不同脂肪源对泥鳅稚鱼生长性能及脂肪酸组成的影响

为研究饲料不同脂肪源对泥鳅稚鱼生长性能及鱼体脂肪酸组成的影响, 实验选择初始体重为(10.002.00) mg的健康泥鳅稚鱼1500尾, 随机分为5组, 每组3个重复, 每个水箱100尾鱼, 分别投喂5种含有鱼油(FO)、大豆油(SO)、玉米油(CO)、花生油(PeO)和棕榈油(PaO)的配合饲料, 每种饲料3个重复, 饲养期为40d。结果显示, 摄食不同脂肪源饲料的泥鳅稚鱼在增重率、成活率、饲料系数等生长性能指标和体成分上没有显著差异(P0.05), 但是, 摄食FO组鱼体极性脂肪含量显著高于其他植物油组(P0.05)。鱼油组鱼体中性和极性脂肪中总n-3系脂肪酸含量和EPA+DHA含量显著高于其他植物油组(P0.05)。植物油组鱼体极性脂肪中20:4n-6含量显著高于鱼油组(P0.05), 表明泥鳅稚鱼具有将C18转换为C20的能力。研究表明, 在饲料中添加足量磷脂, 鱼油、大豆油、玉米油、花生油、棕榈油都可以用作泥鳅稚鱼期专用饲料脂肪源。     

不同脂肪源对异育银鲫的生长、体组成和肌肉脂肪酸的影响

配制了十种等氮等能的饲料饲喂3.53 g的异育银鲫幼鱼12周, 探讨异育银鲫对不同脂肪源的利用效果。十种饲料中分别添加8%的鱼油(FO)、椰子油(CNO)、玉米油(CO)、亚麻油(LO)、大豆油(SO)、菜籽油(RO)、1∶1鱼油-椰子油(FCNO)、1∶1鱼油-玉米油(FCO)、1∶1鱼油-亚麻油(FLO)和1∶1∶1∶1鱼油-椰子油-玉米油-亚麻油混合油(MIX)。每组饲料三个平行, 每个平行30尾。实验在循环水养殖系统中进行, 水温控制在(241)℃。结果表明, 在单一脂肪源中, 豆油组和椰子油组的增重率最高, 其次是菜籽油组, 鱼油、玉米油和亚麻油组的增重率最低。与相应的单一脂肪源相比, 饲料中鱼油与椰子油、玉米油或亚麻油1∶1混合后使用提高了异育银鲫的生长。摄食不同脂肪源饲料的异育银鲫血清生化指标、各组织的水分和脂肪含量差异不明显(P0.05)。肌肉脂肪酸与饲料脂肪源呈明显正相关。摄食豆油和菜籽油饲料的鱼体肌肉中20:4n-6较高, 而摄食亚麻油饲料的鱼则含有较高的20:5n-3和22:6n-3, 表明异育银鲫具有转化18:2n-6和 18:3n-3为高不饱和脂肪酸的能力。从实验可以看出, 豆油、椰子油和菜籽油是异育银鲫饲料中良好的脂肪源。       

Replacement of dietary fish oil for Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar L.) with a stearidonic acid containing oil has no effect on omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations

The worldwide increase in aquaculture production and the concurrent decrease of wild fish stocks has made the replacement of fish oil in aquafeeds an industry priority. Oil from a plant source Echium plantagineum L., Boraginaceae, has high levels of stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4omega3, 14%) a biosynthetic precursor of omega-3 long-chain (> or =C(20)) polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega3 LC-PUFA). Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr were fed a control fish oil diet (FO) or one of 3 experimental diets with 100% canola oil (CO) 100% SDA oil (SO), and a 1:1 mix of CO and SDA oil (MX) for 42 days. There were no differences in the growth or feed efficiency between the four diets. However, there were significant differences in the fatty acid (FA) profiles of the red and white muscle tissues. Significantly higher amounts of SDA, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5omega3, EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6omega3, DHA) and total omega3 FA occurred in both red and white muscle tissues of fish fed SO and FO compared with those fed CO. Feeding SO diet resulted in omega3 LC-PUFA amounts in the white and red muscle being comparable to the FO diet. This study shows that absolute concentration (mug/g) of EPA, DHA and total omega3 have been maintained over 6 weeks for Atlantic salmon fed 14% SDA oil. The balance between increased biosynthesis and retention of omega3 LC-PUFA to maintain the concentrations observed in the SO fed fish remains to be conclusively determined, and further studies are needed to ascertain this.     

