共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Adam T. Goulding Lesley K. Shelley Peter S. Ross Christopher J. Kennedy 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP》2013,157(3):280-286
While the lethal toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides to fish is well documented, their sublethal physio-behavioral effects remain poorly characterized. Known pyrethroid-associated changes to insect neuromuscular function may translate into similar effects in fish, thereby altering swimming ability and affecting foraging, predator avoidance, and migration. Three experiments were conducted using critical (Ucrit) and burst (Umax) swimming speeds to assess the sublethal effects of the pyrethroids permethrin and deltamethrin in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were exposed to deltamethrin (100, 200, or 300 ng/L) or permethrin (1, 2, or 3 μg/L) in water for 4 d, and assessed for swimming performance. Deltamethrin (200 and 300 ng/L) reduced Ucrit, but not Umax, while both swim performance measurements were unaffected by permethrin. Subsequent experiments used only Ucrit to assess deltamethrin exposure. In a time course experiment, deltamethrin (300 ng/L) reduced Ucrit after 1 and 4 d of exposure, but after 7 d of exposure Ucrit was fully recovered. Finally, deltamethrin (1, 2, or 3 μg/L) reduced Ucrit after 1 h bath exposures similar to recommended protocols for deltamethrin based sea-lice treatment in aquaculture. The real-world implications of the revealed pyrethroid-associated swimming ability reductions in salmon may be important in areas close to aquaculture facilities. 相似文献
2.
Goertzen MM Driessnack MK Janz DM Weber LP 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP》2011,154(4):420-426
Research at the Key Lake uranium mill (Saskatchewan, Canada) suggests effluent discharged from the mill affects energy stores of resident fish, but the mechanisms by which energy homeostasis is affected and the subsequent effects on swimming performance are unknown. In the present study larvae were collected from laboratory raised adult fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) exposed to 5% diluted uranium mill effluent or control (dechlorinated municipal) water, and reared in the same treatments to 60 days post hatch (dph). Critical swimming speed (Ucrit) was significantly lower in effluent exposed 60 dph fish compared to control fish. Fish used in tests were considered fatigued and compared to fish without swim testing (non-fatigued). There were no differences in whole body glycogen or triglyceride concentrations between effluent exposed versus control fish. However, fatigued fish from both treatments had significantly lower triglycerides, but not glycogen, compared to non-fatigued fish from the same treatment. Whole body β–hydroxyacyl coenzymeA dehydrogenase activity was similar in fish from both treatments, but citrate synthase activity was significantly lower in effluent exposed fish. Our results suggest uranium mill effluent exposure in the laboratory affects aerobic energy metabolism and swimming performance in juvenile fathead minnow, which could affect wild fish survivability. 相似文献
3.
Tropical coral reef teleosts are exclusively ectotherms and their capacity for physical and physiological performance is therefore directly influenced by ambient temperature. This study examined the effect of increased water temperature to 3 °C above ambient on the swimming and metabolic performance of 10 species of damselfishes (Pomacentridae) representing evolutionary lineages from two subfamilies and four genera. Five distinct performance measures were tested: (a) maximum swimming speed (Ucrit), (b) gait‐transition speed (the speed at which they change from strictly pectoral to pectoral‐and‐caudal swimming, Up?c), (c) maximum aerobic metabolic rate (MO2?MAX), (d) resting metabolic rate (MO2?REST), and (e) aerobic scope (ratio of MO2?MAX to MO2?REST, ASC). Relative to the control (29 °C), increased temperature (32 °C) had a significant negative effect across all performance measures examined, with the magnitude of the effect varying greatly among closely related species and genera. Specifically, five species spanning three genera (Dascyllus, Neopomacentrus and Pomacentrus) showed severe reductions in swimming performance with Ucrit reduced in these species by 21.3–27.9% and Up?c by 32.6–51.3%. Furthermore, five species spanning all four genera showed significant reductions in metabolic performance with aerobic scope reduced by 24.3–64.9%. Comparisons of remaining performance capacities with field conditions indicate that 32 °C water temperatures will leave multiple species with less swimming capacity than required to overcome the water flows commonly found in their respective coral reef habitats. Consequently, unless adaptation is possible, significant loss of species may occur if ocean warming of ≥3 °C arises. 相似文献
4.
