生态系统服务供给、消费与人类福祉的关系

生态系统服务的持续供给是区域可持续发展的基础,人类通过对生态系统服务的消费来满足和提高自身福祉.科学认识生态系统服务供给、消费与人类福祉之间的关系,对于协调生态系统服务保育与人类福祉提高的关系具有重要意义.本文对生态系统服务供给的多样性、复杂性、区域性特点和生态系统服务消费的差异性、不可或缺性特征,以及人类福祉的多维性、地域性、评价指标多样性分别进行了综述,分析了生态系统服务供给与消费之间的不确定性关系和多尺度关联特征,阐述了生态系统服务与人类福祉之间相互反馈和非同步性关系.最后,围绕生态系统服务供给、消费与人类福祉的关系,提出了有待进一步研究的问题.     

三江源地区生态系统服务功能与价值评估

采用谢高地分类系统和评估方法分析了三江源地区生态系统结构和服务功能,并对其价值进行了评估.结果表明:三江源地区生态系统服务功能总价值为3 377.1×108yuan·a-1.从生态系统类型来看,湿地、草地、森林、水体、荒漠和农田占其总价值的比例分别为52.91%、21.97%、15.23%、9.17%、0.67%和0.06%.从服务功能类型来看,主要是废物处理、水源涵养、气候调节、土壤形成与保护、生物多样性、娱乐文化、气体调节、原材料和食物生产.,分别占其总价值的23.9%、21.9%、19.1%、10.1%、8.7%、6.6%、6.4%、2.0%和1.3%.说明三江源地区生态系统具有多种服务功能,保护其生态系统结构和功能对中国江河中下游地区生态环境安全和区域可持续发展都具有重要意义.     

湖泊生态系统服务功能评估初探--以湖北保安湖为例

随着生物资源价值估算方法的日益成熟 ,生态系统的服务评估成为生态系统研究的热点 .鉴于国内对于湖泊生态系统的服务评价的研究较少 ,本文运用生态系统学与生态经济学方法研究了湖北保安湖生态系统的部分生态服务 .计算得到 1992年保安湖水生态系统有机质生产价值为 15 14 .93万元 ,固定CO2 的价值为 4 772 .99万元 ,释放O2 的价值为 36 2 6 .5 3万元 ,主要初级生产者储存N、P的价值为 4 4 .4 8万元 ,而年吸收量的价值为 15 0 7.99万元 ,调蓄和供水的价值为 10 92 8.93万元 ,消除排入湖水SO2 价值为5 1.5 0万元 ,合计 2 .2 4× 10 8元 .据不完全估计 ,可以认为 ,生态系统具有巨大的生态经济效益。     

Ecosystem services and agriculture: tradeoffs and synergies

Agricultural ecosystems provide humans with food, forage, bioenergy and pharmaceuticals and are essential to human wellbeing. These systems rely on ecosystem services provided by natural ecosystems, including pollination, biological pest control, maintenance of soil structure and fertility, nutrient cycling and hydrological services. Preliminary assessments indicate that the value of these ecosystem services to agriculture is enormous and often underappreciated. Agroecosystems also produce a variety of ecosystem services, such as regulation of soil and water quality, carbon sequestration, support for biodiversity and cultural services. Depending on management practices, agriculture can also be the source of numerous disservices, including loss of wildlife habitat, nutrient runoff, sedimentation of waterways, greenhouse gas emissions, and pesticide poisoning of humans and non-target species. The tradeoffs that may occur between provisioning services and other ecosystem services and disservices should be evaluated in terms of spatial scale, temporal scale and reversibility. As more effective methods for valuing ecosystem services become available, the potential for ‘win–win’ scenarios increases. Under all scenarios, appropriate agricultural management practices are critical to realizing the benefits of ecosystem services and reducing disservices from agricultural activities.     

崇明环岛湿地生态服务价值核算及其不确定性

针对崇明环岛湿地的特点建立了相应的指标体系,评估了其生态系统服务价值。结果表明,2017年崇明环岛湿地的生态服务价值为151.8亿元。其中,文化服务价值最高,为104.2亿元;调节服务和产品提供分别为46.72亿元和0.87亿元。文化服务价值在总价值中占比69%,表明崇明环岛湿地旅游产业潜力巨大。在对湿地生态价值评估过程中,由于数据获取的限制、计算方法选择等的影响,评估结果存在不确定性。服务量的时空异质性、社会经济因素导致的支付意愿偏差等都会对价值核算产生影响。本文从服务供给、支付意愿及技术方法方面进行了讨论,并提出改进方向,为将来评估方法的改进提供参考。     