Lifelong exposure to dietary fish oil alters macrophage responses in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats

Supplementation of the diet with fish oil (FO) decreases growth of the Walker 256 tumor and decreases the cachexia associated with tumor-bearing. The mechanisms by which FO inhibits tumor growth and cachexia are unknown. Macrophages are very important in host defence against tumors since they produce several anti-tumor agents which in turn have been shown to be modified by dietary FO, but rarely in the setting of tumor bearing and never in relation to lifelong exposure. In this study, we compared the effects of supplementation of the diet of pregnant and lactating rats and subsequent supplementation of the offspring with coconut fat or FO on macrophage activities involved in anti-tumor defence. FO supplementation was able to induce an increase in phagocytosis, in O2-, H2O2, nitric oxide, and TNF-alpha production by macrophages and in lysosomal volume in non-tumor-bearing rats. However, phagocytosis, production of O2- and H2O2 and lysosomal volume were not affected by the FO diet when rats were bearing tumors, although nitric oxide production was higher in these animals. It appears that tumor bearing activates the innate immune system and that dietary FO has little effect on innate immunity in the presence of Walker 256 tumors. Thus, it is still unclear how FO decreases the growth of Walker 256 tumors and the associated cachexia.     

Effect of dietary fish oil on tumor-induced hyperlipidemia and tumor growth in rats implanted with a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma

Male Fischer 344 rats implanted with a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma (MCS), along with normal (or control) animals, were fed diets containing either 10% com oil (CO) or 2% CO + 8% fish oil (FO), designated as diets CO and FO, respectively, in a study designed to determine the effect of dietary FO on serum lipids (in the presence or absence of a tumor) and the growth and fatty acid composition of the MCS. For both diets, MCS-bearing rats had significantly (p < 0.05) higher serum levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and total lipids than controls. For both controls and tumor-bearers, serum levels of all these lipids were, with the exception of cholesterol for the tumorbearers, significantly lower in rats receiving the FO diet than for the corresponding groups receiving the CO diet. Relative to rats fed the CO diet, those fed the FO diet had significantly higher serum levels of some fatty acids (e.g., 20:5n-3) but significantly lower levels of others (e.g., 18:2n-6), regardless of tumor status. For the tumor-bearers, differences in the levels of fatty acids in MCS tissue reflected differences in the fatty acid composition of total serum lipids. Sarcoma growth was unaffected by diet. Thus, feeding dietary FO resulted in changes in the lipid status of both control and tumor-bearing rats. Since sarcoma growth was unaffected by diet, the reduction in the severity of MCS-induced hyperlipidemia by FO appears to be due to an effect of the oil per se.     

不同脂肪源对细鳞鲑生长、脂质代谢及抗氧化性能的影响

配制4种含有鱼油(FO)、菜籽油(CO)、棕榈油(PaO)和大豆油(SO)的饲料投喂初始体重为(22.19±1.10) g的细鳞鲑幼鱼52d, 探讨不同脂肪源对细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)幼鱼生长、脂质代谢及抗氧化性能的影响。结果显示, 增重率、特定生长率和饲料效率均以鱼油和大豆油组最高, 棕榈油组次之, 菜籽油组最低, 其中大豆油组与鱼油组无显著差异(P>0.05)。不同脂肪源对细鳞鲑幼鱼肌肉粗成分无显著影响(P>0.05)。摄食大豆油的细鳞鲑可以明显提升肌肉中的22:6n-3含量, 表明细鳞鲑具有将18:3n-3转化为22:6n-3的能力, n-3 系列脂肪酸是细鳞鲑起主要作用的必需脂肪酸。与鱼油相比, 植物油脂导致了细鳞鲑血清中甘油三酯含量的显著升高以及胆固醇含量的显著降低, 肝脏中ACC1和FAS的mRNA表达量明显下调, 以及Δ6 Fad的mRNA表达量的明显上调(P<0.05)。投喂不同脂肪源饲料的细鳞鲑肝脏ROS、MDA、GPx含量以及TBARS值发生明显变化(P<0.05)。研究结果表明鱼油和大豆油可作为细鳞鲑幼鱼饲料的脂肪源, 而棕榈油和菜籽油不适宜作为细鳞鲑幼鱼的单一脂肪源。     

