得到了一 些F1种子,而辽宁西部二倍体与上述的四倍体居群间的杂交未产生任何F1种子;(5)性状分析(包括 聚类分析与主成份分析)和茎解剖的研究,揭示了它们在叶、果实、花和种子的形态、髓纤维组织的有无、 叶锯齿和花萼裂片齿的有无和多少等形状上的变异幅度,并据此分辨出8个宗。其中辽宁西部的二倍 体宗形态上相当独特,被提升为种的等级。 其余7个宗,根据不同的分化程度被处理为三个种和5个 亚种;(6)运用杂交指数法分析了石沙参和狭叶沙参在太行山一带杂交的可能性;(7)分析讨论了复合体内各类群的起源和进化关系。     

井冈寒竹复合体(竹亚科)的表型变异及其分类学意义

井冈寒竹复合体(Gelidocalamus stellatus Wen complex)包括井冈寒竹(Gelidocalamus stellatus)、蒙竹(G.auritus)、小蒙竹(G.monophyllus)、多叶井冈寒竹(G.multifolius)和武功山短枝竹(G.wugongshanensis),其分类处理尚存在争议。通过对该复合体13个自然居群的13个主要分类性状进行测量、统计和分析,结果表明:1)13个性状在居群内和居群间均存在不同程度的变异,其中枝下高变异幅度最大(27.6%),叶长宽比变异最小(6.4%);2)胸径、节数、枝下高、叶长、叶宽、叶长宽比和枝盘数等7个性状在模式产地井冈山4个居群间较为稳定,但可以将复合体居群进行有效区分,可能具有一定的分类学价值;3)九凝山居群(JYM)和小龙归(XLG)居群表型与井冈山居群(JGM)的最为相近,连坪乡(LPC)和黄河村居群(HHV)叶片性状以及武功山居群(WGM)秆的特性与其它居群有显著的差异,杆子坑(GZD)和溶家洞(RJC)居群分枝数明显多于其它居群。结合秆箨和叶下表皮微形态特征,我们对该复合体不同居群的分类处理进行了讨论,不支持多叶井冈寒竹新种的成立,支持将蒙竹废除;建议将小蒙竹和武功山短枝竹作为井冈寒竹种下单位处理。     

青藏高原特有属——固沙草属表型变异及其对环境因子的响应

该研究通过测量固沙草属(Orinus)3个物种(青海固沙草、固沙草和居间固沙草)的40个天然居群145个个体的22个表型性状,依据VIF膨胀系数筛选得到年平均降雨(MAP)等9个气候因子和海拔等因子,并采用冗余分析(db-RDA)考察不同物种、不同居群植物表型多样性与多元地理气候环境的关系,探讨该属植物表型多样性驱动机理。结果显示:(1)基于22个植物表型性状,固沙草属天然居群在组内最小方差(Ward)55时可归为2类,居群间表型性状不存在显著的空间自相关性(P 0.05),植物表型多样性高(Shannon-Wiener index,H:1.045～2.734),17个定量的表型性状变异系数(CV)平均值47.84%,而居群间小穗颜色多样性最低(H:0.170),证明固沙草属植物表型性状具有独特的环境响应模式。(2)巢式方差分析显示,固沙草属植物表型在居群间和居群内均存在丰富的变异(F 10,P0.01),旗叶、颖片和外稃分别是主成分分析中表型总变异的重要组成部分,表型分化系数居群间变异(71.10%)大于居群内(28.90%),固沙草属植物表型变异来源于居群间。(3)冗余分析结果表明,海拔(ALT)和年平均风速(Wind)是决定青海固沙草(O.kokonoricus)和固沙草(O.thoroldii)居群间表型差异性的主要影响因子;极端气候条件[最冷季平均温度(Bio9)和最干季降雨量(Bio14)]对固沙草居群间表型相似性起促进作用,相反干燥度指数(AI)与水气压(Vapr)对其差异性起促进作用;居间固沙草(O.intermedius)居群间表型差异受年均降雨(MAP)、潜在蒸散(PET)和水气压(Vapr)影响。研究认为,固沙草属植物天然居群之间表型变异反映出明显的地理气候变化趋势,这些表型变异是高山植物环境适应性的重要标志。     

沙生植物沙鞭不同居群形态变异研究

以沙鞭(Psammochloa villosa Bor.)20个自然居群为研究对象,对其株高、花序长度、旗叶长度、旗叶宽度和小穗长度等12个表型性状进行形态变异研究。结果显示,12个性状群体间F值为1.832~8.958,达到显著或极显著水平,表明沙鞭不同居群表型性状存在广泛变异,且变异程度各不相同;主成分分析结果显示,前4个主成分代表了沙鞭形态多样性的82.277%,其中旗叶长度、旗叶宽度、颖片长度、小穗长度等是造成不同居群表型性状差异的主要因素;依据欧式距离对参试居群进行的UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,当遗传距离为20.5时,可以将20个沙鞭野生居群划分为两类,且各表型性状并没有依居群地理分布而聚类。     

