Biochemical Genetics of Short-Season Cotton Cultivars that Express Early Maturity Without Senescence

The present study is aimed to investigate the mechanism of the biochemical genetic in shortseasoned cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) (SSC). Ten cultivars from two types of SSC were selected, five SSC with no prematuresenescence crossed with five SSC with premature senescence. The parents, F1, and F2 from the reciprocal crosses were field tested in replication in 2001 and 2002. The results indicated that the activities of protective enzymes of the antioxidant system, such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD), were higher in the early maturing SSC with premature senescence compared with activities in the SSC parental cultivars that showed premature senescence, whereas the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in former group was lower than that in latter group. Various genetic variances and heritabilities for these biochemical traits and auxin (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), and chlorophyll (Chl a b) contents were also estimated. Significant additive variance for CAT, POD, ABA, and IAA existed, whereas CAT specific activity and SOD activity were largely controlled by dominant effects. Both maternal and dominant variances played equally predominant roles in the specific activity of POD and SOD, MDA, and soluble portents. The relative contribution of the various genetic components to the phenotypic variation varied in the boll-setting period.     

短季棉早熟不早衰生化性状的遗传分析

用5个早熟不早衰的短季棉品种和5个早衰的短季棉品种进行双列杂交,并对亲本、F1和F2代于2001年和2002年田间试验研究与短季棉早熟不早衰有关的抗氧化系统保护酶(SOD、POD和CAT)、叶绿素及激素(生长素和脱落酸)的遗传特性。结果表明：抗氧化系统保护酶CAT、POD和SOD存在着不同的遗传特性,CAT酶以加性上位性效应为主,其次为显性效应;POD酶以加性效应为主,其次为加性上位性效应;SOD酶活以显性效应为主,其次为加性上位性效应;IAA以显性效应为主,其次为加性效应;ABA以加性效应为主,其次为显性效应。且这些生化性状的遗传率较高,在后代能稳定遗传;同时棉株在不同发育时期体内生化性状表达不同,在花铃期CAT、POD和SOD酶以显性效应为主,其次为加性上位性效应,加性效应表达量很小;棉株体内生化性状的表达也是相互联系、相互制约,CAT酶与POD酶存在着遗传和表型负相关,与SOD酶存在着遗传和表型正相关;POD酶与SOD酶存在着遗传和表型负相关;抗氧化系统保护酶与激素之间存在着复杂的遗传关系。因此,研究生化性状的遗传特性和表达特征,为选育短季棉早熟不早衰新品种和生化性状的QTLs定位提供理论依据。     

锌硼营养对苦瓜产量品质与叶片多胺、激素及衰老的影响

采用田间试验、植株生理生化测定方法,研究了锌硼营养对苦瓜(株洲长白)产量品质与叶片多胺、激素及衰老的影响。结果表明,在锌硼缺乏的土壤中施用硫酸锌和硼砂均可提高苦瓜产量,并可提高苦瓜蛋白质、Vc和17种氨基酸含量,尤其是人体必需氨基酸含量,降低NO3^-含量,改善苦瓜品质。这与锌硼提高了叶片多胺(PAs)、腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)、精胺(Spm)、抗坏血酸(ASA)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)酶的活性,减少脱落酸(ABA)、丙二醛(MDA)含量,从而抑制膜脂过氧化有关试验结果同时表明苦瓜产量与叶片PAs、Put、Spd、Spm、GA3、SOD、POD、CAT呈极显著正相关,与叶片MDA与ABA含量呈极显著负相关。叶片MDA含量与ABA呈极显著正相关,而与PAs、Put、Spd、Spm、ASA、IAA、CA3、SOD、POD、CAT呈极显著负相关。     

郁金香衰老过程中几种保护酶活性的变化

两个郁金香品种在开花后随着可溶性蛋白含下降,细胞内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶３种保护酶活性也随之下降,同时发生过氧化产物丙二醛的迅速累积;     

冷害过程中黄瓜叶片SOD、CAT和POD活性的变化

实验选用3个耐冷力不同的黄瓜品种研究其叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）等3种抗氧化酶活性在冷害过程中的变化。结果表明：低温胁迫期间的CAT和POD活性与黄瓜叶片的耐冷力表现一致,SOD活性则与其耐冷力表现相反。低温胁迫后,3个品种的所有3种抗氧化酶活性均降低,叶片表现出明显的冷害症状,但耐冷力较高的津优10号仍然具有相对较高的CAT活性。恢复期的SOD活性无显著性变化;耐冷力最弱的津研4号和耐冷力中等的津绿3号的CAT活性上升而津优10号的CAT活性降低;3个品种的POD活性都增高,但津研4号的上升幅度明显高于其它2个品种,可能与POD能催化活性氧（ROS）产生有关。     

