小线角木蠹蛾幼虫适应不同寄主的转录组学分析

【目的】通过比较小线角木蠹蛾Streltzoviella insularis Staudinger幼虫取食不同寄主后的肠道转录组,旨在挖掘幼虫对寄主适应的相关基因,为探究小线角木蠹蛾幼虫对寄主的适应机制提供分子生物学数据。【方法】采用Illumina二代测序技术,测定小线角木蠹蛾幼虫取食3种不同寄主树种（洋白蜡、银杏和国槐）15 d后的肠道转录组,使用BLAST软件对unigene序列进行GO和KEGG富集,通过比较分析筛选出幼虫对寄主适应的相关基因。【结果】取食国槐与取食洋白蜡的小线角木蠹蛾幼虫的差异表达基因数量有916个,取食银杏与取食洋白蜡的小线角木蠹蛾幼虫的差异表达基因数量为1 163个,取食银杏与国槐的小线角木蠹蛾幼虫的差异表达基因数量为1 621个;其中,上调表达的差异基因与解毒代谢、水解酶和转运蛋白等密切相关;取食不同寄主的幼虫肠道差异基因中,解毒酶（17个）和消化酶（20个）的差异基因数量都明显多于保护酶（5个）。本研究筛选出2个解毒酶基因、3个消化酶基因和1个保护酶基因,可作为小线角木蠹蛾幼虫对寄主适应机制的重点研究对象。【结论】本研究初步揭示了小线角木蠹蛾幼虫响应不同寄主的差异表达基因,为进一步探究小线角木蠹蛾对寄主的适应机制提供了基础依据。     

不同寄主植物继代饲养后草地贪夜蛾幼虫生理酶活性差异

为了明确继代饲喂不同寄主植物对草地贪夜蛾幼虫体内生理酶活性的影响,在室内分别用3种寄主植物叶片饲养草地贪夜蛾多代,测定其F3代5龄幼虫体内保护酶（SOD,POD,CAT）、消化酶（脂肪酶、胃蛋白酶和α-淀粉酶）和解毒酶（GSTs,CarEs,CYP450s）活性差异,并分析不同寄主植物次生代谢物含量与幼虫体内酶活及其生长发育的相关性。结果表明,取食马铃薯叶片的F3代幼虫总发育历期最长,取食小麦的最短,两者间差异显著;小麦叶片中的单宁、总酚、类黄酮和生物碱含量均显著低于玉米和马铃薯;草地贪夜蛾幼虫体内保护酶活性均为取食小麦叶片的最低,取食马铃薯叶片的最高,其中取食马铃薯叶片的草地贪夜蛾体内POD和SOD酶活性达取食小麦的1.34和1.26倍;以3种寄主为食的F3代幼虫脂肪酶和α-淀粉酶活性变化不大,但持续饲喂马铃薯叶片3个世代可导致草地贪夜蛾幼虫体内胃蛋白酶活性显著升高,达10.502 U/mg. prot,为持续饲喂玉米叶片幼虫（1.508 U/mg. prot）的6.96倍以上。连续饲喂3种寄主叶片后的幼虫GSTs和CarEs活性无显著性差异,但取食玉米叶片的幼虫体内细胞色素P450s（CYP450s）活性显著高于取食小麦和马铃薯的幼虫。可见,连续多代取食次生物质含量不同的寄主植物会使草地贪夜蛾体内部分酶活性发生变化,并对幼虫的生长发育产生影响。     