Physicochemical and biological properties of 6(1),6(3),6(5)-tri-O-alpha-maltosyl-cyclomaltoheptaose (6(1),6(3),6(5)-tri-O-alpha-maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin)

A unique multibranched cyclomaltooligosaccharide (cyclodextrin, CD) of 6(1),6(3),6(5)-tri-O-alpha-maltosyl-cyclomaltoheptaose [6(1),6(3),6(5)-tri-O-alpha-maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin, (G(2))(3)-betaCD] was prepared. The physicochemical and biological properties of (G(2))(3)-betaCD were determined together with those of monobranched CDs (6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-alpha-cyclodextrin (G(1)-alphaCD), 6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-cyclodextrin (G(1)-betaCD), and 6-O-alpha-maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin (G(2)-betaCD)). NMR spectra of (G(2))(3)-betaCD were measured using various 2D NMR techniques. The solubility of (G(2))(3)-betaCD in water and MeOH-water solutions was extremely high in comparison with nonbranched betaCD and was about the same as that of the other monobranched betaCDs. The formation of an inclusion complex of (G(2))(3)-betaCD with stereoisomers (estradiol, retinoic acid, quinine, citral, and glycyrrhetinic acid) depends on the cis-trans isomers of guest compounds. The cis isomers of estradiol, retinoic acid, and glycyrrhetinic acid were included more than their trans isomers, while the trans isomers of citral and quinine fit more tightly than their cis isomers. (G(2))(3)-betaCD was the most effective host compound in the cis-trans resolution of glycyrrhetinic acid. Among the branched betaCDs, (G(2))(3)-betaCD exhibited the weakest hemolytic activity in human erythrocytes and showed negligible cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells up to 200 microM. These results indicate unique characteristics of (G(2))(3)-betaCD in some biological responses of cultured cells.     

Spectral and thermodynamic properties of Ag(I), Au(III), Cd(II), Co(II), Fe(III), Hg(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), U(IV), and Zn(II) binding by methanobactin from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b

Methanobactin (mb) is a novel chromopeptide that appears to function as the extracellular component of a copper acquisition system in methanotrophic bacteria. To examine this potential physiological role, and to distinguish it from iron binding siderophores, the spectral (UV–visible absorption, circular dichroism, fluorescence, and X-ray photoelectron) and thermodynamic properties of metal binding by mb were examined. In the absence of Cu(II) or Cu(I), mb will bind Ag(I), Au(III), Co(II), Cd(II), Fe(III), Hg(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), U(VI), or Zn(II), but not Ba(II), Ca(II), La(II), Mg(II), and Sr(II). The results suggest metals such as Ag(I), Au(III), Hg(II), Pb(II) and possibly U(VI) are bound by a mechanism similar to Cu, whereas the coordination of Co(II), Cd(II), Fe(III), Mn(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) by mb differs from Cu(II). Consistent with its role as a copper-binding compound or chalkophore, the binding constants of all the metals examined were less than those observed with Cu(II) and copper displaced other metals except Ag(I) and Au(III) bound to mb. However, the binding of different metals by mb suggests that methanotrophic activity also may play a role in either the solubilization or immobilization of many metals in situ.     

Synthesis and luminescence properties of a blue-emitting Sr(3.5) Y(6.5) O(2) (PO(4) )(1.5) (SiO(4) )(4.5) :Eu(2+) phosphor

A novel blue‐emitting Sr_3.5Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5:Eu²⁺ phosphor was synthesized via a solid‐state reaction. Powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated that the Sr_3.5Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5 host had a hexagonal crystal structure in the space group P6₃/m and unit cell parameters a = 9.418 Å, c = 6.900 Å. The as‐prepared phosphor showed a blue emission and all the main emission peaks were located at around 466 nm for different excitation wavelengths of 297, 333 and 391 nm. The temperature dependence of the photoluminescence property was investigated in the range 20–250 °C, and the emission intensity decreased to 71% of the initial value at room temperature on increasing the temperature to 150 °C. According to the classical theory of fluorescent thermal quenching, the activation energy (ΔE) for the thermal quenching luminescence of the as‐prepared Sr_3.45Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5:0.05Eu²⁺ phosphor was determined to be 0.20 eV. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Circular dichroism spectra of DNA quadruplexes [d(G(5)T(5))](4) as formed with G(4) and T(4) tetrads and [d(G(5)T(5)). d(A(5)C(5))]2 as formed with Watson-Crick-like (G-C)(2) and (T-A)(2) tetrads