蚕蛹基础日粮中添加不同脂肪源对框鳞镜鲤生长、体成分及健康状况的影响

将324尾健康框鳞镜鲤Cyprinus carpio var. specularis (10.700.70) g随机平均分配在室内循环水养殖系统的12个养殖缸里。在蚕蛹基础饲料中分别添加2%的大豆油(SO)、菜籽油(RO)、鱼油(FO)及混合油(MIX, 大豆油:菜籽油:鱼油=1:1:1), 配制4组等氮(36.5%)等脂(7.0%)饲料, 饲养58d后, 探讨框鳞镜鲤对不同脂肪源的利用效果。结果表明:(1)大豆油组终末体重显著大于混和油组, 肠长比显著大于其他各组, 肥满度和肠指数显著大于鱼油组(P0.05); 肝胰脏指数混合油组显著低于鱼油组和大豆油组, 菜籽油组显著低于大豆油组(P0.05); (2)全鱼水分大豆油组显著高于菜籽油组和混合油组, 粗脂肪含量显著低于其他各组(P0.05); 肌肉水分大豆油组显著大于鱼油组和混合油组(P0.05); 不同脂肪源对框鲤全鱼和肌肉的粗蛋白和灰分、肌肉粗脂肪、肝胰脏的一般体成分无显著影响(P0.05); (3)肝胰脏和肌肉脂肪酸组成基本反映了饲料的脂肪酸组成; 肝胰脏PUFA水平大豆油和菜籽油组相近, 均显著高于鱼油组(P0.05); 肌肉PUFA水平大豆油组显著高于鱼油组(P0.05), 肌肉HUFA水平菜籽油组显著高于鱼油组和混合油组(P0.05); (4)除菜籽油组血清GLU水平显著高于大豆油组外(P0.05), 4种脂肪源对框鲤其他血清生化指标水平没有显著影响(P0.05); (5)组间血清T-SOD活性没有显著差异(P0.05), 大豆油组GSH-XP活性显著大于其他各组(P0.05), MDA水平显著低于鱼油组及混合油组(P0.05), 鱼油组血清AKP活性显著低于其他各组(P0.05); 鱼油组肝胰脏T-SOD活性显著高于其他各组(P0.05), AKP活性显著高于菜籽油组和混合油(P0.05), GSH-XP活性显著高于混合油组(P0.05), MDA水平各组无显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述, 框鳞镜鲤对大豆油的利用效果最好, 其次是菜籽油、鱼油和混合油利用效果较差。       

Fish oil supplementation increases expression of mammary tumor apoptosis mediators and reduces inflammation in an obesity-associated HER-2 breast cancer model

Obesity is associated with inflammation and has been shown to increase breast cancer severity. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of fish oil (FO) supplementation in obesity-associated mammary tumorigenesis in the MMTV-neu(ndl)-YD5 mouse model of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 positive BC. Female mice were fed one of three diets for 16 weeks: i) high fat diet [HF, % kacl: 41.2% lard, 18.7% corn oil (CO)], ii) an isocaloric HF plus menhaden FO diet (HF+FO, % kcal: 41.2 lard, 13.4% CO, 5.3% FO), iii) low fat diet (LF, % kcal: 4.7% lard, 6% CO). HF mice had increased body weight, visceral adipose weight and serum hormone concentrations (increased leptin and resistin; decreased adiponectin) versus LF, which was attenuated in the HF+FO group versus HF (P<.05). Compared to HF, tumor onset was delayed in HF+FO and LF mice (P<0.05). Compared to HF, HF+FO reduced mammary tumor multiplicity (-27%), tumor weight (-46%) and total tumor volume (-50%) (P<0.05). Additionally, HF+FO reduced mammary tumor multiplicity (-33%), tumor weight (-39%) and total tumor volume (-60%) versus LF. HF+FO improved mammary tumor apoptosis status with increased expression of pro-apoptotic Bad and decreased expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-xLmediators versus HF (P<0.05). Additionally, HF+FO decreased tumor protein expression of activated Akt, NFκB p65 and STAT3, versus HF (P<0.05). Tumor mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators TNFα, IL-6 and leptin were reduced in HF+FO, whereas IL-10 expression was increased compared to HF (P<0.05). Collectively these results demonstrate the efficacy of FO supplementation for improving obesity-associated breast cancer outcomes.     

