生态保护区外斑块对景观连接度的影响评价

快速的城市化过程带来的生境斑块破碎化及损失会影响物种迁移、捕食等生态活动,对生物多样性构成威胁。然而,现有生态保护区可能无法覆盖其内生物的必要活动范围。生态保护区外的生境斑块对于维持生态过程也具有重要作用,因此识别生态保护区外的关键斑块并加以保护非常重要。以北京市延庆区为研究区,划分两种生境斑块,即核心生境斑块和潜在生境斑块,并基于图论构建生境网络。考虑地表覆盖类型、坡度、人类活动等因素构建生境阻力面。结合未来土地利用类型变化的模拟,研究城市化过程对区域生境网络和景观连接度的影响,选用CLUE-S模型模拟土地利用类型变化的格局。结合生境斑块特征和未来城市土地利用变化情况设计了3种未来生境变化情景。利用连接概率指数(PC)和网络连接度变化率(dI)评价不同生境变化情景下生态保护区外潜在生境斑块的景观连接度重要性,判断保护优先顺序,并分析景观格局变化对不同迁移能力物种的影响。结果表明：生态保护区外的全部潜在生境斑块对维持生境整体景观连接度有最大2.15%的影响,单个潜在生境斑块对维持景观连接度有最大0.28%的影响。此外,景观格局及其变化对不同迁移能力物种的影响差异显著,因此需针对保护物种和城市生境特征设计保护方案,研究区需要优先保护大中型斑块和位于关键位置的小型斑块。为了满足对生物多样性保护的需求,建议在区分生境斑块保护优先顺序时考虑生境斑块对景观连接度的贡献和城市化扩展过程的压力。研究为城市生物多样性保护和生境管理提供了方法参考。     

不同鸟类生境网络复合与优化——以苏锡常地区白鹭、鸳鸯、雉鸡为例

通过复合优化不同焦点物种的生境网络表征多数物种生境网络实现物种多样性保护,具有重要理论价值和实践意义。以苏锡常地区为研究区域,以白鹭、鸳鸯和雉鸡3种鸟类为焦点物种,通过采用生境斑块约束条件模型与最小成本路径法相结合的方法识别出生境网络;从满足集合覆盖问题视角出发,通过采用网络构成要素复合的方法进行网络复合,其中廊道与廊道的复合通过采用评价生态系统服务价值的方法实现;通过采用观测数据为生境斑块和迁移廊道增补依据的方法进行复合生境网络优化。结果表明:生境网络经过复合,廊道总面积、总长度及生态系统服务价值在分别减少了16%、68%和10%的情况下,保持了斑块间的连接度、兼顾到经济效益和生态效益最大化、覆盖了占总数86%以上的75处观测点;复合生境网络经过优化,覆盖了2010年及以后所有84处观测点,廊道总面积、总长度及生态系统服务价值分别增加了19%、21%和27%;说明生境网络复合优化定量分析方法和思路具有可行性,为网络复合研究提供了借鉴。     

面向生境保护与连通性维护的鄂温克族自治旗生态空间划定

在人类活动及气候变化影响下,自然生境萎缩与破碎化现象严重,生境保护与生境间连通性维护增强对生物多样性保护具有重要的作用与意义。以鄂温克族自治旗为例,基于MaxEnt模型对物种分布数据与环境因子变量进行训练,支持物种基质阻力面构建和生境斑块识别,为最小成本路径模型(Least Cost Path Model, LCM)生境网络建模提供基础数据,并在模拟路径有效性筛选、廊道宽度生成等方面改进LCM,通过物种生境网络集成与验证,为面向生境保护与连通性维护的生态空间划定提供新的方法与思路。结果表明：(1)生态空间发挥重要的栖息地保护作用,对重点表征物种栖息地保护率为100%,对其他物种栖息地保护率均值达到88%;(2)根据关联长度指数评价,生态空间对各物种的生境连通性维护作用明显,对凤头鸊鷉、大山雀、大斑啄木鸟、天鹅、赤狐、雀鹰等物种生境连通性的提升作用显著,最高可提升626%;(3)生态空间面积仅为鄂温克旗总面积的25.1%,为农牧业等人类活动留有较大发展空间;(4)伊敏河既是鄂温克旗重要生态主轴,也是社会经济发展主轴,应注意协调生态保护与社会经济发展的关系;(5)鄂温克旗东南部生境间连通性...     