The effect of NaCl on antioxidant enzyme activities in potato seedlings

The effect of NaCl on the growth and activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were investigated in the seedlings of four potato cultivars (Agria, Kennebec; relatively salt tolerant, Diamant and Ajax; relatively salt sensitive). The shoot fresh mass of Agria and Kennebec did not changed at 50 mM NaCl, whereas in Diamant and Ajax it decreased to 50 % of that in the controls. In Agria and Kennebec, SOD activity increased at 50 mM NaCl, but no significant changes observed in Diamant and Ajax. At higher NaCl concentration, SOD activity reduced in all cultivars. CAT and POD activities increased in all cultivars under salt stress. Unlike the other cultivars, in Ajax seedlings, APX activity increased in response to NaCl stress. We also observed new POD and SOD isoenzyme activities and changes in isoenzyme compositions under salt stress. These results suggest that salt-tolerant potato cultivars may have a better protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS) by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (especially SOD) under salt stress.     

激动素和丁二酸拌种对玉米衰老过程中抗氧化系统和植物激素的影响

以‘郑单958’（晚衰型品种）和‘豫单2002’（早衰型品种）为实验材料,采用盆栽方式,0．03μg·kg-1的外源激动素（KT）和300mg·kg-1丁二酸复合剂进行拌种处理,研究拌种后玉米根叶衰老指标的变化及其化学调控效应。结果表明：激动素和丁二酸混合拌种后根系与叶片中超氧阴离子（O2-）产生速率、丙二醛（MDA）及脱落酸（ABA）含量低于其对照,而超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和生长素（IAA）含量却较高,据此认为膜脂过氧化得到缓解,根叶的生理功能期延长;且在整个生育期内各个叶位叶的MDA含量、SOD活性、ABA和IAA含量高于根系,但其O2-和IAA／ABA较低,表明根系的衰老早于叶片。综上可以推测,激动素和丁二酸拌种能有效防止根叶早衰,为提高玉米产量打下基础。     

蔗糖基聚合物对妃子笑荔枝座果率及其叶片中几种抗氧化酶活性的影响

用2%浓度的蔗糖基聚合物处理妃子笑荔枝,研究其对荔枝叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响。结果表明,在小果期喷施蔗糖基聚合物可提高妃子笑荔枝座果率,提高SOD、CAT活性,降低POD活性,在植株的抗逆、抗病及防止果实落果方面效果显著。     

枣花芽分化过程中营养物质和内源激素含量及抗氧化酶活性变化研究

以新疆主栽品种灰枣和骏枣的花芽为材料,测定不同分化时期花芽的可溶性糖、还原糖、淀粉、可溶性蛋白含量,SOD、POD、PPO、CAT活性以及内源GA3、IAA、ABA、ZT水平的变化,并分析它们与花芽分化的关系,为枣花芽分化调控提供理论参考.结果表明:(1)灰枣和骏枣花芽可溶性糖、还原糖和淀粉含量在花芽分化过程的变化趋势...     

Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in apple fruit during ripening and post‐harvest and with special reference to ethylene

Oxidative stress is involved in many biological systems, among which are fruit ripening and senescence. Free radicals play an important role in senescence and ageing processes. Plants have evolved antioxidative strategies in which superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) and catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) are the most efficient antioxidant enzymes, influencing patterns of fruit ripening. Variations in total SOD and CAT activities were determined at regular intervals during ripening and senescence in on‐tree and cold‐stored apple fruits of the cultivars Fuji and Golden Delicious. In all fruits, internal ethylene concentration was also measured. The results suggest that the onset of ripening, signalled by ethylene burst, is closely related to SOD and CAT activities. In on‐tree fruits the climacteric peak in ethylene was associated with the peaks of SOD and CAT activity in both cultivars. Quite different results were obtained in cold‐stored fruits: Ethylene concentration increased in both cultivars during the storage. CAT activity doubled in both cultivars. SOD activity decreased in Golden Delicious and peaked in Fuji.     