DNBS/TNBS Colitis Models: Providing Insights Into Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Effects of Dietary Fat

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD), including Crohn''s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis, have long been associated with a genetic basis, and more recently host immune responses to microbial and environmental agents. Dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis allows one to study the pathogenesis of IBD associated environmental triggers such as stress and diet, the effects of potential therapies, and the mechanisms underlying intestinal inflammation and mucosal injury. In this paper, we investigated the effects of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids on the colonic mucosal inflammatory response to DNBS-induced colitis in rats. All rats were fed identical diets with the exception of different types of fatty acids [safflower oil (SO), canola oil (CO), or fish oil (FO)] for three weeks prior to exposure to intrarectal DNBS. Control rats given intrarectal ethanol continued gaining weight over the 5 day study, whereas, DNBS-treated rats fed lipid diets all lost weight with FO and CO fed rats demonstrating significant weight loss by 48 hr and rats fed SO by 72 hr. Weight gain resumed after 72 hr post DNBS, and by 5 days post DNBS, the FO group had a higher body weight than SO or CO groups. Colonic sections collected 5 days post DNBS-treatment showed focal ulceration, crypt destruction, goblet cell depletion, and mucosal infiltration of both acute and chronic inflammatory cells that differed in severity among diet groups. The SO fed group showed the most severe damage followed by the CO, and FO fed groups that showed the mildest degree of tissue injury. Similarly, colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, a marker of neutrophil activity was significantly higher in SO followed by CO fed rats, with FO fed rats having significantly lower MPO activity. These results demonstrate the use of DNBS-induced colitis, as outlined in this protocol, to determine the impact of diet in the pathogenesis of IBD.     

A Metabolomic Analysis of Two Intravenous Lipid Emulsions in a Murine Model

Background

Parenteral nutrition (PN), including intravenous lipid administration, is a life-saving therapy but can be complicated by cholestasis and liver disease. The administration of intravenous soy bean oil (SO) has been associated with the development of liver disease, while the administration of intravenous fish oil (FO) has been associated with the resolution of liver disease. The biochemical mechanism of this differential effect is unclear. This study compares SO and FO lipid emulsions in a murine model of hepatic steatosis, one of the first hits in PN-associated liver disease.

Methods

We established a murine model of hepatic steatosis in which liver injury is induced by orally feeding mice a PN solution. C57BL/6J mice were randomized to receive PN alone (a high carbohydrate diet (HCD)), PN plus intravenous FO (Omegaven®; Fresenius Kabi AG, Bad Homburg VDH, Germany), PN plus intravenous SO (Intralipid®; Fresenius Kabi AG, Bad Homburg v.d.H., Germany, for Baxter Healthcare, Deerfield, IL), or a chow diet. After 19 days, liver tissue was harvested from all animals and subjected to metabolomic profiling.

Results

The administration of an oral HCD without lipid induced profound hepatic steatosis. SO was associated with macro- and microvesicular hepatic steatosis, while FO largely prevented the development of steatosis. 321 detectable compounds were identified in the metabolomic analysis. HCD induced de novo fatty acid synthesis and oxidative stress. Both FO and SO relieved some of the metabolic shift towards de novo lipogenesis, but FO offered additional advantages in terms of lipid peroxidation and the generation of inflammatory precursors.

Conclusions

Improved lipid metabolism combined with reduced oxidative stress may explain the protective effect offered by intravenous FO in vivo.     

