泥螺卵子发生的超微结构研究

利用透射电镜观察了泥螺卵子发生过程。结果表明 ,泥螺的卵子发生可划分为卵原细胞、卵黄发生早期、卵黄发生中期及卵黄发生后期卵母细胞 4个时期。卵原细胞核大而圆 ,胞质内分布有少量的线粒体和高尔基囊泡 ,细胞表面具微绒毛。卵黄发生早期的卵母细胞 ,胞质中各类细胞器发达 ,并出现数量较多的类朦胧子。卵黄发生中期的卵母细胞胞体迅速增大 ,核伸出伪足状突起 ,卵质中各种细胞器活动活跃 ,并参与形成卵黄粒和脂滴。此期还可观察到卵母细胞与滤泡细胞间的物质交换现象。卵黄发生后期的卵母细胞体积增至最大 ,细胞器数量减少。本文就卵黄发生前后卵母细胞内部构造的变化、意义及滤泡细胞与卵母细胞蛋白来源间的关系作了探讨     

泥螺卵子发生的超微结构研究

利用透射电镜观察了泥螺卵子发生过程。结果表明,泥螺的卵子发生可划分为卵原细胞、卵黄发生早期、卵黄发生中期及卵黄发生后期卵母细胞4个时期。卵原细胞核大而圆,胞质内分布有少量的线粒体和高尔基囊泡,细胞表面具微绒毛。卵黄发生早期的卵母细胞,胞质中各类细胞器发达,并出现数量较多的类朦子。卵黄发生中期的卵母细胞胞体迅速增大,核伸出伪足状突出,卵质中各种细胞器活动活跃,并参与形成卵黄粒和脂滴。此期还可观察到卵母细胞与滤泡细胞间的物质交换现象。卵黄发生后期的卵母细胞体积增至最大,细胞器数量减少。本文就卵黄发生前后卵母细胞内部构造的变化、意义及滤泡细胞与卵母细胞蛋白来源间的关系作了探讨。     

东方扁虾卵子发生的超微结构

根据卵细胞的形态、内部结构特征及卵母细胞与滤泡细胞之间的关系,东方扁虾的卵子发生可划分为卵原细胞、卵黄发生前卵母细胞、卵黄发生卵母细胞和成熟卵母细胞等四个时期。卵原细胞胞质稀少,胞器以滑面内质网为主。卵黄发生前卵母细胞核明显膨大,特称为生发泡;在靠近核外膜的胞质中可观察到核仁外排物。卵黄发生卵母细胞逐渐为滤泡细胞所包围;卵黄合成旺盛,胞质中因而形成并积累了越来越多的卵黄粒。东方扁虾卵母细胞的卵黄发生是二源的。游离型核糖体率先参与内源性卵黄合成形成无膜卵黄粒。粗面内质网是内源性卵黄形成的主要胞器。滑面内质网、线粒体和溶酶体以多种方式活跃地参与卵黄粒形成。卵周隙内的外源性物质有两个来源:滤泡细胞的合成产物和血淋巴携带、转运的卵黄蛋白前体物。这些外源性物质主要通过质膜的微吞饮作用和微绒毛的吸收作用这两种方式进入卵母细胞,进而形成外源性卵黄。内源性和外源性的卵黄物质共同参与成熟卵母细胞中富含髓样小体的卵黄粒的形成。卵壳的形成和微绒毛的回缩被认为是东方扁虾卵母细胞成熟的形态学标志。       

锯缘青蟹卵黄发生期卵母细胞和卵泡细胞之间的结构变化

通过电镜研究了锯缘青蟹二次卵巢发育过程中卵黄发生期（分为初期和后期）卵母细胞表面的结构和胞质的变化。卵黄发生初期分为：内源性卵黄发生阶段和有卵泡细胞直接参与的外源性卵黄合成阶段,前者特征为：在卵母细胞中充满了内质网泡,在泡内有不同程度的卵黄物质合成,此时在卵母细胞的表面区域,可见很多卵泡细胞向卵母细胞表面迁移,并包围卵母细胞。后者其特征是在卵母细胞的表面,有大量的胞饮小泡出现在卵膜的内面,随着两细胞表面膜的逐步融合和胞饮作用加强最后形成链锁状结构,胞质中靠近卵质周围有卵黄体的积极合成和大更换 脂肪滴积累,在此阶段的后期,卵泡细胞质已基本吸收完毕,卵泡细胞膜和卵母细胞膜融合,某些界面已无膜结构。卵黄发生后期在亲蟹孵出幼体后的第11d至第27d基本结束,此期也主要以外源性卵黄发生为主,在卵母细胞的周围,卵泡细胞迅速扩大,其间分布着大量的大小不同的囊泡和线粒体,在接近卵母细胞表面,还常可见大量的脂肪滴存在。卵泡细胞与卵母细胞间其膜结构完全消失,从而可使滤泡大片细胞质直接融入卵母细胞中,以后随着卵黄发生的进一步发展,卵母细胞与卵泡细胞的交界面逐步形成一个网状的膜结构屏障,同时在卵巢中可见正在降解的卵母细胞,在卵黄发生近结束以后,在卵母细胞的表面,逐步形成两层卵膜,这时的卵母细胞质中几乎充满了卵黄体和脂肪滴。     