基于生境组团化分析与景观廊道模拟的南京市白鹭生境网络构建与优化

保持生境连通性是全球生物多样性保护面临的主要挑战之一。生境网络构建与优化是一种积极主动的景观策略,但其成效取决于异质性景观背景下生境分布格局与物种响应。以南京市为例、白鹭为目标物种,开展了基于生境组团化分析与景观廊道(LSCorridors)模拟的生境网络构建与优化研究。通过整合生境适宜性评价、干扰度评价、最大熵(MaxEnt)模型模拟,实现了物种生境源地综合识别;利用景观连通性指标与核密度分析,识别了物种生境分布的组团化格局;在最小成本路径(LCPs)的基础上,定义了优化新增型与提升型两类廊道,并从物种感知与适应性变化出发,应用LSCorridors软件模拟了这两类目标优化廊道的多重随机路径及其空间范围。结果表明,南京市白鹭生境斑块共计428个,总面积达31525.75 hm²,主要是林地与水域,具有较为明显的破碎化和局部集聚特征,九大生境组团以南京长江段水域斑块为轴,沿两侧分布,彼此联系比较薄弱;最佳距离阈值4.5 km内,识别LCPs共907条,总长度1548.59 km,平均较短、分布紧凑,主要位于各生境组团内部,但仅少数连接着不同生境组团;确定的8条优化新增型廊道和10条优化提升型廊道,其LSCorridors模拟结果与LCPs存在空间偏差,前者更符合现实进而有益于避免保护低效和促进多类型、差异化的优化措施制定。研究成果能为面向生物多样性保护的南京市生境网络保护以及重点生态廊道的规划实践提供决策参考。     

基于不同网络构建方法的生境网络优化研究——以苏锡常地区白鹭为例

生境网络在支持物种长期存活中具有重要意义,由于受人类社会经济频繁活动的影响,迫切需要优化。选取城市化快速发展的苏锡常地区为研究区域,以湿地代表性鸟类白鹭为目标物种,利用2000、2010年土地利用/覆被数据,采用两种不同的网络构建方法,识别出恢复或新建生境节点或斑块,以及基于网络连接度并兼顾了集合覆盖问题遴选出重要新增生境节点,得到生境网络优化方案。结果表明:(1)恢复型生境节点对应的生境斑块面积在10—50 hm~2之间,以乔木林地为主;新建型生境节点对应的生境斑块是乔木林地和湖泊水库与河流兼而有之,均满足白鹭生境地类要求;优化的生境网络连接度较高、整体结构状况最好,兼顾了资源有限性下经济效益和生态效益最大化,与历史观测点实际情况较为吻合,可作为优化方案。(2)相同的生境斑块格局受生境格局时空变化、生态过程模拟方法及网络优化评判标准的影响,在采用不同网络构建方法时,会得到不同的网络结构及网络优化结果。采用时空格局变化与不同生态过程模拟相结合的网络优化方法,有助于分析格局-生态过程及网络结构变化情况,其思路为网络优化方法进一步深入研究提供了借鉴。     

土地利用变化对生境网络的影响——以苏锡常地区白鹭为例

生境网络对于物种更具有生态意义。研究土地利用变化对生境网络的影响,对破碎景观中种群的扩散和迁徙至关重要。研究结果有助于区域生境网络的恢复和完善,从物种的角度而非景观结构的角度优化生态网络。以城市化快速发展、土地利用变化明显的苏锡常地区为研究区域,优势湿地鸟类白鹭为代表物种,构建物种生境斑块约束条件概念模型,提出按照物种生活习性特征划分、选择生境斑块的方法,并从斑块和网络结构两个视角分析了土地利用变化对生境网络的影响。结果表明:(1)2000—2010年研究区白鹭生境的适宜地类总面积虽有所增加,但主要由于大量新增线性人为干扰致使白鹭生境网络质量下降;(2)白鹭生境网络在研究区不是全区覆盖的回路,基本由宜兴—溧阳片、无锡滨湖片、苏州吴中片和苏州阳澄湖片4个小片网构成,其完整程度按照宜溧片、滨湖片、吴中片、阳澄湖片降次排列;至2010年,宜溧片破坏最为严重,滨湖片和吴中片次之,阳澄湖片受破坏程度相对最弱。总体上,白鹭生境境况在10年间恶化明显,土地利用变化朝着不利于白鹭持续生存的方向发展。     