植物次生代谢物对甜菜夜蛾生长发育及解毒酶的影响

【目的】明确植物次生代谢物对甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua生长发育及解毒酶的影响,探索利用植物次生物质防控甜菜夜蛾的潜在途径。【方法】本研究选用3种含量（0.01%、0.1%和1.0%）的槲皮素、山奈酚和香豆素,分别与人工饲料混合均匀后饲养甜菜夜蛾3龄初幼虫,观察植物次生代谢物对幼虫生长发育的影响;并测定幼虫取食添加0.1%的槲皮素、山奈酚和香豆素的人工饲料24、48和72 h后,幼虫羧酸酯酶（Caboxylesterase,CarE）、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（Glutathione-S-transferase,GSTs）和P450解毒酶活性。【结果】添加不同次生物质的人工饲料显著影响甜菜夜蛾幼虫生长和解毒酶活性。与对照组相比,3种次生代谢物均显著提高了幼虫死亡率。幼虫取食添加1%槲皮素的人工饲料后,蛹重显著降低,发育历期明显延长。而取食添加0.1%山奈酚的人工饲料后,可诱导幼虫CarE活性显著增强,0.1%槲皮素和0.1%香豆素对幼虫CarE活性均有显著抑制作用。添加槲皮素对幼虫GSTs活性无显著性影响,添加0.1%山奈酚和0.1%香豆素可诱导幼虫GSTs活性显著升高。0.1%槲皮素和0.1%香豆素可促进幼虫P450活性增强但未达到显著水平,但0.1%山奈酚处理48h后,幼虫P450活性显著降低。【结论】植物次生代谢物种类与含量对甜菜夜蛾生长发育及解毒酶活性存在不同程度的影响。     

食料对南亚果实蝇解毒酶活力的影响

昆虫解毒酶是一类异质酶系, 对分解大量的内源或外源有毒物质、维持正常生理代谢起着重要作用。本文采用生物化学的方法测定了5种寄主果实对南亚果实蝇Bactrocera tau Walker 3个虫态体内总蛋白含量和5种解毒酶的活力。双因子方差分析显示, 南亚果实蝇种群取食黄瓜Cucumis sativus L.、南瓜Cucurbita moschala L.、丝瓜Luffa cylindrical L.、冬瓜Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Coqn.和苦瓜Momordica charantia L.后, 体内蛋白含量和解毒酶活性均存在显著差异。以丝瓜为食料时, 南亚果实蝇体内蛋白含量较高; 而以黄瓜和冬瓜为食料时蛋白含量则相对较低。在以上5种寄主果实间, 南亚果实蝇的羧酸酯酶（CarE）活性在黄瓜和南瓜上较高, 细胞色素P450 O-脱甲基和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）活性在苦瓜上较高, 酸性磷酸酯酶（ACP）和碱性磷酸酯酶（ALP）活性却分别在黄瓜和南瓜上较低。在幼虫、蛹和成虫3个虫态间, 解毒酶活性亦存在显著差异, 成虫具有较高的CarE活性;幼虫具有较高的细胞色素P450 O-脱甲基, GST和ALP活性,但具有较低的ACP活性;除ACP外,蛹期解毒酶活性均较低。据以上结果可以推测,南亚果实蝇解毒酶活力受寄主果实种类以及该种群本身发育阶段的影响。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺和甲维盐对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的毒力及解毒酶活性的影响

为了研究氯虫苯甲酰胺和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(甲维盐)对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的毒杀作用及解毒机制,采用叶片浸渍法测定了2种杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的LC_(10)、LC_(20)与LC_(50),并研究这2种农药的亚致死剂量(LC_(20))对幼虫的羧酸酯酶(CarE)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)、细胞色素P450(CYP450)3种主要解毒酶活性的影响。结果表明甲维盐对3龄幼虫的毒力更高,48 h时LC_(10)、LC_(20)、LC_(50)分别为0.005、0.007、0.013 mg/L。2种农药处理72 h内,幼虫的3种酶活力呈现不同的动态变化。氯虫苯甲酰胺对CarE活力表现先诱导后抑制的作用,在24 h时CarE活力最大(36.75 U/mg);甲维盐对CarE活力表现先抑制后诱导的作用,在72 h时CarE活力最大(42.44 U/mg)。2种农药对GST活性在72 h内的变化一致,均呈现"诱导-抑制-诱导"的规律。氯虫苯甲酰胺处理后CYP450活性与对照相比无显著差异;甲维盐处理36 h、48 h、72 h幼虫体内CYP450活性均显著低于对照。     

Research on the feeding behavior of Neospastis simaona larvae

本文对思茅新木蛾Neospastis simaona Wang幼虫的取食行为、取食偏好性以及明暗条件对其取食量的影响进行了观察研究,为该昆虫的防治提供了理论依据.研究结果表明:思茅新木蛾幼虫随着龄期的增加,取食次数增多,取食总时间增加,但一次取食时间无明显变化;思茅新木蛾幼虫对木荷(Schima superba)有强烈嗜食性,4龄幼虫喜食木荷幼叶,5、6龄幼虫对木荷幼叶、成熟叶无明显偏好性;明暗条件对思茅新木蛾4至6龄幼虫的取食量没有显著影响(P＞0.05).     

