重庆市野生黄精中重金属含量分析与评价

目的：建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定不同产地黄精中砷、铅、铬、镉、汞含量的方法，进行含量分析，为黄精的医用和食疗安全提供理论基础。方法：采用ICP-MS法对52份野生黄精样品中5种重金属进行检测，内标法定量，并进行数据分析。结果：野生黄精中5种重金属的方法检出限为0.002～0.020 mg/kg，回收率为95.5%～104.4%，精密度为2.8%～4.6%；野生黄精根茎中含量高低依次为铬、铅、镉、砷和汞，各元素间呈正相关；巫山的铬和砷显著高于其他地区，奉节的铅最高，石柱的镉显著高于其他地区；黄精不同部位的重金属含量高低：根须>根茎>叶子>种子，其中根须的铬含量高达4.406±1.021 mg/kg。结论：野生黄精的重金属含量存在一定的地域性差异；不同部位的含量也有差异：地下部位（根须、根茎）含量大于地上部位（叶子、种子）。本研究可为黄精的外源性污染提供数据支撑。     

四种重金属在金针菇栽培过程中的迁移规律

为了掌握铅、镉、砷、汞4种有害重金属元素在金针菇栽培过程中的富集和迁移,为金针菇产品质量控制提供依据。采用在培养料中添加一定量的铅、镉、汞、砷栽培金针菇,测定其在各栽培阶段培养料、金针菇子实体中的含量。结果表明,在试验的浓度范围内,金针菇子实体中4种重金属的含量随着培养料中添加量的增加而增加,说明金针菇子实体中4种重金属主要是来源于培养料,但金针菇子实体对不同重金属的吸收富集能力不同,对汞的吸收富集能力最强,富集系数最高达到7.590,富集能力大小依次为汞>镉>砷>铅。     

湘潭莲子种植区土壤和莲子重金属污染的生态风险评价

为探讨湘潭莲子种植区土壤重金属的污染特征及潜在生态风险, 以6个主要的莲子种植区为研究对象, 分析了土壤和莲子籽粒中锰、铜、砷、镉、铅和铬的含量和污染特征, 并利用潜在生态危害指数法评价了土壤重金属的综合潜在生态风险。结果表明: 6种重金属中镉含量平均值高于风险筛选值, 低于风险管制值, 其它重金属含量的平均值低于或接近风险筛选值。各元素生态风险从大到小依次是镉、铅、砷、铜、铬、锰。6个位点的综合生态危害指数平均值为224.7, 属于中等污染风险水平。各位点对应的莲子也受到一定程度的重金属污染, 籽粒中镉和铅存在超标现象。通过以上分析说明, 莲子种植区土壤重金属整体呈现出中等生态风险状态。为了确保莲子的安全生产, 有必要加强莲子种植区的土壤检测和治理。     

哈尔滨市松北区农田土壤中重金属含量概况

通过对哈尔滨市松北区农田土壤中重金属含量的分析和评价,该地区农田土壤中的铅、砷、汞、镉、铬、铜重金属元素均符合NY/T391—2000《绿色食品产地环境技术条件》中"土壤中各项污染物的含量限值"的标准,这表明该地区的土壤环境质量良好,未受到重金属元素的污染,适宜农业种植生产。     

不同灵芝子实体及其粗多糖中微量元素及重金属含量分析*

利用电感耦合等离子发射光谱-质谱联用法(ICP-MS)、原子荧光法(AFS)和原子吸收法(AAS)对不同品种灵芝子实体中的生物必需微量元素、有毒的微量元素及重金属元素的含量进行了测定,并对其营养性和安全性进行了分析。与砷、镉、汞相比,在所有品种的灵芝中重金属铅的含量相对较高,但是在对全国各地收集的灵芝及其培养基分析,灵芝对铅没有生物富集的作用。另外,灵芝粗多糖中各种元素的含量均明显高于提取用的灵芝子实体,其中铅和砷含量高于国家标准,其安全性应该受到重视。     

