电击法介导的紫孢侧耳原生质体转化

使用基因脉冲导入仪成功地将糙皮侧耳DNA导入紫孢侧耳单核原生质体内,获得了具有"锁状联合”特征的双核转化菌株T₁,和T₂。转化率为8．2×10^-5,转化比为3．6％。酯酶同I酶分析结果表明,转化菌株除具有受体菌的酶带外,还存在供体菌的酶带,由此证明转化菌株确为紫孢侧耳和糙皮侧耳DNA重组的产物。转化菌株子实体形态也发生了变化。两菌株子实体均不释放孢子;T₁。菌柄中生,T₂成熟子实体菌盖中部易长出菌丝。     

应用电击法获得转MT基因平菇

将MT基因用电击法转化平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus),MT基因表达蛋白与金属离子结合而形成络合物,用Zn 诱导,转基因平菇能富集Zn,可为缺Zn的人群补充Zn,使平菇成为一种保健和治疗的食品或蔬菜.原生质体制备浓度为6.745×106个/mL.原生质体电击转化率为0.01%.PCR检测,200 bp处有MT基因条带.蛋白检测:转基因MT平菇ELISA检测阳性,表达率为0.6%～0.8%.SDS-PAGE 显示有表达条带.Western blot显示有阳性条带.抗ZnSO4结果:野生型平菇抗ZnSO4浓度为1.0 mmol/L,1.2 mmol/L开始受抑制,转基因平菇抗ZnSO4浓度为1.5 mmol/L, 2.0 mmol/L开始受抑制. 出菇试验结果表明,在米糠与锯沫比为1∶3的培养基上生长,在米糠与锯沫比为1∶4的培养基上不生长.24 d菌丝可在广口瓶中长满,用于子实体培养.     

应用电击法获得转MT基因平菇

将MT基因用电击法转化平菇 (Pleurotusostreatus) ,MT基因表达蛋白与金属离子结合而形成络合物 ,用Zn诱导 ,转基因平菇能富集Zn ,可为缺Zn的人群补充Zn ,使平菇成为一种保健和治疗的食品或蔬菜。原生质体制备浓度为 6 .74 5× 10 6个 /mL。原生质体电击转化率为 0 .0 1%。PCR检测 ,2 0 0bp处有MT基因条带。蛋白检测 :转基因MT平菇ELISA检测阳性 ,表达率为 0 .6 %～ 0 .8%。SDS_PAGE显示有表达条带。Westernblot显示有阳性条带。抗ZnSO4结果 :野生型平菇抗ZnSO4浓度为 1.0mmol/L ,1.2mmol/L开始受抑制 ,转基因平菇抗ZnSO4浓度为 1.5mmol/L ,2 .0mmol/L开始受抑制。出菇试验结果表明 ,在米糠与锯沫比为 1∶3的培养基上生长 ,在米糠与锯沫比为1∶4的培养基上不生长。 2 4d菌丝可在广口瓶中长满 ,用于子实体培养。     

用不同方法把烟草花叶病毒RNA基因导入植物原生质体的研究

应用电激法和聚乙二醇法以及脂质体协调的上述两种方法对烟草和青菜原生质体进行烟草花叶病毒ＴＭＶ－ＲＮＡ的导入试验,并应用酶标免疫技术、电镜观察、半叶接种和十二烷基磺酸钠－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ）等方法对在原生质体中增殖的ＴＭＶ进行鉴定。实验证明,虽然电激法和聚乙二醇法均能有效地将外源病毒基因导入植物原生质体,但经阳离子脂质体处理后的ＴＭＶ－ＲＮＡ,其转染效率可提高１０倍以上。ＴＭＶ在原生质体转染４８小时后达到复制高峰。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ显示,原生质体转染４８小时后,除出现ＴＭＶ外壳蛋白明显条带外,尚有１条分子量在５０～５５ｋｄ蛋白质条带也明显增强。这些研究结果对植物遗传工程和抗病毒基因有种研究提供重要的数据和基础。     

Transformation of Wall Deficient Cultured Tobacco Protoplasts by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Attachment of virulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens to plant cells is required for transformation. To further study the components of the plant cell wall that may be involved in the attachment process, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) protoplasts were cultured in the presence of 2,6 dichlorobenzonitrile (DB), an inhibitor of cellulose biosynthesis, and then assayed for their ability to be transformed by Agrobacterium. The DB treated protoplasts were deficient in wall production. Nevertheless, they were transformable at high frequency by wild type Agrobacterium strains but not by mutant strains that lack the ability to bind to normal, walled cells. Small quantities of calcofluor white positive material present on DB treated cells were correlated with their competence to be transformed. Further, the plant:bacterial association that leads to transformation is shown to become stable within 5 hours after bacterial co-cultivation with either control or DB treated cells.     