How the expression of green fluorescent protein and human cardiac actin in the heart influences cardiac function and aerobic performance in zebrafish Danio rerio
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Journal of fish biology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
The present study examined how the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and human cardiac actin (ACTC) in zebrafish Danio rerio influences embryonic heart rate (RH) and the swim performance and metabolic rate of adult fish. Experiments with the adults involved determining the critical swimming speed (Ucrit, the highest speed sustainable and measure of aerobic capacity) while measuring oxygen consumption. Two different transgenic D. rerio lines were examined: one expressed eGFP in the heart (tg(cmlc:egfp)), while the second expressed ACTC in the heart and eGFP throughout the body (tg(cmlc:actc,ba:egfp)). It was found that RH was significantly lower in the tg(cmlc:actc,ba:egfp) embryos 4 days post‐fertilization compared to wild‐type (WT) and tg(cmlc:egfp). The swim experiments demonstrated that there was no significant difference in Ucrit between the transgenic lines and the wild‐type fish, but metabolic rate and cost of transport (oxygen used to travel a set distance) was nearly two‐fold higher in the tg(cmlc:actc,ba:egfp) fish compared to WT at their respective Ucrit. These results suggest that the expression of ACTC in the D. rerio heart and the expression of eGFP throughout the animal, alters cardiac function in the embryo and reduces the aerobic efficiency of the animal at high levels of activity. 相似文献
5.
《农业工程》2014,34(5):284-289
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that has been found to pose various risks to fish health and the safety of aquatic ecosystem. Swimming performance is an integrated index of fitness in fish. However, little research has sought on the effects of PFOS on swimming performances of fish. Experiments were carried out to clarify the impacts of acute exposure to PFOS on behavior, swimming ability and metabolic rate in topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva), to understand the underlying ecotoxicological effects of waterborne PFOS exposure on fish physiology and behavior. Fish were exposed to PFOS (0, 0.5, 2, 8 or 32 mg/L) for 96 h. Afterwards, the routine metabolic rate (RMR), spontaneous swimming behavior (SSB), fast-start swimming performance (FSP) and critical swimming speed (Ucrit) of the topmouth gudgeon were examined. The results show reduced behavioral performance and increased physiological stress with increasing PFOS concentration. Both RMR, SSB and Ucrit were significantly affected by PFOS exposure (p < 0.05). The lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) is 2 mg/L for SSB. PFOS treatment resulted in increased RMR (p = 0.001) and decreased Ucrit (p = 0.005), whereas FSP was not influenced by PFOS (p > 0.05). The results indicate that the anaerobic swimming capacity was conserved, but the metabolic level, SSB and aerobic swimming performance in topmouth gudgeon were susceptible to PFOS contamination, and hence might be useful as considerable potential biomarkers of pollution. 相似文献
6.
The swimming capacity of Barbus bocagei was measured with the critical swimming speed (Ucrit) standard test in a modified Bla?ka‐type swim tunnel. Sixty B. bocagei were tested and they exhibited a mean ±s .d . Ucrit of 0·81 ± 0·11 m s?1 or 3·1 ± 0·86 total lengths per second (LT s?1). Sex had no effect on Ucrit but significant differences were found between the swimming performance of fish with distinct sizes. 相似文献
7.
Francesc Rubio-Gracia Emili García-Berthou Helena Guasch Lluís Zamora Anna Vila-Gispert 《动物学报(英文版)》2020,66(5):493
Energy metabolism fuels swimming and other biological processes. We compared the swimming performance and energy metabolism within and across eight freshwater fish species. Using swim tunnel respirometers, we measured the standard metabolic rate (SMR) and maximum metabolic rate (MMR) and calculated the critical swimming speed (Ucrit). We accounted for body size, metabolic traits, and some morphometric ratios in an effort to understand the extent and underlying causes of variation. Body mass was largely the best predictor of swimming capacity and metabolic traits within species. Moreover, we found that predictive models using total length or SMR, in addition to body mass, significantly increased the explained variation of Ucrit and MMR in certain fish species. These predictive models also underlined that, once body mass has been accounted for, Ucrit can be independently affected by total length or MMR. This study exemplifies the utility of multiple regression models to assess within-species variability. At interspecific level, our results showed that variation in Ucrit can partly be explained by the variation in the interrelated traits of MMR, fineness, and muscle ratios. Among the species studied, bleak Alburnus alburnus performed best in terms of swimming performance and efficiency. By contrast, pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus showed very poor swimming performance, but attained lower mass-specific cost of transport (MCOT) than some rheophilic species, possibly reflecting a cost reduction strategy to compensate for hydrodynamic disadvantages. In conclusion, this study provides insight into the key factors influencing the swimming performance of fish at both intra- and interspecific levels. 相似文献
8.