基于成本收益分析的生境网络优化——以苏锡常地区白鹭为例

引入经济学成本收益分析方法对于生境网络优化保护具有重要现实意义。以苏锡常地区白鹭生境网络优化为例,通过分别构建研究区生境网络保护成本与提升收益测算体系、模拟多种情景和优化方案、成本收益分析的方法,实现了满足不同约束条件的优化方案。结果表明:(1)最大收益累积情景下的方案在总收益最高的基础上,实现了保护总成本较低的目的;最佳效益累积情景下的方案在研究区土地资源有限和保护总成本最低的基础上,实现了优化成效最佳的目的;(2)最佳效益累积情景下的方案在实现成本最低的基础上,兼顾到了优化成效的最大化,适宜于土地资源稀缺且城市化快速发展地区;(3)有限效益累积情景作为最佳效益累积情景的基本模式,其优化方案在一定范围内可以兼顾到成本较低和成效较高。将经济学与生态学相结合的网络优化方法,综合考虑了研究区的生态、经济和社会等现实因素,极大的提高了网络优化方案操作的可行性,其思路和方法拓展了网络优化研究视角。但诸多实现因素也决定了成本与收益体系的构建还处于不断完善之中。     

长江下游平原区生态网络识别与优化——以常州市金坛区为例

生态网络识别与优化是保障区域生态安全格局,开展国土空间生态保护修复的重要研究手段。立足图论和景观生态学理论方法,以长江下游平原区的金坛区为例,利用遥感影像、土地利用数据、POI数据等,通过最小面积阈值、最佳距离阈值分析,识别了区域现状生态网络,开展了生态盲区指导下的生态网络优化,并对优化前后的生态网络性能、区域生境斑块重要性进行评价,取得以下研究结果：①开展生态盲区指导下生态网络优化,可显著提升区域景观连接度,且在生态水网区域具有较强适用性;②研究区存在生态景观断裂,生态网络布局亟待优化,经优化Harary指数增加了10.92倍,整体连接度指数提升了43.45%,可能性连接度指数提升了99.58%;③国土空间生态保护修复应重点关注关键区域整治,可采取重点斑块生态保护、关键节点生态修复、特殊区域生态建设等差异化生态网络修复策略。     

基于生物多样性的樟江流域自然保护地空间优化

优化生态保护空间格局是我国生态文明建设的重要内容,也是国际保护生态学研究的前沿方向。评估资源禀赋、识别并确定优先次序和预测保护区对保护和管理濒危物种至关重要。樟江流域内已占11.9%流域面积的保护区仍出现77.9%流域面积的生境显著退化,发展与保护亟待合理平衡。Zonation4GUI软件以互补性非穷尽式算法为基础,在优化已有保护网络并表征稀有性和独特性方面结果较为理想,以此展开樟江流域自然保护地空间整合优化路径研究。先人工预处理物种栖息地分布格局、物种保护权重、规划单元,并迭代选择输入性生境退化条件图层、保护代价图层,结合人工干扰情况提出三种不同情景下的优化方案。结果表明:保护优先区对代理物种栖息地有良好的覆盖效果,生态完整性优先情景和最小社会经济和土地资源代价的保护优化情景均呈现扩建小于8%的一级优先区域,所有保护对象均受到保护;加入27%左右的所有优先区域,两种优化方案覆盖所有保护对象栖息地的比例提升70.0%和59.0%。虽然生态完整性优先的优化情景优于最小社会经济和土地资源代价下的优化情景,但保护代价更高。人为干扰强烈的抢救优先的优化情景中, 90.7%的保护对象栖息地覆盖范...     

福建省自然保护区生态网络的构建与优化

自然保护区对维护物种多样性具有重要意义,但城市化的快速发展造成自然保护区不断被蚕食和破坏,保护区日益破碎,生物多样性不断减少.构建生态网络能够有效连接破碎生境,为物种保护提供空间保障.本文基于ArcGIS软件平台,在确定源地斑块和景观阻力面的基础上,采用最小耗费距离模型构建福建省自然保护区潜在生态网络,并基于连通性指数和重力模型对构建网络前后的连通性和廊道重要性进行定量分析和评价,最后提出生态网络优化的措施和对策.结果表明: 林地、草地、湿地是研究区潜在廊道的重要景观构成类型;面积大的生境斑块在网络中的重要性较高;构建网络后,景观整体连通性指数和可能连通性指数显著提高;不同斑块间的相互作用强度差异很大,但相互作用力大的斑块间的廊道在生态网络中的重要性程度较高.本研究结果可为福建省自然保护和规划提供科学参考和依据.     

