转座因子和宿主基因组的进化

转座因子主要是一些“自在”或“无功能”的DNA,其对宿主进化无关紧要的观点受到了质疑。新近的报道指出,它们有增强宿主基因组自身进化,对环境变化作出反应的潜在能力,很可能是遗传多样性的主要源泉。     

Mutator转座子及MULE在植物基因与基因组进化中的作用

Mutator（Mu）转座子是植物中已发现的转座最活跃的转座子,其高的转座频率及趋向于单拷贝功能基因转座的特性,使该转座子成为玉米功能基因克隆的主要方法.Mu转座子的同源类似因子广泛存在于被子植物基因组中,而且同一基因组中往往具有多种变异类型.它不仅具有其他DNA转座子在基因和基因组进化中的普遍作用,而且具有能够承载基因组内功能基因和基因片段的载体功能,这种载体Mu转座子（Pack-MuLEs）能够在基因组内移动众多的基因片段,从而对基因和基因组进化产生作用.Mu转座子的同源序列发生在水稻与狗尾草之间的水平转移提供了高等植物核基因水平转移的首个例证.对Mu转座子的了解促进了我们对动态基因组概念的认识.文章对Mutator转座子的发现、转座特征、基因标签应用等的研究进展进行了综述,对Mu转座子家族的同源序列进行了分类,讨论了该转座子在基因组进化中的作用,分析了应加强研究的问题.     

植物转座元件注释及生物学功能研究进展

转座元件是指在基因组中能够移动、复制并重新整合到基因组新位点的DNA片段。在植物中,多种类型的转座元件,特别是占比较高的LTR类逆转录转座元件,可以通过产生新基因和转录本、提供调节元件、改变基因结构等多种途径广泛调控基因表达,最终多维度有效推动基因组进化。同时,基因组测序组装技术的快速发展也为转座元件的检测、注释提供了良好契机。本文从结构分类、全基因组检测、功能研究、基因组进化4个方面对当前植物转座元件的研究进展进行综述,同时对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

真核生物的转座子

转座子(也称转座因子或跳跃基因)是指生物中的遗传因子或基因不仅能改变功能,而且可以在染色体上移动改变原来的位置。1951年,McClintock首次针对玉米籽粒色斑不稳定的遗传现象提出转座因子概念。后来发现在原核生物和真核生物中普遍存在转座因子。人们预测在所有基因组中都有转座因子存在,并起着重要作用。在果蝇中发现了30多种转座因子,占总基因组约10％。在植物中现已克隆了     

SLFN14抗LINE-1分子机制研究

长散在核重复序列1 (long interspersed nuclear element-1, LINE-1)是迄今为止发现的人体基因组中唯一具有自主转座活性的逆转录转座子,其转座常引起宿主基因组不稳定,从而导致包括癌症在内的各种严重基因疾病的发生。宿主因子在宿主抗LINE-1转座中发挥着重要作用。宿主因子SLFN14作为免疫系统重要组成员,具有抗病毒活性。本实验室研究发现SLFN14对于LINE-1的转座具有抑制作用。为进一步探究其具体的作用机制,通过对LINE-1复制周期中的转录、翻译、逆转录、整合环节进行实验分析,证实SLFN14能够通过影响LINE-1 mRNA转录过程及其半衰期,降低LINE-1 mRNA的水平,从而影响LINE-1蛋白及cDNA表达水平,最终导致LINE-1复制受阻。同时,通过对SLFN14活性中心的定位,本研究还发现SLFN14的抗LINE-1活性与其核糖核酸内切酶结构域和核糖体结合结构域密切相关。上述研究结果展示了SLFN14调控LINE-1复制的机制,进一步完善了宿主因子调控网络,为控制因LINE-1复制引起的基因组不稳定提供了新思路。     

宿主限制LINE-1转座活性的机制

转座子约占了人类基因组的45%,对基因组的结构与功能造成了重大的影响. 一部分转座子现在仍然具有活性,它们的转座能引发疾病. LINE-1（long interspersed element-1）是现今在人类基因组中发现的唯一具有活性并能自主转座的转座子,并能介导非自主转座的元件进行转座. 近年来LINE-1的研究有新的突破,本文简述了LINE-1的结构、转座机制及对基因组的影响,重点总结和分析宿主对LINE-1的限制机制. 由于LINE-1的生活周期与逆转录病毒有相似之处,也希望能够为宿主抗病毒的研究提供线索.     