再投喂鱼油对瓦氏黄颡鱼肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响

为研究植物油替代鱼油对瓦氏黄颡鱼（Pelteobagrus vachelli）生长及肌肉脂肪组成的影响及重投喂鱼油对瓦氏黄颡鱼肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响,实验以大豆油分别替代饲料中的0（FO）、50（S1）、75（S2）和100%（SO）的鱼油配制等氮、等能的颗粒饲料,每组设置3个平行,养殖80d后,再投喂鱼油30d。结果表明,饲料中添加豆油不会显著影响瓦氏黄颡鱼的增重率、肝体指数和体成分（P>0.05）。随着饲料中大豆油含量的增加,S2和SO组肌肉中C18:1n-9、C18:2n-6和单不饱和脂肪酸比例显著增加（P < 0.05）,而C20:5n-3,C22:5n-3及n-3/n-6比例显著下降（P < 0.05）。再投喂鱼油30d后,SO组肌肉中C18:3n-6、C20:4n-6、Σ n-9、Σ n-6和S2组中C18:1n-9、Σ n-6比例显著下降（P < 0.05）,而S2和SO组肌肉中Σn-3多不饱和脂肪酸、C20:5n-3和C22:5n-3比例显著增加（P < 0.05）。在生产中,可采用先植物油饲料、后鱼油饲料的养殖方式提高瓦氏黄颡鱼肌肉品质（增加有益人类健康的多不饱和脂肪酸）。     

Blood pressure and serum lipids from SHR after diets supplemented with evening primrose, sunflowerseed or fish oil

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) at 4 weeks of age were fed a diet supplemented with sunflowerseed oil (SO), evening primrose oil (EPO), fish oil (FO) or EPO + FO for 22 weeks. A diet with commercially available pellets served as control. Systolic blood pressure was significantly lower during and after FO, EPO and EPO + FO, whereas the lower level after SO was not significant when compared with the controls. Serum triglycerides and total cholesterol were lowest after EPO followed FO. The combination of both EPO and FO resulted in unexpected high values of triglycerides and cholesterol. HDL-cholesterol was likewise highest after EPO + FO. The results indicate a quantitatively different depression of blood pressure and serum lipids from SHR by individual polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).     

Fish oil prevents excessive hepatic lipid accumulation without inducing oxidative stress

We examined the effects of fish oil (FO) on high-cholesterol diet-induced hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress. Female C57BL/6J mice were fed diets consisting of safflower oil (SO), 1 en% FO (1FO), 2 en% FO (2FO), or 20 en% FO (20FO) with or without 2 weight% (wt%) cholesterol (SO/CH, 1FO/CH, 2FO/CH, and 20FO/CH groups, respectively) for 8 weeks. The hepatic triacylglyceride levels were significantly lower in the 2FO/CH and 20FO/CH groups than in the SO/CH group. The hepatic mRNAs of fatty acid oxidation-related genes were upregulated and the fatty acid synthesis-related genes were downregulated by the FO feeding. Adverse effects were not observed in the plasma levels of indicators of oxidative stress in response to the consumption of FO up to 20 en%. These results suggest that FO consumption in the range of 2–20 en% prevents hepatic lipid accumulation, thus improving lipid metabolism without causing oxidative stress.     

Effects of dietary fish oil supplementation on cellular adhesion molecule expression and tissue myeloperoxidase activity in hypercholesterolemic mice with sepsis

This study investigated the effects of fish oil on adhesion molecule expression and tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in hypercholesterolemic mice with sepsis. There were one control and two experimental groups in this study. The control group (C) was fed a regular chow diet for 7 weeks, while hypercholesterolemia in the experimental group was induced by feeding a high-fat diet (20%, w/w) with cholesterol (2%, w/w) for 4 weeks. Then the experimental group was divided into two subgroups with identical nutrient distributions except that one subgroup was fed soybean oil (SO), while part of the soybean oil was replaced by fish oil (FO) in the other one for 3 weeks. After feeding the diets for 7 weeks, sepsis was induced in all three groups by cecal and ligation and puncture (CLP), and mice were sacrificed at 0, 6 or 24 h after CLP, respectively. The results showed that the FO group had a higher intracellular interferon-gamma/interleukin-4 ratio and lower tumor necrosis factor-alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 concentrations in peritoneal lavage fluid at 6 h after CLP than those in the C and SO groups. Lymphocyte CD11a/CD18 expressions were higher at 0 and 6 h and neutrophil CD11b/CD18 were higher at 6 h in the SO group than in the FO and C groups. The SO group had higher plasma intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 levels than C group at 0 and 6 h, whereas no difference in ICAM-1 concentrations were observed between the C and FO groups at 0 h after CLP. Hypercholesterolemia resulted in higher tissue MPO activities. There were no differences in MPO activities in various organs between the two experimental groups. These results suggest that hypercholesterolemic mice fed FO did not exhibit immunosuppression when complicated with sepsis. FO administration reduced adhesion molecule expressions and inflammatory-related mediators at the site of injury at an early but not a late stage of sepsis. However, compared with the SO group, the influences of FO on MPO activities in various organs were not obvious in hypercholesterolemic mice with sepsis.     