建设用地减量化的苏锡常地区土地利用格局优化——基于白鹭生境网络优化视角

建设用地减量化管理国家战略的本质就是土地利用格局优化,具有重要理论价值和实践意义。以建设用地减量化为背景、快速城市化苏锡常地区为研究区,采用目标物种白鹭生境网络优化为减量化依据的方法,旨在回答"建设用地怎么减?减哪里?减多少?依据是什么?"的土地利用格局优化问题。结果表明:1)白鹭核心生境斑块距离人为干扰源较远,需减量化的建设用地数量较少,但多数核心生境斑块面积小于平均值,破碎化现象较严重;白鹭迁移廊道受人为干扰严重,需减量化的建设用地数量为6542.1 hm~2,占减量化总面积的99%以上;生态核心区经过耕地占补平衡后,城乡建设用地二次减量213.7 hm~2、新增水田208.7 hm~2;研究区建设用地减量化总面积6755.8 hm~2。2)通过增加核心生境斑块面积、提高迁移廊道通达安全性,白鹭生境网络优化了。同时完成了建设用地总量减量化,实现了区域土地利用格局优化的目的。     

Demography and feeding behavior of the kelp crab Taliepus marginatus in subtidal habitats dominated by the kelps Macrocystis pyrifera or Lessonia trabeculata

We studied the population and feeding ecology of the kelp crab Taliepus marginatus in subtidal kelp forests dominated by either of two morphologically different kelp species (Macrocystis pyrifera or Lessonia trabeculata) in northern Chile. The sizes and abundances of T. marginatus differed between the two kelp habitats. Kelp crabs were more abundant in the M. pyrifera forest than in the L. trabeculata forest. Size‐frequency distributions showed that juvenile and immature crabs were more common in the M. pyrifera forest than in the L. trabeculata forest, where reproductive adults predominated. The smaller crabs in the M. pyrifera habitat also consumed a higher proportion of kelp tissues than the larger crabs in the L. trabeculata habitat, which had a higher proportion of animal food in their diet. In both kelp forests, individuals of T. marginatus showed a similar pattern of nocturnal feeding over a 24‐h period, consuming more food at night than during the day. The more complex and dense forests of M. pyrifera appear to present better nursery habitats for juvenile kelp crabs than the more open and less dense forests dominated by L. trabeculata. These results suggest that the role of the two kelp habitats for T. marginatus varies during the life cycle of the kelp crabs, with M. pyrifera tending to have nursery function and L. trabeculata being more suitable as a reproductive habitat.     

基于生境可获得性的完达山地区马鹿(Cervus elaphus xanthopygus)冬季生境选择

于2004～2005年冬季研究了完达山地区马鹿的生境利用和选择。在野外调查的基础上,获取了研究地区马鹿种群水平上的生境利用数据;利用地理信息系统和遥感技术,从区域尺度上测度了各类生境因子的可获得性。通过比较被利用生境与可获得生境,测度了马鹿冬季对各类生境或生态因子的选择。结果表明,马鹿对植被类型、海拔、坡向、NDVI等级、到公路距离表现出非比例利用,对坡度的利用与其可获得性则没有显著性差异。马鹿选择采伐迹地,低郁闭度生境（第2、3NDVI等级）,200～300m海拔区间,南坡,距离公路600～700m的区间。马鹿采食生境和卧息生境对各类因子具有不同的选择性,表现出不同功能生境分离的特征。对于采食生境,马鹿选择采伐迹地、阔叶疏林,低郁闭度（第2、3NDVI等级）,南坡;对于卧息生境,马鹿仅选择采伐迹地,低郁闭度（第2、3、4NDVI等级）。根据马鹿活动样点的出现与否,建立了马鹿冬季生境选择的逻辑斯谛回归模型。模型回判结果表明,该模型对马鹿活动样方与对照样方的总体正确预测率为74．4％,对马鹿活动样方的正确预测率为84．2％,对对照样方的正确预测率为62．4％,能够较好的预测生境利用概率。     

Habitat characteristics of wintering Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix in the Centre Region of Cameroon: conservation implications

Populations of many Afro-Palearctic birds have declined, with those wintering in sub-Saharan Africa, such as Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix, particularly affected. In this study we investigated the relationship between habitat characteristics and Wood Warbler presence/absence in the Centre Region of Cameroon. A total of six transects were established in three habitat types (forest, forest–savanna transitional zone and savanna). Call playback surveys were conducted monthly from November 2015 to April 2016 to determine Wood Warbler presence/absence. Detailed habitat measurements were also recorded in each transect. A total of 86 responses were recorded: 33 (mean 6.6 ± 2.3) in forest habitat, 47 (mean 9.4 ± 3.36) in the forest–savanna transitional zone, and 6 (mean 2 ± 1.1) in savanna habitat. Wood Warbler presence increased significantly with the number of trees between 3 and 7 m in height, and decreased significantly with the number of shrubs between 0.5 and 3 m in height. Anthropogenic disturbance such as the agricultural cycle and burning were not found to have an effect on Wood Warblers presence/absence. We conclude that Wood Warblers overwinter in all three habitat types with probability of detection greatest in the forest–savanna transitional habitat with a relatively low canopy and an open understorey. Forest clearance in sub-Saharan Africa potentially threatens wintering habitat for Wood Warblers.     