Integrating environmental variation, predation pressure, phenotypic plasticity and locomotor performance 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Wujiang River, a tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir, has many dams along its length. These dams alter the river's natural habitat and produce various flow regimes and degrees of predator stress. To test whether the swimming performance and external body shape of pale chub (Zacco platypus) have changed as a result of alterations in the flow regime and predator conditions, we measured the steady (U crit) and unsteady (fast-start) swimming performances and morphological characteristics of fish collected from different sites along the Wujiang River. We also calculated the maximum respiratory capacity and cost of transport (COT). We demonstrated significant differences in swimming performance and morphological traits among the sampling sites. Steady swimming performance was positively correlated with water velocity and negatively correlated with the abundance of predators, whereas unsteady swimming performance was negatively correlated with water velocity. The body shape was significantly correlated with both swimming performance and ecological parameters. These findings suggested that selection pressure on swimming performance results in a higher U crit and a more streamlined body shape in fast-flow and (or) in habitats with low predator stress and subsequently results in a lower COT. These characteristics were accompanied by a poorer fast-start performance than that of the fish from the slow-flow and (or) high-predator habitats. The divergence in U crit may also be due in part to variation in respiratory capacity. 相似文献
9.
Relationships between metabolic rate, muscle electromyograms and swim performance of adult chinook salmon 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
D. R. Geist† R. S. Brown V. I. Cullinan‡ M. G. Mesa§ S. P. VanderKooi§ C. A. McKinstry¶ 《Journal of fish biology》2003,63(4):970-989
Oxygen consumption rates of adult spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha increased with swim speed and, depending on temperature and fish mass, ranged from 609 mg O2 h?1 at 30 cm s?1 (c. 0·5 BL s?1) to 3347 mg O2 h?1 at 170 cm s?1 (c. 2·3 BL s?1). Corrected for fish mass, these values ranged from 122 to 670 mg O2 kg?1 h?1, and were similar to other Oncorhynchus species. At all temperatures (8, 12·5 and 17° C), maximum oxygen consumption values levelled off and slightly declined with increasing swim speed >170 cm s?1, and a third‐order polynomial regression model fitted the data best. The upper critical swim speed (Ucrit) of fish tested at two laboratories averaged 155 cm s?1 (2·1 BL s?1), but Ucrit of fish tested at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory were significantly higher (mean 165 cm s?1) than those from fish tested at the Columbia River Research Laboratory (mean 140 cm s?1). Swim trials using fish that had electromyogram (EMG) transmitters implanted in them suggested that at a swim speed of c. 135 cm s?1, red muscle EMG pulse rates slowed and white muscle EMG pulse rates increased. Although there was significant variation between individual fish, this swim speed was c. 80% of the Ucrit for the fish used in the EMG trials (mean Ucrit 168·2 cm s?1). Bioenergetic modelling of the upstream migration of adult chinook salmon should consider incorporating an anaerobic fraction of the energy budget when swim speeds are ≥80% of the Ucrit. 相似文献
10.
Ying-ping Huang Ali Haris Malik Zhi-ying Tu David Johnson Wei-Ming Li Xi Yuan 《Zeitschrift fur angewandte Ichthyologie》2020,36(6):811-816
The swimming performance of juvenile rock carp (Procypris rabaudi, Tchang) subjected to repeated fatigue exercise was studied using a flume-type respirometer at 20°C. The critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and oxygen consumption rate (MO2) of juvenile rock carp were measured during two successive stepped velocity tests, following a 60 min rest interval. Ucrit of rock carp was giving a recovery ratio (Rr) of 92.64%, and exertion exercise decreases Ucrit. When MO2 was plotted as a linear function of U, the slope for trial 1 was 1.06 and 1.50 for trial 2, indicating a decreasing in swimming efficiency. The maximum metabolic rate (MMR) increased from 17.06 ± 1.14 mmol O2/(kg·hr) to 19.14 ± 1.23 mmol O2/(kg·hr), and the exercise post oxygen consumption rate (EPOC) increased from 9.00 to 9.65 mmol O2/kg. Repeated fatiguing exercise increased both the aerobic and anaerobic cost of reaching Ucrit, but anaerobic metabolism accounted for a larger proportion in the trial 2. The data investigation on the swimming performance and the physiological response to fatigue provide important design criteria for fishways. 相似文献
11.