思茅新木蛾幼虫取食行为的研究

本文对思茅新木蛾Neospastis simaona Wang幼虫的取食行为、取食偏好性以及明暗条件对其取食量的影响进行了观察研究,为该昆虫的防治提供了理论依据。研究结果表明:思茅新木蛾幼虫随着龄期的增加,取食次数增多,取食总时间增加,但一次取食时间无明显变化;思茅新木蛾幼虫对木荷(Schima superba)有强烈嗜食性,4龄幼虫喜食木荷幼叶,5、6龄幼虫对木荷幼叶、成熟叶无明显偏好性;明暗条件对思茅新木蛾4至6龄幼虫的取食量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。     

树干喷雾防治小线角木蠹蛾研究

为了有效防治蛀干害虫小线角木蠹蛾,本研究采用皮透与13种农药分别组配,利用树干喷雾法,筛选防治小线角木蠹蛾的最佳组配剂.结果表明,防治当年孵化的小幼虫,皮透与15%氯氟·吡虫啉悬浮剂(SC)配比为2∶1的100倍液,防治效果达到95.94%;防治跨年度的大幼虫,皮透与15%氯氟·吡虫啉SC配比为2∶1的30倍液,防治效果可达到90.13%.结果发现采用皮透与15%氯氟·吡虫啉SC配比为2∶1的30倍液能够有效控制小线角木蠹蛾的危害.本研究为小线角木蠹蛾等蛀干害虫的防治提供了科学的依据,探索出了新的防治途径.     

寄主植物对亚洲玉米螟生长发育及雄蛾保护酶活性的影响

【目的】为了明确不同寄主植物对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)生长发育、繁殖及雄蛾保护酶活性的影响。【方法】在温度为(25±5)℃、湿度为75%±5%、光照周期为L∶D=16∶8的恒定条件下,研究了7科12种寄主植物对亚洲玉米螟发育历期、蛹期、成虫期、羽化率、雌蛾繁殖力及雄蛾体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力的影响。【结果】亚洲玉米螟能够在12种寄主植物上完成生长发育。取食苍耳的幼虫历期较短(17.4 d),蛹期较短(5.9 d);成虫寿命较长(9.0 d),蛹重较大(50.7 mg);取食油菜的幼虫单雌产卵量较大(210粒/雌),取食油菜和油麦菜的幼虫成活率和蛹羽化率较高,均在80.0%以上。幼虫取食不同植物后,雄蛾体内保护酶的活性差异显著,幼虫取食酸模叶蓼后,雄蛾体内SOD活性较高,幼虫取食苍耳后,雄蛾体内POD和CAT活性较高。【结论】不同寄主植物对亚洲玉米螟生长发育、繁殖及雄蛾保护酶活性均有显著影响。取食苍耳和酸模叶蓼有利于亚洲玉米螟的生长发育。玉米螟在不同寄主植物上的生长发育和繁殖与保护酶活性呈现正相关性。亚洲玉米螟在取食不同寄主植物时,能调节自身保护酶的活性,来适应寄主,满足生长发育的需要。     

