Studies of the cell surface of Dictyostelium discoideum during differentiation. The binding of 125I-concanavalin A to the cell surface.

125I-concanavalin A (125I-Con A) was found to be equally effective as native Con A in binding to and agglutinating cells of Dictyostelium discoideum, suggesting that iodination of the molecule had no effect on the interaction of the protein with the cell surface. Almost all of the 125I-Con A binding to the cells was inhibited by alpha-methyl glucoside. The binding of 125I-Con A to the cells was extremely rapid, and once bound, the molecule was not readily displaced by prolonged incubation or by the addition of excess native concanavalin A (Con A). In contrast, the 125I-Con A was displaced rapidly from the cell surface by alpha-methyl glucoside. The binding of 125I-Con A to D. discoideum was identical at 22 degrees and 4 degrees, and was unaffected by metabolic inhibitors, suggesting that the protein was not subject to endocytosis. The cell surface Con A binding sites became saturated at high 125I-Con A concentrations. Scatchard plots of the data indicated that growing cells possessed 4 X 10(7) sites/cell, all of equal affinity. Similar plots for "aggregation phase" cells indicated at least two classes of binding sites. A small proportion of the sites had an affinity close to that for the sites on growing cells, but the majority of the sites had a markedly decreased affinity. The total number of binding sites increased only slightly during aggregation to 5.6 X 10(7) sites/cell.     

The surface glycoproteins of the HeLa cell. Internalization of wheat germ agglutinin-receptors.

The sensitivity of 125I-labeled sialoglycoproteins to neuraminidase digestion was used to monitor the loss of specific membrane glycoproteins from the cell surface in to the cytoplasmic compartment during lectin-mediated endocytosis. These studies demonstrated that a major portion of the surface glycoproteins had undergone internalization concurrently with wheat germ agglutinin in a time- and temperature-dependent process. The internalized 125I-labeled glycoproteins were associated with the small vesicle fraction and were present in the same relative proportion as they existed in the plasma membrane isolated from control untreated cells. Many of the 125I-labeled membrane proteins were shown to be receptors and were isolated after affinity chromatography of the solubilized plasma membranes on wheat germ agglutinin-agarose columns.     

Polyelectrolytes at the endothelial cell surface.

It is recalled that the tension in a stretched polyelectrolyte chain mechanically compensates both the coulomb interaction and the hydrostatic pressure increase around the chain in a compromise which minimises the free energy and keeps water chemical potential constant throughout. Stretching strongly favors parallel cylinder nematic order in polyelectrolyte brushes on a surface or in the slit between two surfaces when the polyelectrolyte chains function as bridges. Strong, stiffly stretched chains result when the molarity of the fixed charge distribution is larger than the molarity of the neutral salt solution with which the brushes are in equilibrium. The relevance of these two systems to the endothelial cells which cover the walls of blood vessels is discussed.     

Growth of the Escherichia coli cell surface.

Phage T6 was used as a label to follow the growth of the outer membrane in a strain of Escherichia coli temperature sensitive for the production of the T6 receptor. Extension of the surface takes place at the cell poles. Small cells extend at only one pole, whereas larger cells grow from both poles. The change from unipolar to bipolar growth appears to depend on the attainment of a particular cell size and not on completion of chromosome replication.     

Interaction of papillomaviruses with the cell surface.

To initiate an investigation of the initial step in papillomavirus infection, we have examined the interaction of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV) virions with C127 cells by two assays, binding of radioiodinated BPV virions to cell monolayers and BPV-induced focal transformation. Under physiological conditions, the labeled virions bound to the cell surface in a dose-dependent manner within 1 h. Antibody studies indicated that the interaction was specific and related to infectivity: polyclonal sera raised to BPV virions or to baculovirus-expressed BPV L1 virus-like particles (VLPs) inhibited BPV binding and focal transformation, while sera to denatured BPV virions, to denatured BPV L1, or to human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) VLPs were not inhibitory. An exception was that antisera to BPV L2 were neutralizing but did not inhibit binding. Unlabeled BPV virions and BPV VLPs competed with binding to the cell surface in a concentration-dependent manner. Binding to the cell surface appeared to depend primarily on L1, since BPV VLPs composed of L1 alone or of L1/L2 were equally effective in inhibiting binding and focal transformation. VLPs of HPV-16 also inhibited BPV binding and BPV transformation of C127 cells, suggesting that they interact with the same cell surface molecule(s) as BPV virions. Radiolabeled BPV bound specifically to several mammalian cell lines of fibroblastic and epithelial origin, as well as to a human schwannoma and melanoma lines, although some lines bound up to 10 times as many counts as others. Radiolabeled HPV-16 VLPs bound to both human keratinocytes and mouse C127 cells. The results suggest that papillomaviruses bind a widely expressed and evolutionarily conserved cell surface receptor.     