Sylvestre EL Lapointe D Dutil JD Guderley H 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》2007,177(4):447-460
Atlantic cod populations live in a wide thermal range and can differ genetically and physiologically. Thermal sensitivity
of metabolic capacity and swimming performance may vary along a latitudinal gradient, to facilitate performance in distinct
thermal environments. To evaluate this hypothesis, we compared the thermal sensitivity of performance in two cod stocks from
the Northwest Atlantic that differ in their thermal experience: Gulf of St Lawrence (GSL) and Bay of Fundy (BF). We first
compared the metabolic, physiological and swimming performance after short-term thermal change to that at the acclimation
temperature (7°C) for one stock (GSL), before comparing the performance of the two stocks after short-term thermal change.
For cod from GSL, standard metabolism (SMR) increased with temperature, while active metabolism (AMR, measured in the critical
swimming tests), EMR (metabolic rate after an exhaustive chase protocol), aerobic scope (AS) and critical swimming speeds
(U
crit and U
b–c) were lower at 3°C than 7 or 11°C. In contrast, anaerobic swimming (sprint and burst-coasts in U
crit test) was lower at 11 than 7 or 3°C. Factorial AS (AMR SMR−1) decreased as temperature rose. Time to exhaustion (chase protocol) was not influenced by temperature. The two stocks differed
little in the thermal sensitivities of metabolism or swimming. GSL cod had a higher SMR than BF cod despite similar AMR and
AS. This led factorial AS to be significantly higher for the southern stock. Despite these metabolic differences, cod from
the two stocks did not differ in their U
crit speeds. BF cod were better sprinters at both temperatures. Cod from GSL had a lower aerobic cost of swimming at intermediate
speeds than those from BF, particularly at low temperature. Only the activity of cytochrome C oxidase (CCO) in white muscle
differed between stocks. No enzymatic correlates were found for swimming capacities, but oxygen consumption was best correlated
with CCO activity in the ventricle for both stocks. Overall, the stocks differed in their cost of maintenance, cost of transport
and sprint capacity, while maintaining comparable thermal sensitivities. 相似文献
12.
Muhammad Naveed Yousaf Øyvind Røn Frederike Keitel-Gröner Charles McGurk Alex Obach 《Journal of fish biology》2024,104(3):633-646
A swim tunnel is to fish as a treadmill is to humans, and is a device used for indirect measuring of the metabolic rate. This study aims to explore the fish stress (if any) during the critical swimming test routines (fish handling, confinement, and swimming) using heart rate (fH, heartbeat per minute) bio-loggers in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). In addition, the recovery dynamics of exercised fish using fH were explored for 48 h post swim tests. Continuous fH data were acquired following the surgical implantation and throughout the trials, such as during fish handling, swim tests (critical swimming speed, Ucrit), and 48 h post swim tests. After 3 weeks of surgical recovery, fH stabilized at 46.20 ± 1.26 beats min−1, equalizing a ~38% reduction in fH recorded post-surgical tachycardia (74.13 ± 1.44 beats min−1). Interestingly, fH was elevated by ~200% compared to baseline levels not only due to the Ucrit (92.04 ± 0.23 beats min−1) but also due to fish handling and confinement in the swim tunnel, which was 66% above the baseline levels (77.48 ± 0.34 beats min−1), suggesting fish stress. Moreover, significantly higher plasma cortisol levels (199.56 ± 77.17 ng mL−1) corresponding to a ~300% increase compared to baseline levels (47.92 ± 27.70 ng mL−1) were identified after Ucrit, predicting post-swim test stress (physiological exhaustion). These findings reinforce the importance of fish acclimation in the swim tunnel prior to the swimming tests. However, fH dropped over the course of the 48-h post-swim test, but remained comparatively higher than the basal levels, suggesting fish should be given at least 48 h to recover from handling stress for better fish welfare. This study further explored the influence of fish tagging on Ucrit, which resulted in reduced swimming capabilities of tagged fish (1.95 ± 0.37 body lengths s−1) compared to untagged fish (2.54 ± 0.42 body length s−1), although this was not significant (p = 0.06), and therefore future tagging studies are warranted. 相似文献
13.