新疆和云南番茄潜叶蛾种群对六种杀虫剂的敏感性及其与解毒酶活性的关系

【目的】番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta 是新入侵我国的对番茄具有毁灭性危害的入侵害虫,目前入侵我国的番茄潜叶蛾种群对杀虫剂的抗性尚无报道。本研究旨在明确新疆和云南番茄潜叶蛾田间种群对6种常用杀虫剂的敏感性及其与解毒酶活性的关系。【方法】采用浸叶法测定6种常用杀虫剂对番茄潜叶蛾新疆和云南种群2龄幼虫的室内毒力。通过对2龄幼虫的生物测定确定3种增效剂［CYP450抑制剂胡椒基丁醚(PBO)、酯酶抑制剂磷酸三苯酯(TPP)和GST抑制剂丁烯二酸二乙酯(DEM)］对氯虫苯甲酰胺的增效作用。采用酶活性分析测定室内敏感种群和田间抗性种群(新疆种群) 2龄幼虫体内解毒酶［细胞色素P450酶(CYP450)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)］活性,以确定杀虫剂抗性与解毒酶活性的关系。【结果】番茄潜叶蛾云南种群对6种杀虫剂的敏感性由高到低依次为甲维盐、溴虫腈、多杀菌素、茚虫威、氯虫苯甲酰胺和高效氯氰菊酯。新疆种群对6种杀虫剂的敏感性由高到低依次为甲维盐、溴虫腈、氯虫苯甲酰胺、多杀菌素、茚虫威和高效氯氰菊酯。与室内敏感种群相比,云南和新疆种群对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性水平最高,抗性倍数分别为212.7和169.3倍。生物测定结果表明,3种增效剂PBO, TPP和DEM均对氯虫苯甲酰胺无明显增效作用。酶活性测定结果表明,番茄潜叶蛾室内敏感种群和田间抗性种群之间2龄幼虫中CYP450, GST和CarE活性无显著差异。【结论】番茄潜叶蛾新疆和云南种群对测试的6种杀虫剂产生不同程度的抗性,对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性最高,番茄潜叶蛾对杀虫剂的抗性与解毒酶活性无关。本研究的结果对番茄潜叶蛾的田间防治和杀虫剂抗性治理具有指导意义。     

Enzyme mechanisms involved in cellulose hydrolysis by the rot fungus Sporotrichum pulverulentum

This article presents a review of the enzyme mechanisms involved in degradation of cellulose by the white-rot fungus Sporotrichum poulverulentum. The hydrolytic enzymes involved include: (1) five endo-1,4-β-glucanases; (2) one exo-1,4-β-glucanase, and (3) one or several 1,4-β-glucosidases. A recently discovered oxidative enzyme of importance in in vitro cellulose degradation seems to be a cellobiose oxidase. An oxidoreductase, cellobiose:quinone oxidoreductase, is of importance both in cellulose and in lignin degradation. Regulatory mechanisms of the extracellular enzyme activities, such as monosugar levels causing catabolite repression of the endoglucanases, have also been investigated. The enzymes used by S. pulverulentum in cellulose hydrolysis are compared to those used by Trichoderma viride. Very similar types of enzymes are used in both cases. However, no oxidative enzyme has so far been found to be involved in extracellular cellulose degradation in the case of T. viride. Recommendations for further research are given.     

Distribution and Properties of Endo-β-1,4-glucanase from a Lower Termite,Coptotermes formosanus (Shiraki)

A multi-enzyme distribution of endo-β-1,4-glucanase activity was found in the digestive system of a worker caste of the lower termite Coptotermes formosanus (Shiraki) by zymogram analysis. Its distribution analysis demonstrated that about 80% of this activity was localized in salivary glands from where only one component (EG-E) was secreted into the digestive tract.

EG-E was isolated by a combination of chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques. Its molecular mass, optimal pH and temperature, isoelectric point, and K _m were 48 kDa, 6.0, 50°C, 4.2, and 3.8 (mg/ml on carboxymethylcellulose), respectively. EG-E hydrolyzed cellooligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization of 4 and larger, and had low activity on crystalline cellulose. Main reaction products from low molecular weight cellulose were cellobiose and cellotriose. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of EG-E has similarity with fungal endo-β-1,4-glucanases and cellobiohydrolases of the glycosyl hydrolase family 7 rather than the other insect endo-β-1,4-glucanases of family 9.     