The influence of fish oil supplementation on plasma lipoproteins and arterial lipids in vervet monkeys with established atherosclerosis.

There is controversy about whether supplementing diets with marine fish oil can regress, promote or prevent atherosclerosis. Therefore the effects of an Atlantic pilchard oil (FO) supplement and dietary change were measured in a proven atherosclerosis model. Vervet or African Green monkeys were fed an atherogenic diet (AD) for long enough to ensure progression before treatments started. Matched groups were then treated for 20 months, either by adding FO to the AD (AD/FO), or by changing to a therapeutic diet with FO (TD/FO). Control treatments consisted of supplementing with sunflower oil (SO) instead of FO, so that treatments were AD/SO and TD/SO. The same total polyunsaturates were supplied by the FO and SO and the dose of FO was realistic (2.5% of total energy). A reference group (R) received the TD with no oil supplements. Supplementing with FO did not change the concentrations of total, low or high density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma. After The AD/FO the intimas of aortas contained more total (p < or = 0.001), free (p < or = 0.05) and esterified (p < or = 0.05) cholesterol, total phospholipid (p < or = 0.01) and sphingomyelin (p < or = 0.05) than after the AD/SO. After FO supplementation eicosapentaenoic acid was significantly higher and arachidonic acid significantly lower in the plasma and aorta intima phosphatidylcholine. None of these changes was anti-atherogenic in terms of atherosclerosis measured in the same individuals (1). Nor did FO increase the efficacy of the TD.     

Effect of Mangrove Tea Extract from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ceriops decandra</Emphasis> (Griff.) Ding Hou. on Salivary Bacterial Flora of DMBA Induced Hamster Buccal Pouch Carcinoma

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of mangrove tea on salivary bacterial flora in DMBA induced hamster buccal pouch carcinoma. Tea from mangrove plant Ceriops decandra was administered against DMBA induced buccal pouch carcinoma in hamster rats. The chemical constitutions and quality of mangrove tea is similar with the commercial tea Camellia sinensis. The Hamster rats were painted thrice a week with DMBA in their right buccal pouch, and also administrated orally with 1.25% of Ceriops tea extract, on alternate days of the DMBA treatment. Appropriate control animals were maintained. After 14 weeks of treatment, bacterial species in saliva were enumerated, tumor incidences were analyzed using histopathological section and tumor volume in the animals was quantified using water-displaced method. The decreased counts of beneficial bacteria and increased counts of harmful bacteria were associated with increased volume of tumors. The present study concluded that the tea extract from C. decandra prevents the oral cancer incidences and maintain the good health conditions of the animals.     

The Fat-1 Mouse has Brain Docosahexaenoic Acid Levels Achievable Through Fish Oil Feeding

Fat-1 transgenic mice endogenously convert n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The aims of this study were to test whether a) fish oil feeding can attain similar brain n-3 PUFA levels as the fat-1 mouse, and b) fat-1 mouse brain docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; DHA) levels can be potentiated by fish oil feeding. Fat-1 mice and their wildtype littermates consumed either a 10% safflower oil (SO) or a 2% fish oil and 8% safflower oil chow (FO). Brain total lipid and phospholipid fraction fatty acids were analyzed using GC-FID. Wildtype mice fed FO chow had similar brain levels of DHA as fat-1 mice fed SO chow. Fat-1 mice fed FO chow had similar brain n-3 PUFA levels as fat-1 mice fed SO chow. In conclusion, brain levels of DHA in the fat-1 mouse can be obtained by and were not further augmented with fish oil feeding.     