Transformation of Rhodococcus fascians by High-Voltage Electroporation and Development of R. fascians Cloning Vectors

The analysis of the virulence determinants of phytopathogenic Rhodococcus fascians has been hampered by the lack of a system for introducing exogenous DNA. We investigated the possibility of genetic transformation of R. fascians by high-voltage electroporation of intact bacterial cells in the presence of plasmid DNA. Electrotransformation in R. fascians D188 resulted in transformation frequencies ranging from 10⁵/μg of DNA to 10⁷/μg of DNA, depending on the DNA concentration. The effects of different electrical parameters and composition of electroporation medium on transformation efficiency are presented. By this transformation method, a cloning vector (pRF28) for R. fascians based on an indigenous 160-kilobase (chloramphenicol and cadmium resistance-encoding) plasmid pRF2 from strain NCPPB 1675 was developed. The origin of replication and the chloramphenicol resistance gene on pRF28 were used to construct cloning vectors that are capable of replication in R. fascians and Escherichia coli. The electroporation method presented was efficient enough to allow detection of the rare integration of replication-deficient pRF28 derivatives in the R. fascians D188 genome via either homologous or illegitimate recombination.     

Gene Transfer to Lentil Protoplasts by Lipofection and Electroporation

Abstract

Cationic liposomes made of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and stearylamine (9:1) were prepared by reverse-phase evaporation and were able to interact spontaneously with plasmid DNA. The loaded vesicles delivered a β-glucuronidase (GUS)-carrying plasmid to lentil Lens culinaris) protoplasts, leading to transient expression of the GUS reporter gene. The transfection efficiency achieved by using stearylamine-containing liposomes (lipofection) was comparable to the one obtained by electroporating the protoplasts at 500 μF and different field strengths. Furthermore, the combination of electroporation and lipofection, though reducing cell survival, increased the activity of the reporter enzyme detected in the cell lysates, yielding transient expression levels higher than those recorded after lipofection or electroporation alone.     

玉米核糖体失活蛋白基因z108在烟草原生质体中的转化及其表达

利用与根癌农杆菌共培养的方法将玉米核糖体失活蛋白基因z108及其融合基因GUS导入烟草叶肉原生质体细胞。试验结果表明,烟草叶片在含有1.0%纤维素酶和0.5%离析酶的裂解液中,以0.5M甘露醇、5000.0mg/LCaCl2为渗透压调节剂,25℃保温12-14h,可获得纯化的原生质体细胞;纯化的叶肉原生质体细胞与根癌农杆菌菌株pCam1301/91-108共培养30min,经25mg/L潮霉素筛选,转化率可达17.84%。转化体细胞经X-Gluc染色、PCR和RT-PCR检测证明玉米核糖体失活蛋白基因z108已整合到烟草原生质体细胞的核基因组中并获得表达。     

抗虫/耐草甘膦双价融合基因表达载体的构建及烟草转化

随着植物基因工程的发展,将多个基因转化植株已成为研究的热点之一,利用连接肽进行多个基因融合的策略巳引起广泛关注.利用连接多肽2A和LP4/2A分别将抗虫基因Bt(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt) cry1Ah和耐革甘膦基因mG2epsps连接起来,构建了4个融合基因表达载体pHAG、pHLAG、pGAH、pGLAH和两个单基因载体pSAh、pSmG2,其中pHAG、pHLAG是Bt cry1Ah基因在前,mG2-epsps基因在后,pGAH、pGLAH是mG2-epsps基因在前,Bt cry1Ah基因在后,分别用2A和LP4/2A作为连接肽,由CaMV35S启动子驱动.利用农杆菌介导法将6个植物表达载体转入烟草,得到再生植株529株.经PCR检测,有261株再生苗为阳性植株,转化率达到49.3％.获得的转基因烟草可用于分析连接肽2A和LP4/2A的剪切效率以及不同基因与连接肽连接位置差异对基因表达的影响.     

Introduction of Functional RNA into Plant Protoplasts by Electroporation

A simple apparatus was constructed for producing electric dischargeof varying intensities between two electrodes in a spectrophotometercuvette. This apparatus was used to study the conditions forefficient introduction of functional RNA into plant protoplastsusing RNAs of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and cucumber mosaicvirus (CMV). Electroporation under optimal conditions resultedin the production of TMV and CMV in 80% of the protoplasts fromtobacco cell line BY2. Infection by TMVRNA occurred in 60% ofVinca rosea suspension culture protoplasts and in 40% of tobaccomesophyll protoplasts. Electroporation in the presence of TMVand CMV particles also resulted in infection, suggesting thatpores larger than 30 nm are formed. The advantages and usesof the electrical method for introduction of functional RNAare discussed. (Received December 21, 1985; Accepted March 1, 1986)     

Introduction of Foreign Genes into Tomato Protoplasts by Electroporation

The conditions required for the electroporation of a plasmidwhich harbored the gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase(CAT) into protoplasts from cultivated tomato leaves were optimizedat 666 or 7,000 V/cm (single discharge) using a 47-µFcapacitor in the presence of 10-100 µg DNA. The CAT genewas strongly expressed by when under the control of the promoterfor the 35S RNA from cauliflower mosaic virus and CAT activitywas detected in cells 10 days after electroporation. (Received July 28, 1988; Accepted March 23, 1989)     