Measuring Ucrit and endurance: equipment choice influences estimates of fish swimming performance
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Journal of fish biology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
P. Kern R. L. Cramp M. A. Gordos J. R. Watson C. E. Franklin 《Journal of fish biology》2018,92(1):237-247
This study compared the critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and endurance performance of three Australian freshwater fish species in different swim‐test apparatus. Estimates of Ucrit measured in a large recirculating flume were greater for all species compared with estimates from a smaller model of the same recirculating flume. Large differences were also observed for estimates of endurance swimming performance between these recirculating flumes and a free‐surface swim tunnel. Differences in estimates of performance may be attributable to variation in flow conditions within different types of swim chambers. Variation in estimates of swimming performance between different types of flumes complicates the application of laboratory‐based measures to the design of fish passage infrastructure. 相似文献
14.
H. L. Osachoff K. N. Osachoff A. E. Wickramaratne E. K. Gunawardane F. P. Venturini C. J. Kennedy 《Journal of fish biology》2014,85(2):210-227
Juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were exposed to two concentrations each of 17β‐oestradiol (E2; natural oestrogen hormone) or 17α‐ethinyl oestradiol (EE2; a potent synthetic oestrogen hormone) to evaluate their potential effects on burst‐swimming performance. In each of six successive burst‐swimming assays, burst‐swimming speed (Uburst) was lower in fish exposed to 0·5 and 1 µg l?1 E2 and EE2 for four days compared with control fish. A practice swim (2 days prior to exposure initiation) in control fish elevated initial Uburst values, but this training effect was not evident in the 1 µg l?1 EE2‐exposed fish. Several potential oestrogen‐mediated mechanisms for Uburst reductions were investigated, including effects on metabolic products, osmoregulation and blood oxygen‐carrying capacity. Prior to burst‐swimming trials, fish exposed to E2 and EE2 for 4 days had significantly reduced erythrocyte numbers and lower plasma glucose concentrations. After six repeated burst‐swimming trials, plasma glucose, lactate and creatinine concentrations were not significantly different among treatment groups; however, plasma Cl? concentrations were significantly reduced in E2‐ and EE2‐treated fish. In summary, E2 and EE2 exposure altered oxygen‐carrying capacity ([erythrocytes]) and an osmoregulatory‐related variable ([Cl?]), effects that may underlie reductions in burst‐swimming speed, which will have implications for fish performance in the wild. 相似文献
15.
Killen SS Marras S Steffensen JF McKenzie DJ 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2012,279(1727):357-364
The schooling behaviour of fish is of great biological importance, playing a crucial role in the foraging and predator avoidance of numerous species. The extent to which physiological performance traits affect the spatial positioning of individual fish within schools is completely unknown. Schools of juvenile mullet Liza aurata were filmed at three swim speeds in a swim tunnel, with one focal fish from each school then also measured for standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximal metabolic rate (MMR), aerobic scope (AS) and maximum aerobic swim speed. At faster speeds, fish with lower MMR and AS swam near the rear of schools. These trailing fish required fewer tail beats to swim at the same speed as individuals at the front of schools, indicating that posterior positions provide hydrodynamic benefits that reduce swimming costs. Conversely, fish with high aerobic capacity can withstand increased drag at the leading edge of schools, where they could maximize food intake while possibly retaining sufficient AS for other physiological functions. SMR was never related to position, suggesting that high maintenance costs do not necessarily motivate individuals to occupy frontal positions. In the wild, shifting of individuals to optimal spatial positions during changing conditions could influence structure or movement of entire schools. 相似文献
16.