取食含不同植物源成分的饲料对香樟齿喙象幼虫生长发育及体内解毒酶活性的影响

【目的】明确取食含不同植物源成分的饲料对香樟齿喙象Pagiophloeus tsushimanus幼虫生长发育以及体内解毒酶活性的影响,以探究寄主植物对香樟齿喙象食性与抗性的作用。【方法】以3种樟科植物(香樟Cinnamomum camphora和浙江桂Cinnamomum chekiangensis和浙江楠Phoebe chekiangensis)枝条粉末为植物源成分,配制成半人工饲料。以半人工饲料进行室内饲养后,分别测定取食半人工饲料后香樟齿喙象幼虫的发育历期、体重、死亡率和化蛹率,以及饥饿12 h后取食含不同植物源成分的半人工饲料的4龄幼虫体内解毒酶(谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶、羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶)活性时序变化。【结果】香樟齿喙象幼虫的发育历期在取食含不同植物源成分的半人工饲料之间存在显著差异。取食含香樟成分的半人工饲料的幼虫发育历期最短(100.13 d),取食含浙江楠成分的半人工饲料的幼虫发育历期最长 (123.33 d);整个幼虫期的死亡率以取食含浙江桂成分的半人工饲料的幼虫最高(41.67%),以取食含香樟成分的半人工饲料的幼虫最低(10.00%);化蛹率以取食含香樟成分的半人工饲料的最高(87.32%);取食含香樟成分的半人工饲料的幼虫体重增长速率也明显高于取食含浙江桂或浙江楠成分的半人工饲料的幼虫。饥饿12 h后取食含不同植物源成分的半人工饲料的香樟齿喙象4龄幼虫体内GST和 AChE活性并无显著差异(P＞0.05);而取食含香樟成分的半人工饲料的幼虫CarE活性在60 h时大幅度上升。【结论】说明香樟齿喙象对天然寄主香樟具有较强的生理适应性,这可能与其专食性密切相关;同时,也表明香樟齿喙象可以通过调节自身生长发育和解毒代谢功能来适应不同寄主植物。     

Cellulolytic Activity of Three Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Sm.) Sacc. Isolates Pathogenic towards Wheat Seedlings

Fusarium culmorum isolates pathogenic to wheat (severely, medium and weakly pathogenic) proved to be producers of endo-1,4-β-glucanase and exo-1,4-β-glucanase. The activity of the latter enzyme was low. There was no correlation between the activities in vitro of the two enzymes and pathogenicity of the isolates.     

Physiological responses of emerald ash borer larvae to feeding on different ash species reveal putative resistance mechanisms and insect counter-adaptations

Emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, an Asian wood-boring beetle, has devastated ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees in North American forests and landscapes since its discovery there in 2002. In this study, we collected living larvae from EAB-resistant Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandschurica), and susceptible white (Fraxinus americana) and green (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) ash hosts, and quantified the activity and production of selected detoxification, digestive, and antioxidant enzymes. We hypothesized that differences in larval physiology could be used to infer resistance mechanisms of ash. We found no differences in cytochrome P450, glutathione-S-transferase, carboxylesterase, sulfotransferase, and tryptic BApNAase activities between larvae feeding on different hosts. Despite this, Manchurian ash-fed larvae produced a single isozyme of low electrophoretic mobility that was not produced in white or green ash-fed larvae. Additionally, larvae feeding on white and green ash produced two serine protease isozymes of high electrophoretic mobility that were not observed in Manchurian ash-fed larvae. We also found lower activity of β-glucosidase and higher activities of monoamine oxidase, ortho-quinone reductase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase in Manchurian ash-fed larvae compared to larvae that had fed on susceptible ash. A single isozyme was detected for both catalase and superoxide dismutase in all larval groups. The activities of the quinone-protective and antioxidant enzymes are consistent with the resistance phenotype of the host species, with the highest activities measured in larvae feeding on resistant Manchurian ash. We conclude that larvae feeding on Manchurian ash could be under quinone and oxidative stress, suggesting these may be potential mechanisms of resistance of Manchurian ash to EAB larvae, and that quinone-protective and antioxidant enzymes are important counter-adaptations of larvae for dealing with these resistance mechanisms.     