高等植物helitron转座子的研究进展

作为重复序列的一种主要类型,转座子在高等植物基因组中具有相当丰富的DNA含量,在改变基因结构、调节基因表达、影响基因组进化,以及创造新基因的过程中扮演着重要的角色。Helitron转座子是DNA转座子的一种,在转座过程中经常捕获基因或基因片段,以及插入到基因附近或基因内部,因此在改变基因组构成、影响基因组的进化过程以及改变基因型和表型等方面起着重要作用。该文对国内外近年来有关植物基因组中helitron转座子的结构特征、鉴定和分类方法、基因组中的含量和在染色体上的分布,以及转座扩增和基因片段的捕获等方面的研究进展进行了综述,并对helitron转座子研究过程中存在的问题进行了讨论,对今后helitron相关的研究进行了展望。     

高等植物转座元件功能研究进展

转座元件是指在基因组中能够移动、复制并重新整合到基因组新位点的DNA片段.转座元件一度被视为基因组内的"垃圾"或"自私DNA",长期以来,转座元件的研究主要集中于阐释转座元件在宿主中的复制或表观沉默机制,而转座元件的调控功能并未得到全面探讨.已有研究表明,转座元件的比例与物种基因组大小存在正相关性,从而为C值悖论的解释提供了依据.近年来,越来越多的证据表明转座元件可以作为宿主基因组的"控制元件"发挥重要的调控作用.在作物中研究发现,转座元件既可以通过顺式或反式作用方式调控基因表达,也可以诱导表观等位基因的产生,从而促使固着生长的植物更好地适应外界环境的变化.本文拟就高等植物转座元件的作用及其对未来作物育种的意义进行总结.     

谈谈改变传统观念的转座因子

在五十年代前,人们一直认为每一基因组的 DNA是固定的,包括位置固定、数目固定。转座因子的发现修正了这一观念。现在人们认识到基因组中的某些成分的位置常常是不固定的,一种生物的基因组大小或基因的数目也并非绝对不变。这种位置不固定的成分乃是转座因子。转座因子(transpos-able element)是细胞中能够改变自身位置的一段 DNA 序列。转座因子改变位置的行为称转座(transposition),转座可以发生在同一染色体的不同位置之间,不同的     

插入玉米Ds转座因子的水稻转化群体及其分子分析

转座子标签法是一种利用转座因子插入高等植物基因组中造成基因突变,然后通过分离转座因子插入的旁邻顺序,进而克隆出突变基因的策略。这种策略在高等植物功能基因组学的研究中是十分有用的,为此目的,将玉米的Ｄｓ因子及ｂａｒ基因连接至载体ｐＣＡＭＢＩＡ１３００的Ｔ－ＤＮＡ区域中,构建成重组Ｔｉ质粒ｐＤｓＢａｒ１３００。ｐＤａＢａｒ１３００中Ｔ－ＤＮＡ区域中的潮霉素抗性基因可在转化过程中用作水稻转化植株的选择标     

The struggle for life of the genome's selfish architects

Abstract  

Transposable elements (TEs) were first discovered more than 50 years ago, but were totally ignored for a long time. Over the last few decades they have gradually attracted increasing interest from research scientists. Initially they were viewed as totally marginal and anecdotic, but TEs have been revealed as potentially harmful parasitic entities, ubiquitous in genomes, and finally as unavoidable actors in the diversity, structure, and evolution of the genome. Since Darwin's theory of evolution, and the progress of molecular biology, transposable elements may be the discovery that has most influenced our vision of (genome) evolution. In this review, we provide a synopsis of what is known about the complex interactions that exist between transposable elements and the host genome. Numerous examples of these interactions are provided, first from the standpoint of the genome, and then from that of the transposable elements. We also explore the evolutionary aspects of TEs in the light of post-Darwinian theories of evolution.     

Transposable elements donate lineage-specific regulatory sequences to host genomes

The evolutionary implications of transposable element (TE) influences on gene regulation are explored here. An historical perspective is presented to underscore the importance of TE influences on gene regulation with respect to both the discovery of TEs and the early conceptualization of their potential impact on host genome evolution. Evidence that points to a role for TEs in host gene regulation is reviewed, and comparisons between genome sequences are used to demonstrate the fact that TEs are particularly lineage-specific components of their host genomes. Consistent with these two properties of TEs, regulatory effects and evolutionary specificity, human-mouse genome wide sequence comparisons reveal that the regulatory sequences that are contributed by TEs are exceptionally lineage specific. This suggests a particular mechanism by which TEs may drive the diversification of gene regulation between evolutionary lineages.     