污泥与园林废弃物混合堆肥对波斯菊生长及重金属积累的影响

随着城镇人口增加和城市化的快速发展,每天产生大量的污泥和园林废弃物,而厌氧消化的污泥与园林废弃物的混合堆肥产品应用于林地土壤改良,是城市废弃物循环利用的一种经济有效的方式。本研究在北京平原造林区开展试验,探讨混合堆肥对波斯菊的生长及对重金属元素吸收的影响。结果表明:施用堆肥对土壤全氮和有机质含量无显著影响; Cu、Zn、Cd三种重金属元素在土壤中主要以残渣态的形态存在;施用堆肥提高了土壤Cu、Zn含量,但Zn总量未超过土壤环境质量标准(GB 15618—2018)中的土壤污染风险筛选值300 mg·kg-1,Cu在施肥量较高时超过土壤污染风险筛选值100 mg·kg-1;土壤背景值中Cd含量已经高于土壤污染风险管制值4.0 mg·kg-1,施用堆肥对Cd含量的影响无明显规律;波斯菊株高、生物量和花数均随着堆肥施用量的增加而增加;波斯菊对重金属元素的富集性表现为CuCdZn。本研究表明,北京平原造林区的人工林生态系统可以忍受一定浓度的污泥和园林废弃物混合堆肥,并利用其中的营养物质,提高土壤肥力,促进植物生长。     

龙胜县丘陵山区土壤与罗汉果重金属含量及潜在生态危害评价——以宝赠村为例

桂林市龙胜县作为罗汉果的三大主产区之一,种植区土壤重金属含量及罗汉果质量影响到该区罗汉果产业的健康发展.为探索龙胜县丘陵山区典型贫困村罗汉果园的安全性,该文研究了宝赠村典型罗汉果园土壤及罗汉果果实中砷、铜、锌、铅、镉、铬、汞7种重金属含量,并采用Hankanson指数法分析了其潜在生态风险.结果表明:(1)龙胜丘陵山区...     

仿生提取ICP-MS法测定冬虫夏草8种重金属含量及健康风险评价

目的：建立冬虫夏草中铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）、汞（Hg）、砷（As）、铜（Cu）、银（Ag）、锡（Sn）和锑（Sb）8种重金属的仿生提取含量测定方法,并对其健康风险进行评价。方法：采用人工胃液、人工肠液仿生提取冬虫夏草中可溶性重金属,ICP-MS法测定重金属含量,靶标危害系数（THQ）法评价健康风险。结果：8种重金属在各自质量浓度范围内线性关系良好（R2> 0.997 0）,平均回收率84.05%～114.71%(RSD 2.9%～4.9%)。冬虫夏草中As、Hg、Cu、Cd、Sb、Pb、Ag总量均值依次为12.122、0.644、15.828、0.095、0.027、0.636、0.075 mg·kg-1,未检出Sn。As、Hg、Cu、Cd、Pb、Ag在人工胃液溶出率大于人工肠液,其在人工胃液中的溶出率均值为19.69%～52.62%,在人工肠液中的溶出率均值为0%～16.05%;Sb在人工肠液的溶出率25.54%大于人工胃液的溶出率14.68%。健康风险评价结果显示,As、Hg、Cu、Cd、Pb、Ag、Sb的THQ均<1,表明冬虫夏草中上述8种重金属不会对人体造成明显的健...     

重金属污染土壤中微生物的多样性

<正>土壤重金属污染是指人类活动将重金属混入到土壤中,致使土壤中重金属含量明显高于原有含量,并造成生态环境质量恶化的现象[1]。污染土壤的重金属主要包括汞(Hg)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)和类金属砷(As)等生物毒性显著的元素,以及有一定毒性的锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、镍(Ni)等元素。除了来自农药、废水、污泥和     

武汉市蔬菜重金属污染现状的调查与评价

通过对武汉市6种蔬菜的供食部位及所对应的土壤中重金属Hg(汞)、Cu(铜)、Pb(铅)、Cd(镉)、Cr(铬)、Zn(锌)、As(砷)含量及分布特征进行了检测,结果表明:Pb、Cr是武汉市蔬菜中主要的污染元素;Hg、Cd只在个别叶菜类上超标;Zn、Cu、As无超标样。在所时应的土样中,普遍存在污染的是Cd,其它6种重金属元素均未超标。     