人工鱼礁构建对海洋生态系统服务价值的影响——以深圳杨梅坑人工鱼礁区为例

基于深圳杨梅坑人工鱼礁区2008年的研究和统计数据,采用生态系统服务价值方法,系统分析了杨梅坑人工鱼礁建设对海洋生态系统的影响.结果表明:与深圳附近海域相比,杨梅坑人工鱼礁构建后旅游娱乐服务价值所占比例由87%降至42%,食品供给服务价值所占比例由7%升至27%,原材料供给、气候调节、空气质量调节、水质净化调节、有害生物和疾病的生物调节与控制、知识扩展服务价值所占比例少许提高;2008年,深圳杨梅坑人工鱼礁区单位面积服务价值为1714.7万元.km-2,远高于深圳市近海海洋生态系统的平均值和全球近海生态系统的平均值.人工鱼礁生态系统影响并改变了区域海洋生态系统服务价值结构,提高了区域生态系统服务价值,对于合理开发与利用海洋资源、修复受损的海洋生态环境和渔业资源有着重要意义.利用生态系统服务价值方法对人工鱼礁构建区进行评价,可以更好地反映人工鱼礁构建效益,能有效促进我国人工鱼礁建设的发展、提高海洋生态系统管理水平.     

Ecosystem services and biodiversity in developing countries

The concept of ecosystem services has become important for our understanding of the role of nature for maintaining human livelihoods. But is biodiversity essential to maintain ecosystem services? Many studies suggest that higher biodiversity allows a higher level of ecosystem services, but others argue that there is little hard evidence, especially from tropical environments, to document the necessity of high biodiversity for provision of most ecosystem services. Thus, effective valuation of biodiversity for ecosystem services and long-term studies and monitoring are needed to fully understand the complex biodiversity-ecosystem service interface. This introduction briefly reviews some of the main arguments in this debate and provides an overview of the other five special issue papers. Exploring biodiversity and ecosystem interactions in the context of the provision of ecosystem services, these papers address population and biodiversity coexistence, the importance of dung beetles in agricultural landscapes, the knowledge and use of palms by local communities, bioprospecting for drugs and how biodiversity conservation may have added benefits in terms of improved watershed functions and health.     

Forest ecosystem services of changbai mountain in china

The forest ecosystem of the Changbai Mountain is the most typical upland temperate forest ecosystem in eastern Asia. It is also of the most primitive vegetation type that came into being through the natural succession of soil and vegetation following volcanic eruption. The forest ecosystem has great importance for maintaining the structures and functions of the watershed ecosystems of the Songhua River, the Yalu River and the Tumen River. We combined physical assessment method (PAM) with the value assessment method (VAM) to evaluate the forest ecosystem services of the northern slope of the, including eco-tourism, forest by-products, timber, soil and water conservation, air purification, and the recycling of nutritive elements. We also assessed the integrated forest ecosystem service and analyzed its dynamics. The service value provided by the Changbai Mountain forest ecosystem amounts up to RMB 3.38 × 10¹² yuan, of which, water conservation is 66%, water conservation and air purification together make up 80%, while the timber value is only 7%. Therefore, developing the ecosystem services besides timber is the best way to exert the integrated value of the forest ecosystem services of Changbai Mountain.     

陕北黄土高原土地利用变化对第一性生产生态服务功能价值的影响

土地是一切陆地生态系统的载体,人类的一切活动同样离不开土地,在人类改造和利用自然的过程中不可避免地要影响各类生态系统的状况进而影响到它们为人类所提供的服务与功能。而第一性生产服务功能是生态系统服务功能主要特征之一。本文在地理信息系统的支持下,利用陕北黄土高原3期土地利用数据,估算了土地利用变化引起的生态系统服务价值的变化,结果表明,1996年区域NPP生态系统服务功能价值比1986年增加了1·17×108元;2001年生态服务功能价值比1986年增加了3·37×108元。因此,实施退耕还林、还草、遏制景观破碎化过程,合理控制城镇建设用地的扩展,是提高区域生态系统服务功能的有效途径。     

Biodiversity in the context of ecosystem services: the applied need for systems approaches

Recent evidence strongly suggests that biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation continue. How might a systems approach to ecology help us better understand and address these issues? Systems approaches play a very limited role in the science that underpins traditional biodiversity conservation, but could provide important insights into mechanisms that affect population growth. This potential is illustrated using data from a critically endangered bird population. Although species-specific insights have practical value, the main applied challenge for a systems approach is to help improve our understanding of the role of biodiversity in the context of ecosystem services (ES) and the associated values and benefits people derive from these services. This has profound implications for the way we conceptualize and address ecological problems. Instead of focusing directly on biodiversity, the important response variables become measures of values and benefits, ES or ecosystem processes. We then need to understand the sensitivity of these variables to biodiversity change relative to other abiotic or anthropogenic factors, which includes exploring the role of variability at different levels of biological organization. These issues are discussed using the recent UK National Ecosystems Assessment as a framework.     