Sex-related adaptive responses of Populus cathayana to photoperiod transitions

Populus cathayana Rehd., a dioecious tree species, occupies a wide range of habitats in southwest China. Both males and females were grown under two regimes of photoperiod, from mid-length to short-day photoperiod (SD shift), or to long-day photoperiod (LD shift). SD shift triggered leaf senescence in both males and females by decreasing net photosynthesis rate ( A ), transpiration ( E ), and chlorophyll pigment ( Chl ), non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) contents, while increasing abscisic acid (ABA), malonaldehyde (MDA) and free proline (Pro) contents. The antioxidant enzyme (e.g. POD, CAT and SOD) activities and capability to maintain ultrastructural integrity also decreased under SD shift. Males exhibited faster leaf senescence than did females, as shown by greater decreases in A , E , Chl and IAA. However, males maintained a less senescent stage than did females, as indicated by higher values of A , Chl , NSC, IAA and antioxidant enzyme activities. Conversely, A , E , NSC and IAA contents and antioxidant enzyme activities were enhanced by lower O₂^•− in females, whereas reduced by higher O₂^•− in males under LD shift. Such sex-dependent responses of P. cathayana to photoperiod transitions showed that males and females possess different adaptabilities, which may relate to sex-specific leaf senescence speed under changing environments.     

低温条件下ABA和钨酸钠对茶树叶片中渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性的影响

为探讨外源脱落酸( ABA)及其抑制剂钨酸钠对茶树﹝Camellia sinensis ( Linn.) O. Ktze.﹞耐寒性的影响效应,以茶树品种‘龙井43’(‘Longjing 43’)的2年生幼苗为实验材料,在低温(4℃)条件下分别设置50 mg·L-1 ABA和20 mmol·L-1钨酸钠单一及复合处理共6个处理组( T1：仅喷施蒸馏水,对照;T2：仅喷施ABA;T3：仅喷施钨酸钠;T4：同时喷施ABA和钨酸钠; T5：0 h时喷施ABA,24 h时喷施钨酸钠; T6：0 h时喷施钨酸钠,24 h时喷施ABA),对处理0~72 h叶片中渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性的变化进行了比较分析。结果显示：低温条件下,各处理组幼苗叶片中可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量以及超氧化物歧化酶( SOD)、过氧化氢酶( CAT)和过氧化物酶( POD)活性均在处理初期逐渐升高,之后各指标的变化趋势存在差异。在处理的中后期,除T4处理组的游离脯氨酸含量低于对照组外,各处理组的可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量总体上显著高于对照组;T2处理组的SOD、CAT和POD活性均显著高于对照组,而T3处理组仅SOD活性明显高于对照组,其CAT和POD活性则低于或略高于对照组。对各单一与复合处理组的比较结果显示：T4处理组的SOD和POD活性总体上低于T2处理组,但高于T3处理组;而其CAT活性总体上低于T2和T3处理组。在处理24 h后,T5处理组的可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量以及SOD和POD活性的变化趋势与T2处理组一致;T6处理组的可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量及POD活性变化趋势与T3处理组一致,而其可溶性蛋白质含量以及SOD和CAT活性的变化趋势却与T3处理组有一定差异。上述研究结果表明：低温条件下喷施适量的ABA或钨酸钠均可以提升茶树叶片中渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性,但同时喷施ABA和钨酸钠对茶树叶片中渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性的影响却不显著。     

黄瓜叶片衰老过程中抗坏血酸含量与生理指标关系的研究

研究了黄瓜叶片衰老过程中抗坏血酸(ASA)含量及相关生理指标的变化,进一步分析了ASA与各相关生理指标之间的关系。结果显示,随着叶片逐渐衰老,丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率(REC)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著升高;光合色素、可溶性蛋白质含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及ASA含量显著降低;ASA与MDA含量、REC、POD活性之间呈显著负相关关系,ASA与CAT及SOD活性之间呈显著正相关关系。研究表明,ASA对减缓叶片衰老有重要作用。     