Freeze-fracture studies of the developing cell surface. I. The plasmalemma of the corneal fibroblast

The freeze-fracture technique was used to study changes in the corneal fibroblast cell membrane during morphogenesis in chick embryos. Fibroblasts migrate into the acellular primary corneal stroma on day 6 of embryogenesis, moving between the orthogonal layers of collagen fibrils which serve as their substratum. Morphometric analysis of the intramembrane particles (IMP) reveals their concentration on the P face to decrease from 756 to 534/mum2 from day 6 to day 14. After day 14, fibroblast migration and cell division cease and the stroma condenses due to dehydration, so that by day 18 all of the layers of fibroblasts are extremely flattened and the cornea has taken on its mature, transparent form. The cell membranes of the terminally differentiated, highly compacted fibroblasts are rich in IMP (1,300/MUM2, P face). In seeking to relate the particle increase to cell differentiation, we analyzed synthetic events taking place at this time, but no correlation, we analyzed synthetic events taking place at this time, but no correlation with 25SO4 or proline-3H incorporation was found. The event which seems best correlated with the doubling of P face particles between days 15 and 18 is the dehydration and condensation of the stroma, an event which is associated with cessation of both cell division and migration. Thyroxine stimulates premature condensation of the stroma, whereas thiouracil delays condensation, but neither of these treatments affects IMP concentration. Interestingly, IMP concentration on the filopodia of migrating fibroblasts is similar to that on the cell bodies, suggesting that the new membrane has the same composition as the pre-existing membrane. Observations are also presented on tight and gap junctions between fibroblasts and on the relation of extracellular matrix to the outer etched surface of the fibroblast plasmalemma.     

Short communications. The effect of trypsin on cell surface antigens.

The effect of trypsin on cell surface antigenic determinants was measured in a mouse plasmacytoma model. While loss of some antigenic determinants could be detected within 1 min, relevant residual antigens remained even after 1 hr. For solid plasmacytoma of such mice, trypsin could be safely used to prepare single-cell suspensions for similar studies.     

The ligand-binding domain of the cell surface receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator.

The purified urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (u-PAR) was cleaved into two fragments by mild chymotrypsin treatment. The smaller fragment (apparent Mr 16,000) possessed the ligand-binding capability, as shown by chemical cross-linking analysis. This fragment constituted the NH2-terminal part of the intact receptor, probably including the whole sequence 1-87, and contained N-linked carbohydrate. After detergent phase separation in the Triton X-114 system, the fragment was present in the water phase where its binding activity could be demonstrated in the absence of the rest of the protein. An analysis of internal homology in the amino acid sequence of u-PAR revealed the presence of three repeats of approximately 90 residues each. The ligand-binding fragment corresponds to the first repeat, supporting that this unit is a structurally autonomous domain. Domains homologous with the internal repeats of u-PAR constitute the extracellular part of Ly-6 antigens and of the squid glycoprotein Sgp-2. Like u-PAR, these proteins are attached to the membrane by a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor. The hydrophilic, ligand-binding u-PAR domain identified in the present study has potential applications in interfering with cell-surface plasmin-mediated proteolysis.     

The expression of B cell surface receptors. I. The ontogeny and distribution of the murine B cell IgE Fc receptor

The ontogenic appearance and lymphoid tissue distribution of the murine B cell IgE FcR (Fc epsilon R) was examined. Flow cytometry was utilized to study the expression of the Fc epsilon R on splenic B cells from mice of increasing age, as well as B cells from various lymphoid organs. A large panel of B cell tumors was also screened for the presence of the Fc epsilon R. The results demonstrate that the Fc epsilon R appears very late in B cell development, and is preceded in appearance even by IgD. In adult animals, the Fc epsilon R was found to be expressed on virtually all mature IgM, IgD bearing B cells, whether taken from the spleen, lymph nodes, or Peyer's patches. Further examination showed that B cells which had switched to express an isotype other than IgD, appeared to no longer display the Fc epsilon R. When surveying a variety of B cell tumors, the Fc epsilon R was found to be present on WEHI 279, an IgM, IgD-bearing lymphoma. The receptor was not found on pre-B cell, immature B cell, switched B cell, or secreting B cell tumors. Taken together, these results indicate that the B cell Fc epsilon R is expressed predominantly on mature, virgin B cells, and is lost after activation and switching.     

The surface membrane of the small intestinal epithelial cell. I. Localization of adenyl cyclase.

The subcellular distribution of adenyl cyclase was investigated in small intestinal epithelial cells. Enterocytes were isolated, disrupted and the resulting membranes fractionated by differential and sucrose gradient centrifugation. Separation of luminal (brush border) and contra-luminal (basolateral) plasma membrane was achieved on a discontinuous sucrose gradient. The activity of adenyl cyclase was followed during fractionation in relation to other enzymes, notably those considered as markers for luminal and contraluminal plasma membrane. The luminal membrane was identified by the membrane-bound enzymes sucrase and alkaline phosphatase and the basolateral region by (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. Enrichment of the former two enzymes in purified luminal plasma membrane was 8-fold over cells and that of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in purified bisolateral plasma membranes was 13-fold. F--activated adenyl cyclase co-purified with (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, suggesting a common localization on the plasma membrane. The distribution of K+-stimulated phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase also followed (Na+ + K+)-ATPase during fractionation.