取食臭椿不同部位对沟眶象和臭椿沟眶象成虫消化解毒酶的影响

沟眶象Eucryptorrhynchus scrobiculatus和臭椿沟眶象E.brandti是取食单一寄主臭椿Ailanthus altissima不同部位的钻蛀性害虫。二者成虫羽化后交配之前均需补充营养,且取食臭椿不同部位(叶柄、1年生枝、2～3年生枝、主干)对其雌成虫生殖系统发育的影响差异显著。就臭椿沟眶象雌成虫而言,只有取食主干才能够产卵;而对沟眶象雌成虫来说,则只有取食2～3年生枝的无法产卵。本研究使用臭椿的4种不同部位(叶柄、1年生枝、2～3年生枝、主干)饲喂这两种象甲成虫,利用ELISA试剂盒测定两种象甲的3种解毒酶(谷胱甘肽转移酶、羧酸酯酶和细胞色素P450)和3种消化酶(胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶)的酶活性。结果表明,两种象甲中后肠的6种酶活性在取食不同寄主部位后发生显著性差异。其中,臭椿沟眶象雌成虫取食主干显著降低其中后肠的CarE酶活性,沟眶象雌成虫取食2～3年生枝能显著提高中后肠的CarE酶活性,同时降低中后肠AMY酶活性。本文明确了寄主植物不同部位对这两种象甲成虫中后肠消化解毒酶活性的影响,分析了两种象甲初羽化雌成虫补充营养造成生殖系统发育差异的原因,对后续...     

Within and between seasonal changes of detoxifying capabilities of Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera : Gracillariidae) larvae

Cameraria ohridella is an invasive leaf miner, a severe pest of horse chestnut trees. Chemical control needs recognition of intrinsic metabolic capability to cope with external stressing factors. Our tasks were to check annual effects of generation, and host tree age on detoxifying abilities of the last larval stage. Activities of CAT, SOD, GSTPX, GST CarE and AChE were assayed in the midgut of larvae from two localities during 3 years and three generations, annually. Activities of GSTPX and GST were high, but CAT and SOD were low in relation to other lepidopteran larvae. In general, the second generation larvae had the highest activity, indicating an effective defence against allelochemicals produced by the host. Effects of host tree age were significant for SOD, GSTPX and CarE activities. Significant annual differences on enzyme profiles of CAT, SOD, CarE and AChE reflected differences of temperature and precipitation between consecutive years.     

Digestive enzymes of two brachyuran and two anomuran land crabs from Christmas Island,Indian Ocean

The digestive ability of four sympatric land crabs species (the gecarcinids, Gecarcoidea natalis and Discoplax celeste and the anomurans, Birgus latro and Coenobita perlatus) was examined by determining the activity of their digestive enzymes. The gecarcinids are detritivores that consume mainly leaf litter; the robber crab, B. latro, is an omnivore that preferentially consumes items high in lipid, carbohydrate and/or protein; C. perlatus is also an omnivore/detritivore. All species possess protease, lipase and amylase activity for hydrolysing ubiquitous protein, lipid and storage polysaccharides (glycogen and starch). Similarly all species possess enzymes such as N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, the cellulases, endo-β-1,4-glucanase and β-glucohydrolase and hemicellulases, lichenase and laminarinase for the respective hydrolysis of structural substrates chitin, cellulose and hemicelluloses, lichenan and laminarin. Except for the enzyme activities of C. perlatus, enzyme activity could not be correlated to dietary preference. Perhaps others factors such as olfactory and locomotor ability and metabolic status may determine the observed dietary preferences. The digestive fluid of C. perlatus possessed higher endo-β-1,4-glucanase, lichenase and laminarinase activities compared to that of the other species. Thus, C. perlatus may be efficient at digestion of cellulose and hemicellulose within plant material. Zymography indicated that the majority of protease, lipase, phosphatase, amylase, endo-β-1,4-glucanase, β-glucohydrolase and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase isozymes were common to all species, and hence were inherited from a common aquatic ancestor. Differences were observed for the phosphatase, lipase and endo-β-1,4-glucanase isozymes. These differences are discussed in relation to phylogeny and possible evolution to cope with the adoption of a terrestrial diet.     

pH控制下绿色木霉（Trichoderma viride）流加发酵生产纤维素酶

绿色木霉（Trichodermaviride）在pH控制发酵条件下,采用流加葡萄糖发酵策略,可显著提高综合滤纸酶活力（FPA）和内切酶（endo—β—1,4-glucanase,EG）、外切酶exo—β-1,4-glucanase,CBH）、纤维二糖酶（cellobiase,CB）酶活。在5L发酵罐中采用pH控制和流加葡萄糖工艺,可提高CB酶含量,改变酶组分之间的比例,使得FPA、EG、CB和CBH酶活分别达到50．0U／mL,210．0U／mL,4．0U／mL和2．5U／mL,比摇瓶发酵分别提高了6．7．4．2、19、2．5倍。