动物的生境选择

动物的生境选择颜忠诚陈永林（中国科学院动物研究所,北京１０００８０）ＨａｂｉｔａｔＳｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｉｎＡｎｉｍａｌｓ．ＹａｎＺｈｏｎｇｃｈｅｎｇ,ＣｈｅｎＹｏｎｇｌｉｎ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＺｏｏｌｏｇｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｂｅｉｊｉ...     

Effects of forest degradation on butterfly communities in the Gwangneung Forest

This study was carried out to clarify the response of butterfly communities on forest degradation in the Gwangneung Forest, Korea. We monitored butterfly communities with varying degrees of human activities by conducting a line transect twice a month in 2011. A total of 70 species and 4676 individuals of butterflies were observed in four sites: natural forest (NR), two plantation forests, and the Korean National Arboretum (AR). The result on niche breadth, habitat breadth and habitat type of butterfly was not consistent with our predictions. Species richness of habitat type was only significantly different between NF and AR. Species diversity was significantly different among sites. Butterfly diversity associated with landscape patterns based on aerial photographs supported a mosaic concept. A forest management plan to conserve butterfly diversity in forests is necessary to maintain various habitats and to ensure that grasslands are protected.     

Habitat quality favoured over familiarity: a rejection of natal habitat preference induction in the mosquito Aedes albopictus

1. Natal habitat preference induction (NHPI) is a behavioural phenomenon in which offspring show a change in preference in adult oviposition choice as a function of experience as an immature. 2. Although well known in certain systems, such as herbivorous insects, this behaviour has not been well studied in aquatic insects. 3. The container–breeding mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) was used to test if NHPI occurs in aquatic insects under natural conditions of two leaf species as a nutritive base (Juniperus virginiana L. and Quercus virginiana Mill) and two larval densities. 4. Significant effects of leaf species and density on adult mosquito attributes were found, with J. virginiana and low larval density associated with more, faster developing, larger and more fecund mosquitoes. However, no evidence for NHPI was found. Instead a canalised behavior was found that included spreading eggs between high– and low–quality oviposition choices in the same proportions regardless of larval experience.     

Habitat selection for resting sites by the water opossum (Chironectes minimus) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

We evaluated the selection of resting sites occupied by the water opossum Chironectes minimus, between 2004 and 2010, in streams of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Fourteen radio-tracked adult (males and females) opossums used natural cavities as resting sites. Opossums selected narrow river stretches and selected their resting sites mainly according to characteristics favoring protection against adverse weather conditions. Likewise, opossums avoided disturbed habitats and established their resting sites in well-preserved riparian forest sites, selecting river sections containing a high density of trees and a high proportion of forest cover between the river banks and 50 m from the river. Besides increasing our knowledge on this species habitat selection, such findings further highlight this species’ sensitivity to human disturbance.     

Bayesian network model informs on the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on the population characteristics of an endangered plant species

Preservation of the endangered plant species requires knowledge of the impact of environmental factors on their populations. This study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of a Bayesian network (BN) model to analyze the impact of habitat conditions on the current characteristics of Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. population in NE Poland. The model was based on field data collected in 2011–2015 from 47 sites in the four largest forest complexes of NE Poland. The causal network between (1) the biotic and (2) abiotic factors as well as morphological-developmental features of individuals and demographic features of populations (20 attributes, 1573 records) was made using the Bayesian Search Algorithm in GeNIe 2.0. The results indicate that the greatest impact on the population features had the number of competing species in forest undergrowth and exposition of slopes. Diagnostic testing and sensitivity analysis revealed that these factors were the major variables determining the size of the population, developmental phase, and the size of individuals. Tenfold cross-validation revealed that this model was the most effective to analyze the impact of habitat conditions on the presence of generative shoots, developmental phase, and juvenile shoots. The optimal levels of factors following from the BN modeling of the impact of habitat conditions on the characteristics of the population will allow regular growth (size of individuals) and development (life cycle of individuals) of a given endangered species.