环形电极介导的小麦基因转化

用环形电极电激法有效地将外源DNA导入完整的小麦幼胚组织中。电激的物理参数采用770V／cm场强、800μF电容、100μg／mL质粒DNA(含有bar和GUS双标记基因),幼胚被电激3次。经PCR和Southern杂交分析表明,外源基因已稳定整合到小麦基因组中,转化频率为7．5％,高于相同处理条件下基因枪法的转化频率(4．2％)。     

Transformation of Mucor circinelloides with Autoreplicative Vectors Containing Homologous and Heterologous ARS Elements and the Dominant Cbx r Carboxine-Resistance Gene

Mucor circinelloides transformants prototrophic to leucine and resistant to carboxine (Leu⁺ Cbx^r) have been obtained by treatment of protoplasts with plasmid constructs containing homologous leuA gene and adjacent autonomously replicating sequences (ARS) element combined with the Cbx^r(carboxine-resistance) gene of Ustilago maydis and ARS sequences from this basidiomycete (plasmid pGG37) or from the 2 μ plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (plasmid pGG43). The presence in the same plasmid molecule of the M. circinelloides leuA gene and adjacent ARS element together with heterologous ARS elements produced an increase in the transformation frequency of about 65–120%. The presence of autoreplicating plasmid molecules in the transformants was demonstrated by mitotic stability experiments, by Southern analysis, and by the rescue of plasmids from transformed bacterial cells.     

Vip3a基因植物表达载体的构建及其对烟草的遗传转化

为了研究Vip3A基因在转基因抗虫植物中的应用,利用PCR技术克隆了苏云金芽孢杆菌的Vip3A基因和烟草的EF1α启动子,以pB1121质粒为基本载体,构建了分别由组成型CaMV35S启动子和花特异表达的EF1α启动子驱动Vip3A基因的植物表达载体pBIVip3A和pBIEFVip3A,并通过农杆菌介导的方法对烟草进行了遗传转化。经PCR检测,外源基因已整合到烟草基因组中。     

Transformation of Clostridium acetobutylicum Protoplasts with Bacteriophage DNA

Techniques for the transformation of Clostridium acetobutylicum protoplasts with bacteriophage DNA are described. Transformation required regeneration of protoplasts and a 2-h eclipse period.     

Transformation of Acetobacter polyoxogenes with Plasmid DNA by Electroporation

Acetobacter polyoxogenes was transformed with plasmid DNA by electroporation. The following points were essential for transformation: (i) dilution of the culture broth with cold water and air bubbling of the culture broth for transformation at discharging from a jar fermentor, and (ii) selection of transformants by liquid cultivation. For shortening of the lag time in cultivation for selection of transformants, the following treatments were useful: (i) addition of sucrose to the cell suspension during transformation and to the broth for cultivation, and (ii) addition of 1 mm MgCl₂ to a mixture of cells and DNA during electroporation.     

Transformation of Kluyveromyces lactis by Electroporation

The physical and biological parameters involved in efficient transformation of Kluyveromyces lactis by electroporation have been analyzed. By using an optimum voltage and a constant volume of cell suspension in a cuvette, the efficiency of transformation increased with increases in cell numbers and plasmid concentration. However, the most important parameter was the time of the pulse. Changes of 1 ms decreased the efficiency of transformation more than 70 to 80%. Under our best conditions, between 10⁶ and 10⁷ transformants per μg of plasmid DNA could be obtained. Under certain conditions, the size of the plasmid also affected electroporation efficiency. In any case, we did not obtain integrative transformation with an autonomously replicating plasmid.     

Intrachromosomal Gene Amplification Triggered by Hairpin-Capped Breaks Requires Homologous Recombination and is Independent of Nonhomologous End-Joining

Gene amplification is one of the major mechanisms of acquisition of drug resistance and activation of oncogenes in tumors. In mammalian cells, amplified chromosomal regions are manifested cytogenetically as extrachromosomal double minutes (DMs) and chromosomal homogeneously staining regions (HSRs). We recently demonstrated using yeast model system that hairpin-capped double strand breaks (DSBs) generated at the location of human Alu-quasipalindromes can trigger both types of gene amplification. Specifically, the dicentric chromosomes arising from replication of hairpin-capped molecules can be precursors for intrachromosomal amplicons. The formation of HSRs can be accounted for either by breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycle which necessitates nonhomologous end-joining pathway (NHEJ) or by the repair event involving homologous recombination (HR). In this study, we report that intrachromosomal gene amplification mediated by hairpin-capped DSBs is independent of NHEJ machinery, however requires the functions of Rad52 and Rad51 proteins. Based on our observations, we propose a HR-dependent mechanism to explain how the breakage of dicentric chromosomes can lead to the formation of HSRs.