Distribution and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Xinzhuangzi Reclamation Soil from the Huainan Coal Mining Area,China

The contamination of coal-mine soil by heavy metals is a widespread problem. This study analyzes the heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cr, Cd, and Hg) found in 33 surface soil samples from Xinzhuangzi, China restored coal-mining land used as cultivated land. The results show that the selected elements were cumulative, especially for Cd. An index of geo-accumulation indicates that the soil was practically uncontaminated by Cu, Zn, Ni, and Hg, uncontaminated to moderately contaminated by Pb and Cr, and moderately to heavily contaminated by Cd. Based on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's ecological soil screening levels (Eco-SSLs) for Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, and Cd and the Dutch Target and Intervention Values for Cr and Hg, the plants and soil invertebrates were not likely greatly influenced by the selected metals. Although the Cd concentration was found to have no significant effect on plants and soil invertebrates, it is the only metal with a concentration significantly above that required by Chinese standards (HJ/T 332–2006) for edible agricultural products, indicating that Cd is the predominant factor that determines the use of the reclaimed coal-mining area for farmland. Thus, employing the reclaimed land as farmland may not be a good option.     

天山土壤微量(类)重金属的来源解析及潜在生态危害评估

从天山山地3个区段(巴里坤-伊吾、乌鲁木齐-阿克苏、昭苏-特克斯)采集土壤样品,测定了其中(类)重金属Pb、Ni、Cd、Co、Hg、Cu、Mn、Zn、Cr和As的含量.运用经典统计学与多元统计方法分析了这些(类)重金属的来源;同时采用污染指数法与潜在生态风险指数法,并结合天山及新疆土壤背景值、国家土壤质量标准开展了区域土壤微量(类)重金属生态风险的评价.结果表明： 所测10种(类)重金属的平均含量均高于天山或新疆土壤背景值.从变异系数来看,均为中等变异.总体上看,天山山地土壤中10种(类)重金属的含量均较低;主成分分析显示,10种元素可以辨识出 2 个主成分,主成分1(PC1,包括Cd、Pb、Hg、Mn和Zn)为人为源因子,主成分2(PC2,包括Cu、Ni、Cr、Co和As)为自然源因子.Mn 和As在PC1和PC2上均有较大载荷,主要受人为源和自然地质背景的共同控制;污染评价表明, 重金属Hg、Cd在天山中部的乌鲁木齐-阿克苏区段、As在天山西部的昭苏-特克斯区段的单因子污染指数(P_i)属于警戒等级,其他均属于安全等级和清洁水平.从综合污染(P_z)指数来看,天山中部乌鲁木齐 阿克苏区段土壤中10种(类)重金属元素的综合污染程度均属于轻度污染,其他两个区段均属于清洁水平;生态风险评估表明,重金属Hg、Cd在天山中部乌鲁木齐 阿克苏区段,As在天山西部昭苏 特克斯区段的潜在生态风险系数(E_i^r)和生态危害指数(RI)相对较高.     

Thlaspi caerulescens on nonmetalliferous soil in Luxembourg: ecological niche and genetic variation in mineral element composition

Forty-seven populations of Thlaspi caerulescens in Luxembourg were characterised for population size, soil mineral element composition and other habitat characteristics. Foliar concentrations of eight elements were assessed in 15 populations in the field and in eight populations cultivated in zinc (Zn)-cadmium (Cd)-nickel (Ni)-enriched soil. T. caerulescens favoured stony soil developed on steep, south-facing Emsian shale outcrops. All soil samples were nonmetalliferous. Soil pH ranged from 4.2 to 6.9. Field-growing plants had very high concentrations of heavy metals in the leaves (Zn, 3000-13 000 mg kg(-1); Cd, 11-44 mg kg(-1); Ni, 38-473 mg kg(-1)). Positive soil-plant correlations existed for Zn and Mn. In cultivation, significant genetic variation was found for biomass and six of eight mineral elements. For Cd and Zn, variation range among 48 half-sib families was two-fold (Cd, 183-334 mg kg(-1); Zn, 8030-16 295 mg kg(-1)). Most of the variation occurred among populations, consistent with the selfing mating system of those populations. There was a tight Zn-Cd genetic correlation (r = +0.83, P < 0.0001). The significance of the results to the conservation of T. caerulescens in Luxembourg is briefly discussed.     