NaCl胁迫对阿月浑子实生苗活性氧代谢与细胞膜稳定性的影响

为研究阿月浑子(Pistacia vera)的耐盐性,对新疆两个主栽品种‘长果’和`Kerman'的1年生实生苗进行了控制条件下的NaCl胁迫实验,实验浓度为50、150、250和500 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup>,NaCl胁迫5、10和20 d后取叶片测定其细胞膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化。实验结果显示,在NaCl胁迫下,‘长果’和`Kerman'的膜透性和MDA含量均随NaCl浓度的升高而增加,表明NaCl胁迫致使阿月浑子膜脂过氧化程度加强,细胞膜稳定性受到破坏,其中‘长果’品种的膜透性和MDA含量增加幅度较大,受到的盐害较大。而SOD、CAT和POD活性则随NaCl浓度的升高先增加后下降,抗氧化酶活性(SOD、POD和CAT)之间协调变化有利于清除活性氧,维持活性氧代谢平衡,保护膜结构。实验结果也显示,随着NaCl胁迫时间的延长,两个品种的细胞膜结构和功能受损害程度有所缓解。这些指标中,‘长果’和`Kerman'品种的膜透性和MDA含量与SOD活性呈显著相关,表明植物细胞的质膜透性与脂质过氧化产物(MDA)含量有关,也与组织中自由基含量和保护酶活性密切相关。综合各项生理指标,`Kerman'品种相对‘长果’品种显示了较强的抗氧化能力,具有较强的耐盐能力。     

沙生柽柳扦插生根过程插穗相关理化特征分析

选取沙生柽柳半木质化枝条进行苗床扦插,通过实验测定插穗生根过程中内源激素(IAA、GA3、ZR、ABA)含量、可溶性营养物质(糖、蛋白质)含量及相关氧化酶(PPO、POD、SOD、IAAO)活性的动态变化特征,探讨沙生柽柳插穗扦插生根机理。结果表明:(1)沙生柽柳插穗内源激素含量随生根进程而发生变化,其中,IAA含量在扦插35d最大,并出现较大的波动变化;ZR含量在扦插55d前后变化明显,呈现低水平向高水平转化趋势;ABA、GA3含量依次呈先升高后降低再升高的变化过程,并在扦插15d和55d(80d)呈现变化的峰值和谷值。(2)沙生柽柳扦插生根与相关氧化酶活性密切相关,其中,POD、IAAO活性在插穗扦插35d后长时间保持较高水平,直至插穗生根后POD活性明显降低,IAAO活性有所增加;PPO、SOD活性则在插穗扦插15d保持较高活性,且PPO活性的变化均匀,SOD活性的高低交替变化明显。(3)在沙生柽柳扦插生根期间,插穗可溶性糖含量呈现生根前消耗减少与生根后积累增加两大变化过程,可溶性蛋白质含量表现为扦插后逐步积累增加的变化趋势。研究表明,高水平的IAA、ZR和低水平的GA3、ABA共同调控着沙生柽柳插穗生根;IAA能够通过促进插穗POD、PPO、IAAO活性变化来影响生根,较高的POD、IAAO活性可调节插穗IAA水平,高水平的PPO活性则催化插穗IAA-酚酸复合物的形成,进而诱导插穗生根。     

UV-B辐射增强和O3浓度升高对大豆叶片内源激素和抗氧化能力的影响

揭示大豆叶片内源激素对UV-B和臭氧胁迫的代谢机制和响应方式,为从分子水平研究植物内源激素对UV-B(Ultraviolet-B)和O3(Ozone)胁迫的适应机制奠定基础。以大豆(Glycine max.)为试验材料,利用开顶式气室研究UV-B(0.32W/m2)和O3((110±10)nmol/mol)复合胁迫对大豆叶片内源激素含量及活性氧代谢系统的影响。结果表明:在大豆整个生育期内,与对照相比,UV-B胁迫使大豆叶片ABA(Abscisic acid)含量、ZR(Zeatin riboside)含量和IAA(Indoleacetic acid)含量显著降低,IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA、(IAA+ZR)/ABA比值升高,O·-2(Superoxide anion free radical,O·-2)产生速率和MDA(Malonaldehyde)含量升高,SOD(Superoxide dismutase)、CAT(Catalase)和POD(Peroxidase)活性显著降低;高浓度O3胁迫下,大豆叶片ABA和IAA含量显著下降、ZR含量显著增加,IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA、(IAA+ZR)/ABA值显著升高,O·-2产生速率和MDA含量增加,SOD、CAT和POD活性显著降低;UV-B和O3复合胁迫下,大豆叶片ABA含量、ZR含量和IAA含量降低,ZR/ABA、(IAA+ZR)/ABA值下降,而IAA/ABA值升高,O·-2产生速率和MDA含量显著增加,SOD、CAT和POD活性显著降低。UV-B辐射增强和O3浓度升高单一及复合作用使大豆叶片内源激素间平衡改变,进而影响大豆叶片的代谢水平。持续胁迫下,植株抗氧化能力下降,对大豆表现为伤害效应。UV-B和O3复合胁迫比单独胁迫时的影响有所加深,但是小于两者单独作用时影响的简单累加。     