Evolutionary dynamics of the SGM transposon family in the Drosophila obscura species group

SGM (Drosophila subobscura, Drosophila guanche, and Drosophila madeirensis) transposons are a family of transposable elements (TEs) in Drosophila with some functional and structural similarities to miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs). These elements were recently active in D. subobscura and D. madeirensis (1-2 MYA), but in D. guanche (3-4 MYA), they gave rise to a species-specifically amplified satellite DNA making up approximately 10% of its genome. SGM elements were already active in the common ancestor of all three species, giving rise to the A-type specific promoter section of the P:-related neogene cluster. SGM sequences are similar to elements found in other obscura group species, such as the ISY elements in D. miranda and the ISamb elements in Drosophila ambigua. SGM elements are composed of different sequence modules, and some of them, i.e., LS and LS-core, are found throughout the Drosophila and Sophophora radiation with similarity to more distantly related TEs. The LS-core module is highly enriched in the noncoding sections of the Drosophila melanogaster genome, suggesting potential regulatory host gene functions. The SGM elements can be considered as a model system elucidating the evolutionary dynamics of mobile elements in their arms race with host-directed silencing mechanisms and their evolutionary impact on the structure and composition of their respective host genomes.     

The widespread nature of Pack-TYPE transposons reveals their importance for plant genome evolution

Pack-TYPE transposable elements (TEs) are a group of non-autonomous DNA transposons found in plants. These elements can efficiently capture and shuffle coding DNA across the host genome, accelerating the evolution of genes. Despite their relevance for plant genome plasticity, the detection and study of Pack-TYPE TEs are challenging due to the high similarity these elements have with genes. Here, we produced an automated annotation pipeline designed to study Pack-TYPE elements and used it to successfully annotate and analyse more than 10,000 new Pack-TYPE TEs in the rice and maize genomes. Our analysis indicates that Pack-TYPE TEs are an abundant and heterogeneous group of elements. We found that these elements are associated with all main superfamilies of Class II DNA transposons in plants and likely share a similar mechanism to capture new chromosomal DNA sequences. Furthermore, we report examples of the direct contribution of these TEs to coding genes, suggesting a generalised and extensive role of Pack-TYPE TEs in plant genome evolution.     

Evolution and consequences of transposable elements

Recent studies on transposable elements (TEs) have shed light on the mechanisms that have shaped their evolution. In addition to accumulating nucleotide substitutions over evolutionary time, TEs appear to be especially prone to genetic rearrangements and vertical transmissions across even distantly related species. As a consequence of replicating in host genomes, TEs have a significant mutational effect on their hosts. Although most TE-insertion mutations seem to exert a negative effect on host fitness, a growing body of evidence indicates that some TE-mediated genetic changes have become established features of host species genomes indicating that TEs can contribute significantly to organismic evolution.     

Complex evolution of gypsy in Drosophilid species

In an endeavor to contribute to the comprehension of the evolution of transposable elements (TEs) in the genome of host species, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships of sequences homologous to the retrotransposon gypsy of Drosophila melanogaster in 19 species of Drosophila, in Scaptodrosophila latifasciaeformis, and in Zaprionus indianus. This phylogenetic study was based on approximately 500 base pairs of the env gene. Our analyses showed considerable discrepancy between the phylogeny of gypsy elements and the relationship of their host species, and they allow us to infer a complex evolutionary pattern that could include ancestral polymorphism, vertical transmission, and several cases of horizontal transmission.     

Turning gold into ‘junk’: transposable elements utilize central proteins of cellular networks

The numerous discovered cases of domesticated transposable element (TE) proteins led to the recognition that TEs are a significant source of evolutionary innovation. However, much less is known about the reverse process, whether and to what degree the evolution of TEs is influenced by the genome of their hosts. We addressed this issue by searching for cases of incorporation of host genes into the sequence of TEs and examined the systems-level properties of these genes using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Drosophila melanogaster genomes. We identified 51 cases where the evolutionary scenario was the incorporation of a host gene fragment into a TE consensus sequence, and we show that both the yeast and fly homologues of the incorporated protein sequences have central positions in the cellular networks. An analysis of selective pressure (Ka/Ks ratio) detected significant selection in 37% of the cases. Recent research on retrovirus-host interactions shows that virus proteins preferentially target hubs of the host interaction networks enabling them to take over the host cell using only a few proteins. We propose that TEs face a similar evolutionary pressure to evolve proteins with high interacting capacities and take some of the necessary protein domains directly from their hosts.