冬虫夏草生境选择主导因子

采用样方法对冬虫夏草生境的海拔、坡度、植被和土壤等环境因子进行了探索研究。结果表明:(1)冬虫夏草主要分布在海拔4000～4500m、坡度为15°～30°的上坡位高山草甸中。(2)PCA分析表明:植被和地形是影响冬虫夏草分布的主导因子。(3)不同深度土壤养分含量统计分析表明:在不同深度层次的土壤中,水分、pH值、全氮和全磷的差异不显著,有机质、有机碳、水解氮和有效磷的差异极显著。(4)对土壤养分含量判别分析表明:5cm土壤中,吸湿水、有机碳、有机质和水解氮显著影响冬虫夏草种群分布;15cm土壤中,全氮显著影响冬虫夏草种群分布;25cm土壤中,吸湿水、有机碳和有机质显著影响冬虫夏草种群分布;而自由水、pH值、全磷和有效磷对冬虫夏草种群分布的影响不显著。(5)植物盖度、植物数量和坡度直接影响冬虫夏草种群分布,而土壤则通过影响植物和土壤温湿度来间接影响冬虫夏草种群分布。     

Evaluation of bioconcentration factors of metals and non-metals in crops and soil from abandoned mines in Korea

Hazard evaluation of different heavy metal exposure on the crops cultivated around two abandoned metal mine sites was conducted. Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) of nine heavy metals including Cu, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Zn, Pb, Mn, and Al in the samples of brown rice cultivated at exposed soil were measured. Soil-plant BCF was measured and compared with Korean and US EPA standards. BCF values of analyzed heavy metals except Hg and As were below the limits. BCF of Hg was over 5 times higher than the standard limit. Excess cancer risk (ECR) and hazard quotient (HQ) values of As was higher than the limit and suggested to have carcinogenic as well as non-carcinogenic threat to the public exposed to the sites. The data presented could be utilized in prioritizing abandoned metal mine sites for health effect survey.     

成都平原北部水稻土重金属含量状况及其潜在生态风险评价

为了解成都平原水稻土重金属含量状况和潜在的生态风险,选取成都平原北部水稻土典型区域为研究对象,采集了158个表层土壤样品,分析了土壤中pH值和Cd、Cu、As、Hg、Pb、Cr、Ni 7种重金属元素含量,以20世纪80年代测定的成都平原土壤重金属元素背景值为评价标准,采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对研究区域的重金属潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:研究区域水稻土Cd、Hg、Ni、Cu、Pb、Cr和As平均含量分别为0.709、0.187、32.08、34.12、31.52、82.13 mg/kg和7.25 mg/kg;Cd、Ni、Cu和Hg 4种重金属超过《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995) Ⅱ级标准值样本比例分别为87.34%、8.23%、3.80%和3.80%,Cd含量超标严重。7种重金属元素变异系数幅度为18.35%-49.03%,由大到小依次为Cd、Hg、Cu、As、Ni、Cr、Pb。75.32%的样本达到中度或较强重金属潜在生态风险,区域整体表现为中度潜在生态风险(RI平均值为198.65),Cd和Hg为高生态风险元素,对潜在生态风险贡献率分别为62.27%和20.78%,As、Pb、Cu、Ni、Cr为低生态风险元素;风险概率图显示城区周边和绵远河沿线的潜在生态风险等级较高。因此,成都平原水稻土农业生产中应采取一定的措施防控农产品Cd和Hg污染。     

Assessment of potential health risk of heavy metals in soils from a rapidly developing region of China