We utilize electrophoresis and find that a thermally treated equimolar mixture of the oligonucleotide d(G(5)T(5)) and its complementary oligonucleotide d(A(5)C(5)) exhibits either two bands or a single band in one lane, depending on the conditions of the incubation solutions. The thermally treated d(G(5)T(5)) solution loaded in a different lane exhibits a single band of the parallel quadruplex [d(G(5)T(5))](4), which is composed of homocyclic hydrogen-bonded G(4) and T(4) tetrads previously proposed. For the thermally treated equimolar mixture of d(G(5)T(5)) and d(A(5)C(5)), the fast band is assigned to a Watson-Crick d(G(5)T(5)). d(A(5)C(5)) duplex, so that the slow band with the same low mobility as that of [d(G(5)T(5))](4) may be assigned to either [d(G(5)T(5))](4) itself or a [d(G(5)T(5)). d(A(5)C(5))](2) quadruplex. If the latter compound is true, this may be the antiparallel quadruplex composed of the heterocyclic hydrogen-bonded G-C-G-C and T-A-T-A tetrads proposed previously. After removing these three bands for the duplex and two kinds of hypothetical quadruplexes, we electrophoretically elute the corresponding compounds in the same electrophoresis buffer using an electroeluter. The eluted compounds are ascertained to be stable by electrophoresis. The circular dichroism (CD) and UV absorption spectra measured for the three isolated compounds are found to be clearly different. For the electrophoretic elution of the hypothetical [d(G(5)T(5))](4) quadruplex, the result of the molecularity of n = 4 obtained from the CD melting curve analysis provides further support for the formation of the parallel [d(G(5)T(5))](4) quadruplex already proposed. For the thermally treated equimolar mixture of d(G(5)T(5)) and d(C(5)A(5)), the fast band with a molecularity of n = 2 corresponds to the Watson-Crick duplex, d(G(5)T(5)). d(A(5)C(5)). The slow band with a molecularity of n = 4 indicates the antiparallel quadruplex [d(G(5)T(5)). d(A(5)C(5))](2), whose observed CD and UV spectra are different from those of [d(G(5)T(5))](4). By electrophoresis, after reannealing the eluted compound [d(G(5)T(5)). d(A(5)C(5))](2), a distinct photograph showing the band splitting of this quadruplex band into the lower duplex and upper quadruplex bands is not possible; but by a transilluminator, we occasionally observe this band splitting with the naked eye. The linear response polarizability tensor calculations for the thus determined structures of the [d(G(5)T(5))](4) quadruplex, the McGavin-like [d(G(5)T(5)). d(A(5)C(5))](2) quadruplex, and the Watson-Crick d(G(5)T(5)). d(A(5)C(5)) duplex are found to qualitatively predict the observed CD and UV spectra.     

New complexes of La(III), Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd(III), Sm(III), Eu(III) and Gd(III) ions with morin

New solid complex compounds of La(III), Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd(III), Sm(III), Eu(III) and Gd(III) ions with morin were synthesized. The molecular formula of the complexes is Ln(C₁₅H₉O₇)₃ · nH₂O, where Ln is the cation of lanthanide and n = 6 for La(III), Sm(III), Gd(III) or n = 8 for Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd(III) and Eu(III). Thermogravimetric studies and the values of dehydration enthalpy indicate that water occurring in the compounds is not present in the inner coordination sphere of the complex. The structure of the complexes was determined on the basis of UV-visible, IR, MS, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR analyses. It was found that in binding the lanthanide ions the following groups of morin take part: 3OH and 4CO in the case of complexes of La, Pr, Nd, Sm and Eu, or 5OH and 4CO in the case of complexes of Ce and Gd. The complexes are five- and six-membered chelate compounds.     

Spectral and thermodynamic properties of Ag(I), Au(III), Cd(II), Co(II), Fe(III), Hg(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), U(IV), and Zn(II) binding by methanobactin from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b

Methanobactin (mb) is a novel chromopeptide that appears to function as the extracellular component of a copper acquisition system in methanotrophic bacteria. To examine this potential physiological role, and to distinguish it from iron binding siderophores, the spectral (UV–visible absorption, circular dichroism, fluorescence, and X-ray photoelectron) and thermodynamic properties of metal binding by mb were examined. In the absence of Cu(II) or Cu(I), mb will bind Ag(I), Au(III), Co(II), Cd(II), Fe(III), Hg(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), U(VI), or Zn(II), but not Ba(II), Ca(II), La(II), Mg(II), and Sr(II). The results suggest metals such as Ag(I), Au(III), Hg(II), Pb(II) and possibly U(VI) are bound by a mechanism similar to Cu, whereas the coordination of Co(II), Cd(II), Fe(III), Mn(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) by mb differs from Cu(II). Consistent with its role as a copper-binding compound or chalkophore, the binding constants of all the metals examined were less than those observed with Cu(II) and copper displaced other metals except Ag(I) and Au(III) bound to mb. However, the binding of different metals by mb suggests that methanotrophic activity also may play a role in either the solubilization or immobilization of many metals in situ.     

Spectroscopic investigations of Er(3+) :CdO-Bi(2) O(3) -B(2) O(3) glasses

This article reports on the optical properties of Er³⁺ ions doped CdO–Bi₂O₃–B₂O₃ (CdBiB) glasses. The materials were characterized by optical absorption and emission spectra. By using Judd–Ofelt theory, the intensity parameters Ω_λ (λ = 2, 4, 6) and also oscillatory strengths were calculated from the absorption spectra. The results were used to compute the radiative properties of Er³⁺:CdBiB glasses. The concentration quenching and energy transfer from Yb³⁺–Er³⁺ were explained. The stimulated emission cross‐section, full width at half maximum (FWHM) and FWHM × values are also calculated for all the Er³⁺:CdBiB glasses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.