Divergence in physiological factors affecting swimming performance between anadromous and resident populations of brook charr Salvelinus fontinalis
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Journal of fish biology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
A. Crespel A. Dupont‐Prinet L. Bernatchez G. Claireaux R. Tremblay C. Audet 《Journal of fish biology》2017,90(5):2170-2193
In this study, an anadromous strain (L) and a freshwater‐resident (R) strain of brook charr Salvelinus fontinalis as well as their reciprocal hybrids, were reared in a common environment and submitted to swimming tests combined with salinity challenges. The critical swimming speeds (Ucrit) of the different crosses were measured in both fresh (FW) and salt water (SW) and the variations in several physiological traits (osmotic, energetic and metabolic capacities) that are predicted to influence swimming performance were documented. Anadromous and resident fish reached the same Ucrit in both FW and SW, with Ucrit being 14% lower in SW compared with FW. The strains, however, seemed to use different underlying strategies: the anadromous strain relied on its streamlined body shape and higher osmoregulatory capacity, while the resident strain had greater citrate synthase (FW) and lactate dehydrogenase (FW, SW) capacity and either greater initial stores or more efficient use of liver (FW, SW) and muscle (FW) glycogen during exercise. Compared with R♀L♂ hybrids, L♀R♂ hybrids had a 20% lower swimming speed, which was associated with a 24% smaller cardio‐somatic index and higher physiological costs. Thus swimming performance depends on cross direction (i.e. which parental line was used as dam or sire). The study thus suggests that divergent physiological factors between anadromous and resident S. fontinalis may result in similar swimming capacities that are adapted to their respective lifestyles. 相似文献
17.
Lu Guan Paul V.R. Snelgrove A.K. Gamperl 《Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology》2008,360(1):31-38
Most studies on behavioural contributions to dispersal and recruitment during early life history stages of fishes have focused on coral reef species. For cold ocean environments, high variation in seasonal temperature and development times suggest that parallel studies on active behaviour are needed for cold-water species. Thus, we examined the critical swimming speed (Ucrit) of marine fish larvae from 2 contrasting species: Gadus morhua (Atlantic cod) and Myoxocephalus scorpius (shorthorn sculpin), a pelagic and bottom spawner respectively. Within-species comparisons showed that sculpin reared at 6 °C had lower initial Ucrit values, but a faster Ucrit increase through development compared with 3 °C conspecifics, ultimately resulting in faster critical swimming speeds at metamorphosis (10.5 vs. 9.1 cm·s− 1). In contrast, although cod larvae reared at 10 °C were faster swimmers at first feeding than 6 °C fish, temperature differences were absent after the first week. These results show that temperature influences the trajectory of larval critical swimming speed development, but that the relationship is species-specific. Although 6 °C sculpin and cod of similar length had equivalent Ucrit values, the smaller size of cod at hatch (5.3 vs. 10.8 mm for sculpin) resulted in much lower age-specific Ucrit values for cod. These data have significant implications for how swimming activity of the two species might affect dispersal, particularly in the first few weeks post-hatch. Overall, our data suggest that temperature during larval development influences the swimming capacity of cold-water marine fishes, and has important ramifications for biophysical models of dispersal. 相似文献
18.
19.
Telemetry studies on aquatic animals often use external tags to monitor migration patterns and help to inform conservation effort. However, external tags are known to impair swimming energetics dramatically in a variety of species, including the endangered European eel. Due to their high swimming efficiency, anguilliform swimmers are very susceptibility for added drag. Using an integration of swimming physiology, behaviour and kinematics, we investigated the effect of additional drag and site of externally attached tags on swimming mode and costs. The results show a significant effect of a) attachment site and b) drag on multiple energetic parameters, such as Cost Of Transport (COT), critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and optimal swimming speed (Uopt), possibly due to changes in swimming kinematics. Attachment at 0.125 bl from the tip of the snout is a better choice than at the Centre Of Mass (0.35 bl), as it is the case in current telemetry studies. Quantification of added drag effect on COT and Ucrit show a (limited) correlation, suggesting that the Ucrit test can be used for evaluating external tags for telemetry studies until a certain threshold value. Uopt is not affected by added drag, validating previous findings of telemetry studies. The integrative methodology and the evaluation tool presented here can be used for the design of new studies using external telemetry tags, and the (re-) evaluation of relevant studies on anguilliform swimmers. 相似文献
20.
B. R. Quintella C. S. Mateus J. L. Costa I. Domingos P. R. Almeida 《Zeitschrift fur angewandte Ichthyologie》2010,26(3):432-435
The prime objective of this study was to evaluate differences between the swimming performance of two distinct life stages of European eels. The critical swimming speed (Ucrit) of 29 yellow‐ and 33 silver‐phase eels was evaluated in a swim tunnel. Silver‐phase eels showed a better swimming performance (Ucrit = 0.66 ms?1) than yellow individuals (Ucrit = 0.43 ms?1). Male and female silver eels reached an identical Ucrit despite their different sizes, which may be a strategy to increase the synchronization of arrival at the spawning grounds. 相似文献