Soil heavy metal contamination is a major environmental concern, and health risk associated with heavy metals is not fully explored. A combination of spatial analysis and Monte Carlo simulation was successfully used to identify the possible sources and health risk of cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu) in soils collected from a rapidly developing region of China. It was found that mean concentrations of Cd (0.17 mg/kg ), As (8.74 mg/kg ), Hg (0.15 mg/kg ), Pb (27.28 mg/kg ), and Cu (33.32 mg/kg ) were greater than the soil background values. Accumulation and spatial variability of heavy metals were significantly affected by anthropogenic activities and soil properties. The risk assessment indicated that non-carcinogenic risk was not significant. However, 95% of the total cumulative carcinogenic risk of children was greater than 1E-05, implying high potential carcinogenic risk with As and Pb representing the major contributors. Ingestion of heavy metals in the soils was the main exposure pathway compared with the inhalation and the dermal exposure. Concentration of heavy metals in the soils, particulate emission factor, and dermal exposure ratio were the major parameters affecting health risk. This study highlights the importance of assessment of soil direct exposure health risk in studying heavy metal exposures.     

Sources and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal(loid)s in Agricultural Soils of Huzhou,China

To identify sources of heavy metal(loid) (HM) contamination in agricultural soils of Huzhou, surface soil samples were sampled from 89 different agricultural regions in 2012. Concentrations of heavy metal(loid)s, along with pH, total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and soil organic matter (SOM), were determined. Ecological risk was then assessed using a modified Hakanson ecological risk index, and the sources of contamination were determined using principal component analysis (PCA). Mean concentrations of heavy metal(loid)s were 10.26, 23.21, 83.75, 22.81, 0.25, 61.86, 33.03, and 0.15 mg kg^?1 for As, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg, respectively. Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Hg, and Pb were correlated positively with TP and there were obvious positive correlations among Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, and Cd. Risk index (RI) values varied from 39 to 1246 with a mean value of 137. Enrichment of Pb, Zn, Cu, and especially Cd can be attributed to excessive use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers containing heavy metals, as well to surface irrigation and natural soil formation. While the ecological risk of most agricultural soils in Huzhou is low, it is recommended that the use of phosphate and nitrogen fertilizers be restricted and production technology be improved to reduce the heavy metal(loid) concentrations. Results suggest that the Chinese environmental quality standard for soil should be revised to better address heavy metal(loid) contamination.     

麦积山风景区不同生境类型蝶类的多样性

于2003~2004年对麦积山地区不同生境类型中蝴蝶多样性进行调查研究。依据海拔高度、气候、土壤和植被的不同将该地区的蝴蝶生境划分为3种类型:林缘山地、森林林地、裸岩。共收集蝴蝶3950只,隶属8科43属64种。计算了3种生境类型中蝶类物种丰富度、相似性系数、多样性指数。其中,蝴蝶物种丰富度由大到小为森林林地(8·8359)>林缘山地(6·1442)>裸岩(1·4711),物种多样性指数由大到小为森林林地(H'=1·4068)>裸岩(H'=0·9746)>林缘山地(H'=0·9201);森林林地和林缘山地的相似性系数最高(0·2221),其次是林缘山地和裸岩(0·0869),森林林地和裸岩相似性系数最低(0·0656)。     

青海祁连地区不同生境类型蝶类多样性研究

于1997－1999年对青海祁连地区不同生境类型中蝴蝶多样性进行了研究。研究中依据海拔高度、气候、土壤和植被的不同将该地区的蝴蝶生境划分为5种类型：山缘农田、山地草原、森林草原、高寒灌丛草甸、裸岩。共收集蝴蝶4367只,隶属于6科35属53种,计算了5种生境类型中蝶类物种丰富度、相似性系数、多样性指数,其中,蝶类物种丰富度由小到大的顺序为：裸岩（6种）＜山地草原（13种）＜森林草原（14种）＜高寒灌丛草甸（22种）＜山缘农田（H′＝2.7071）、高寒灌丛草甸（H′=2.7734）;森林草原和山缘农田的相似性系数最高（0.3704）,其次为山地草原和高寒灌丛草甸（0.2500,裸岩与其他生境类型的相似性系数最低。