Incorporating landscape transformation into local conservation prioritization: a case study in the Western Ghats, India

In fast-changing tropical landscapes, effective strategies for conservation must incorporate information on ecosystems and species distribution with that on landscape change. A possible methodology for conservation prioritization is developed and illustrated using a 27.5 km² tropical landscape in the Western Ghats hill chain of southern India. Vegetation types or ecosystems within the landscape are ranked based on the ecosystem services they might provide: number of endemic species harbored, species richness, contribution to carbon uptake, economic value of produce per ha and contribution to soil renewal. For a vegetation type, the weighted average of these ranks indicates its net conservation value. Weights thus provide a means of ascribing differential importance to an ecosystem service. Information on landscape change is also summarized by a matrix depicting the likelihood of transformations between vegetation types present in the landscape, projected 5 years into the future. For each transformation between two vegetation types, information on ecosystem service and dynamics is then integrated. Implications from the perspective of conservation are assessed as the product of transformation probability and the resultant gain/loss in conservation value. Strongly positive transformations are likely to result in positive impacts on conservation value, and occur without any additional conservation effort. Strongly negative transformations are likely to occur and have a strong negative impact on conservation value. Maximum conservation effort may be directed at halting or reversing these. This study thus describes a method for conservation prioritization, which integrates information on ecosystem function and services with ecosystem dynamics.     

Optimal Investment in Multi-species Protection: Interacting Species and Ecosystem Health

This article uses an ecological-economic approach to study optimal investment in multi-species protection when species interact in an ecosystem. The analysis is based on a model of stochastic species extinction in which survival probabilities are interdependent. Individual species protection plans can increase a species survival probability within certain limits and contingent upon the existence or absence of other species. Protection plans are costly and the conservation budget is fixed. It is assumed that human well-being depends solely on the services provided by one particular species, but other species contribute to overall ecosystem functioning and thus influence the first species survival probability. One result is that it may be optimal to invest in the protection of those species that do not directly contribute to human well-being, even if biological conservation decisions are exclusively derived from such a utilitarian framework. Another result is that the rank ordering of spending priorities among different species protection plans, as obtained under the assumption of independent species, may be completely reversed by taking species interaction into account. The conclusion is that effective species protection should go beyond targeting individual species, and consider species relations within whole ecosystems as well as overall ecosystem functioning. Ecosystem health is identified as a necessary prerequisite for successful species protection in situ.     

Use of pollution risk and ecosystem service values in marine management strategies in Bohai Sea,China

Different coastal areas possess different pollution risks and ecosystem service values. The management strategies in these areas also differ. With limited environmental funds available, it is necessary to conduct in-depth study of pollution risks and ecosystem service values for developing marine conservation and management strategies. This paper proposes a management method that combines marine pollution risks and ecosystem service values to identify the management priorities of different sites, which are used to determine the appropriate management strategies. The management priorities of different bays in China's Bohai Sea were determined, and management strategies were recommended. The method can be used to determine effective management strategies for oceans around the world, especially in developing countries with limited environmental protection funds.     

Ecosystem Metabolism in Piedmont Streams: Reach Geomorphology Modulates the Influence of Riparian Vegetation

We measured the impact of riparian zone vegetation on ecosystem metabolism in paired forested and meadow reaches on 13 streams in southeastern Pennsylvania and Maryland, USA. Metabolism estimates were based on open-system measurements of dissolved oxygen changes, with reaeration determined from propane evasion. Daily gross primary productivity (GPP) in meadow and forested reaches averaged 2.85 and 0.86 g O₂ m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively, at water temperatures of 12°C or greater when the forest canopy was developed and 1.74 and 1.09 g O₂ m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively, at temperatures below 12°C when the canopy was bare. Community respiration (CR₂₄) also was greater in meadow reaches than in forested reaches, averaging 5.58 and 3.57 g O₂ m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively, in the warm season and 4.87 and 2.88 g O₂ m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively, during the cold season. Thus, both meadow and forested reaches were heterotrophic. Forested reaches were always wider and nearly always shallower than companion meadow reaches. When ecosystem function was assessed per unit of stream length, the difference in average GPP between meadow and forested reaches was reduced from three-fold to 1.9-fold in the warm season, and mean GPP was greater in the forested reaches during the cold season. Mean CR₂₄ per meter stream length was greater in forested reaches during both seasons. Even though riparian shading reduced primary productivity per unit area of streambed, the greater stream width of the forested reaches counteracted that reduction in part. Thus, when rates of ecosystem function were expressed per length of stream, differences between reaches were always smaller than when expressed per area, and activity per unit stream length was sometimes greater in forested reaches than in meadow reaches.     