温水浸种对杜仲种子萌发过程中保护酶活性及内源激素含量变化的影响

探讨杜仲（Eucommia ulmoides Oliver）种子萌发过程中保护酶活性及内源激素含量的变化，为其种子破眠及萌发不同时期采取有效处理措施，从而提高出苗率提供参考。利用室温（CK）、40℃、50℃、60℃和70℃不同水温，探讨温水浸种对杜仲种子萌发的影响。种子萌发进程中，利用常规生理生化方法测定种子内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量，以及酶联免疫法测定赤霉素（GA₃）、吲哚乙酸（IAA）、脱落酸（ABA）和玉米素核苷（ZR）含量。结果表明：①温水浸种处理能提高了杜仲种子的发芽率及发芽势，其中以50℃温水处理最为显著。②与室温浸种处理相比，50℃温水浸种处理提高了种子内SOD及POD活性，减轻了质膜氧化损伤程度，致使MDA含量的持续下降，从而促使种子朝向有利于萌发的方向发展。此外，50℃温水浸种处理在提高种子内促进生长内源GA₃、IAA及ZR含量的同时，并降低了抑制生长的内源ABA含量，致使GA₃/ABA、IAA/ABA和ZR/ABA值均明显高于室内浸种处理，最终促进了杜仲种子的萌发。     

渗透胁迫对水稻幼苗膜脂过氧化及体内保护系统的影响

两个不同抗旱性的水稻品种对PEG6000渗透胁迫(-0.5MPa,-0.8MPa)的反应具有一定差异。渗透胁迫下SOD,POD和CAT活性及Vc,Car含量与膜脂过氧化水平及膜透性呈一定负相关性,表明这些指标可作为水稻抗旱育种的参考依据。     

Retardation of Leaf Senescence by Triadimefon Treatment in Mung Bean Seedling

Treatment of triadimefon on detached leaves of mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L. ) seedlings increased the levels of chlorophyll and soluble proteins. Declined activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate-peroxidase (AsA-POD) and contents of ascorbate (ASA) and glutathione (GSH) were observed during the senescence of detached young leaves. Triadimefon at concentration of 20 mg/L promoted the activities of POD, AsA-POD and levels of AsA and GSH, but had no effect on the activities of SOD and CAT. On the other hand, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased and the increase of which was markedly negative correlated with the activities of POD, AsA-POD and with the contents of AsA and GSH during the senescence of leaves. MDA contents were decreased by triadimefon treatment. These resuits suggested that triadimefon retarded the senescence of leaves in mung bean seedlings in terms of enhancing the protective ability of plant tissues against membrane lipid peroxidation.     

Olive (Olea europaea L.) freezing tolerance related to antioxidant enzymes activity during cold acclimation and non acclimation

The changes in the antioxidant enzymes activity, total protein and proline content and their correlations with freezing tolerance (FT) (expressed as LT₅₀) were investigated at 11 different olive cultivars at cold-acclimation (CA, in February) and non-acclimation (NA, in August) stages. Leaf samples were collected from each cultivar and were divided into two groups. The first group was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen for further biochemical analysis. The second ones was subjected to different freezing temperatures (?5, ?10, ?15 and ?20 °C) for 10 h, in order to determine their FT. The unfrozen control samples were kept at 4 °C. The results showed that Fishomi, Mission and Shengeh were the most freezing tolerant among other cultivars. In contrast, Zard, Manzanilla and Amigdalolia were the most sensitive ones. The cold acclimation enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and total protein content. However, proline content and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity did not change or even decreased slightly at CA stage, compare to those samples at NA stage. It was found that LT₅₀ to be closely correlated to POD, CAT, and PPO activity at CA and NA stages. Overall, higher leaf POD, CAT, and PPO activity could be used as important selection criteria in screening tolerant olive cultivars for cold zone climatic.