Dietary fats affect macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity towards tumour cells

In the present study, the effects of feeding mice diets of different fatty acid compositions on the production of TNF-alpha and nitric oxide by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated peritoneal macrophages and on macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity towards L929 and P815 cells were investigated. C57Bl6 mice were fed on a low-fat (LF) diet or on high-fat diets (21% fat by weight), which included coconut oil (CO), olive oil (OO), safflower oil (SO) or fish oil (FO) as the principal fat source. The fatty acid composition of the macrophages was markedly influenced by that of the diet fed. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages from FO-fed mice showed significantly lower production (up to 80%) of PGE2 than those from mice fed on each of the other diets. There was a significant positive linear correlation between the proportion of arachidonic acid in macrophage lipids and the ability of macrophages, to produce PGE2. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated TNF-alpha production by macrophages decreased with increasing unsaturated fatty acid content of the diet (i.e. FO < SO < OO < CO < LF). Macrophages from FO-fed mice showed significantly lower production of TNF-alpha than those from mice fed on each of the other diets. Nitrite production was highest for LPS-stimulated macrophages from mice fed on the LF diet. Macrophages from FO-fed mice showed significantly higher production of nitrite than those from mice fed on the OO and SO diets. Compared with feeding the LF diet, feeding the CO, OO or SO diets significantly decreased macrophage- mediated killing of P815 cells (killed by nitric oxide). Fish oil feeding did not alter killing of P815 cells by macrophages, compared with feeding the LF diet; killing of P815 cells was greater after FO feeding than after feeding the other high fat diets. Compared with feeding the LF diet, feeding the OO or SO diets significantly decreased macrophage-mediated killing of L929 cells (killed by TNF). Coconut oil or FO feeding did not alter killing of L929 cells by macrophages, compared with feeding the LF diet. It is concluded that the type of fat in the diet affects macrophage composition and alters the ability of macrophages to produce cytotoxic and immunoregulatory mediators and to kill target tumour cells.     

Eicosanoid synthesis and ornithine decarboxylase activity in mammary tumors of rats fed varying levels and types of N-3 and/or N-6 fatty acids

Virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats (50 days of age) were administered a single intragastric 10 mg dose of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA). Three weeks later they were placed on diets containing either 20% corn oil (CO), 20% primrose oil (PO), 20% black currant seed oil (BCO), 20% borage oil (BO), 15% menhaden oil plus 5% corn oil (15% MO + 5% CO), 10% menhaden oil plus 10% corn oil (10% MO + 10% CO), 5% menhaden oil plus 15% corn oil (5% MO + 15% CO) or 10% menhaden oil plus 10% borage oil (10% MO + 10% BO). Incidences of mammary tumors at 16 weeks post-DMBA were 80% in rats fed the CO diet, 84% in rats fed PO diet, 67% in rats fed BCO diet, 88% in rats fed BO diet, 60% in rats fed 15% MO + 5% CO diet, 67% in rats fed 10% MO + 10% CO diet, 83% in rats fed 5% MO + 15% CO diet, and 92% in rats fed 10% MO + 10% BO diet. Tumor multiplicity was lowest in PO-fed rats and highest in BO-fed rats. The tumor burden per tumor-bearing rat was lowest in rats fed the 15% MO + 5% CO, and 10% MO + 10% CO, diets and highest in those fed 20% BCO diet. Although body weight at 16 weeks post DMBA was not significantly different among the dietary groups, food intake was significantly greater in rats fed a diet containing 20% BO, or 5% MO + 15% CO.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Dietary fish oil associated with increased apoptosis and modulated expression of Bax and Bcl-2 during 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats

The present study investigated the chemopreventive effect of dietary fish oil (Maxepa), rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on induction of apoptosis in mammary carcinogenesis model. Mammary carcinogenesis was initiated by a single, tail vein injection of 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene (DMBA) (0.5mg/0.2ml corn oil/100g body weight) at 7 weeks of animal age. Ninety female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two parts: part one was used for histology and immunohistochemical study and part two for morphological analysis. Each part consists of three experimental groups having 15 animals, i.e., Group A (DMBA control), Group B (DMBA+fish oil) and Group C (DMBA+corn oil). Rats were fed either fish oil or corn oil (0.5ml/day/rat) by oral gavage, 2 weeks prior to DMBA injection. Treatment was continued 25 weeks, studying histopathology, expression of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins by immunohistochemistry and apoptosis by TUNEL assay and morphological study at 36 weeks. Results showed that the fish oil-treated group exhibited a substantial increase in Bax (p<0.05) immunolabelling and a reduction of Bcl-2 immunopositivity (p<0.05), and increased TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells (p<0.05); however, corn oil treatment did not show these beneficial effects toward mammary preneoplasia. We conclude that fish oil has the potential to play a significant role in limiting mammary tumourigenesis in vivo.