Ecosystem services classification: A systems ecology perspective of the cascade framework

Ecosystem services research faces several challenges stemming from the plurality of interpretations of classifications and terminologies. In this paper we identify two main challenges with current ecosystem services classification systems: i) the inconsistency across concepts, terminology and definitions, and; ii) the mix up of processes and end-state benefits, or flows and assets. Although different ecosystem service definitions and interpretations can be valuable for enriching the research landscape, it is necessary to address the existing ambiguity to improve comparability among ecosystem-service-based approaches. Using the cascade framework as a reference, and Systems Ecology as a theoretical underpinning, we aim to address the ambiguity across typologies. The cascade framework links ecological processes with elements of human well-being following a pattern similar to a production chain. Systems Ecology is a long-established discipline which provides insight into complex relationships between people and the environment. We present a refreshed conceptualization of ecosystem services which can support ecosystem service assessment techniques and measurement. We combine the notions of biomass, information and interaction from system ecology, with the ecosystem services conceptualization to improve definitions and clarify terminology. We argue that ecosystem services should be defined as the interactions (i.e. processes) of the ecosystem that produce a change in human well-being, while ecosystem components or goods, i.e. countable as biomass units, are only proxies in the assessment of such changes. Furthermore, Systems Ecology can support a re-interpretation of the ecosystem services conceptualization and related applied research, where more emphasis is needed on the underpinning complexity of the ecological system.     

成渝经济区土地利用与生态服务价值动态分析

成渝经济区是长江上游的生态屏障,其生态环境脆弱,维持和提高该区域的生态系统服务功能非常重要。基于2000和2007年遥感影像数据,利用GIS和RS工具定量分析了成渝经济区2000—2007年土地利用的时空变化特征,并运用改进的生态服务价值系数,评价了土地生态系统服务功能的动态变化。结果表明:研究期间区域内建设用地以5.3%的年增长率增加,增加面积1044.5km2;林地面积增加最大(2908.7km2),年变化率为0.5%;耕地、草地,水体和未利用地分别以-0.3%、-2.0%、-0.7%和-2.9%年变化率减少,其中耕地减少面积最大,为2388.9km2;2000—2007年土地生态系统服务功能有所上升,总价值由3188.4亿元增加到3211.5亿元;林地转入以及耕地和草地转出是导致总价值增加的主要原因,生态系统服务功能降低主要是由于林地转出所致。为维持区域生态系统服务功能,应加强对林地和湿地等生态系统服务价值高的土地类型的保护。     

北京市生态系统服务时空变化与权衡分析

了解城市生态系统服务的时空变化与权衡关系对区域可持续发展具有重要意义.本研究以北京市为对象,基于InVEST模型与RUSLE模型定量评估了北京市1984、1995、2005和2018年碳贮存、产水量与土壤保持3项生态系统服务的时空变化特征,并分析了不同生态系统服务间的权衡关系.结果表明:1984-2018年,北京市土地...     

陕西省生态系统服务价值评估及时空差异

基于土地利用变更调查数据,运用中国陆地生态系统服务价值当量表,分析了2001-2006年陕西省生态系统服务价值变化与不同尺度上的差异,探讨了耕地占补平衡和退耕还林工程对生态系统服务价值的影响,并分析了其生态系统服务价值动态.结果表明:研究期间,陕西省生态系统服务价值整体呈增加趋势,其中,林地生态系统服务价值量占全省总价值量的比例达76.5％,林地生态系统服务价值增加量占全省增加总量的97.5％,生态系统服务价值降低的地类有耕地、草地和未利用地,耕地生态系统服务价值降低量占全省总降低量的81.7％.研究期内不同地市生态系统服务价值均有不同程度的增加,延安市的增加量最大,其次是榆林市,杨凌区最低.陕西省生态系统服务价值增加最明显的地区为黄土高原地区,其增加量占全省生态系统服务价值总增加量的61.2％,秦巴山地次之,关中平原地区最低.陕西省耕地占补平衡力度相对较大,其2001-2006年耕地生态系统服务价值呈增加趋势.退耕还林工程使黄土高原区生态系统服务价值增加最多,关中平原区增加最少.     

Integration of Ecosystem Services into Ecological Risk Assessment for Implementation in Ecosystem-Based River Management: A Case Study of the Yellow River,China

Ecological risk assessment (ERA) is a scientific tool used to support ecosystem-based management (EBM), but most current ERA methods consider only a few indices of particular species or components. Such limitations restrict the scope of results so that they are insufficient to reflect the integrated risk characterization of an ecosystem, thereby inhibiting the application of ERA in EBM. We incorporate the concept of ecosystem services into ERA and develop an improved ERA framework to create a comprehensive risk map of an ecosystem, accounting for multiple human activities and ecosystem services. Using the Yellow River as a case study, we show how this framework enables the implementation of integrated risk characterization and prioritization of the most important ecological risk issues in the ecosystem-based river management of the Yellow River. This framework can help practitioners facilitate better implementation of ERA within EBM in rivers or any target ecosystem.