剑尾鱼卵子发生的组织学观察

应用光学显微镜对卵胎生硬骨鱼类剑尾鱼(Xiphophorus helleri)卵巢的组织结构进行了观察。结果显示,剑尾鱼卵子的发育过程可划分为6个时相。Ⅰ时相的卵母细胞呈原始分化状态,细胞外具一层细胞质膜。Ⅱ时相卵母细胞外不仅具有质膜,而且还包绕一层滤泡细胞。Ⅲ时相和Ⅳ时相的卵母细胞分化明显,胞质内开始积累脂滴和卵黄颗粒。Ⅴ时相为成熟卵子,卵子的卵膜极薄,胞质内含有丰富的脂滴和卵黄。Ⅵ时相卵母细胞进入退化期,滤泡细胞从卵周向中央突入,卵黄被完全吸收,滤泡细胞自身也变得肥大。结果表明,剑尾鱼卵巢中卵母细胞的发育是不同步的。     

剑尾鱼卵子发生的的组织学观察

应用光学显微镜对卵胎生硬骨鱼类剑尾鱼(Xiphophorus helleri)卵巢的组织结构进行了观察。结果显示,剑尾鱼卵子的发育过程可划分为6个时相。Ⅰ时相的卵母细胞呈原始分化状态,细胞外具一层细胞质膜。Ⅱ时相卵母细胞外不仅具有质膜,而且还包绕一层滤泡细胞。Ⅲ时相和Ⅳ时相的卵母细胞分化明显,胞质内开始积累脂滴和卵黄颗粒。Ⅴ时相为成熟卵子,卵子的卵膜极薄,胞质内含有丰富的脂滴和卵黄。Ⅵ时相卵母细胞进入退化期,滤泡细胞从卵周向中央突入,卵黄被完全吸收,滤泡细胞自身也变得肥大。结果表明,剑尾鱼卵巢中的卵母细胞的发育是不同步的。     

黄胫小车蝗卵子发生及卵母细胞凋亡的显微观察

对黄胫小车蝗(Oedaleus infernalis)卵子发生过程和卵母细胞凋亡进行显微观察。结果表明,黄胫小车蝗卵子发生可明显分为3个时期10个阶段,即卵黄发生前期、卵黄发生期和卵壳形成期。第1阶段,卵母细胞位于卵原区,经历减数第一次分裂;第2阶段,卵母细胞核内染色体解体成网状,滤泡细胞稀疏地排列在卵母细胞周围;第3阶段,滤泡细胞扁平状,在卵母细胞周围排成一层;第4阶段,滤泡细胞呈立方形排在卵母细胞周围;第5阶段,滤泡细胞呈长柱形排在卵母细胞周围,滤泡细胞之间、滤泡细胞与卵母细胞之间出现空隙;第6阶段,卵母细胞边缘开始出现卵黄颗粒;第7阶段,卵母细胞中沉积大量卵黄,胚泡破裂;第8阶段,滤泡细胞分泌卵黄膜包围卵黄物质;第9阶段,滤泡细胞分泌卵壳;第10阶段,卵壳分泌结束,卵子发育成熟。卵母细胞发育过程中的凋亡发生在卵黄发生前期,主要表现为滤泡细胞向卵母细胞内折叠,胞质呈团块状等特征。     

不同发育时期哲罗鱼卵黄的超微结构

应用透射电镜观察了不同发育时期哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)卵黄的超微结构.根据哲罗鱼卵黄物质在卵母细胞中的加工合成、积累以及卵母细胞中参与卵黄颗粒形成的细胞器的变化,可将该鱼卵黄发生分为4个特征时期,即卵黄发生前期、卵黄泡期、卵黄积累期和卵黄积累完成期.卵黄发生前期是指卵母细胞发育过程中的卵黄物质开始积累前的时期,此时期核仁不断分裂,出现线粒体云和早期的滤泡细胞层、基层和鞘细胞层;卵黄泡期特点主要是细胞器不断变化产生卵黄泡和皮层泡;卵黄积累期的滤泡膜由内向外依次为放射带、颗粒细胞层、基层和鞘细胞层,此时外源性卵黄前体物质不断经过血液汇集于鞘细胞层,后经微胞饮作用穿过胶原纤维组成的基层,经过多泡体作用转运至颗粒细胞内,在细胞内经过加工和修饰形成小的卵黄蛋白颗粒,卵黄蛋白颗粒经微胞饮穿过放射带进入卵母细胞边缘形成的空泡中,不断积累形成卵黄球;进入卵黄积累完成期,卵黄球体积变大,向细胞中心聚集,填满大部分卵母细胞,卵黄积累完毕.     

瘦露螽配子发生中一氧化氮合酶的分布

利用还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADPH)黄递酶组织化学方法,对瘦露螽Phaneroptera gracilis Burmeister配子发生中一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase, NOS)分布进行了定位研究。结果表明, 一氧化氮合酶阳性反应发生在瘦露螽精子发生中的各级生精细胞的胞质中,成熟精子呈阴性。各级未成熟卵母细胞胞质均呈一氧化氮合酶阳性反应,胞质着色为深蓝黑色,核区不明显。随着卵黄颗粒的逐渐形成,胞质中的一氧化氮合酶阳性产物逐渐减少,直到卵黄颗粒完全形成。卵泡细胞在卵黄颗粒形成之前呈一氧化氮合酶阴性反应,在卵黄颗粒完成后,卵泡细胞的胞质中开始呈一氧化氮合酶阳性反应,直至卵壳的形成。提示一氧化氮参与了瘦露螽配子发生。     

金鱼配子发生中vasa基因的表达和分布特征

用原位杂交技术,以地高辛标记的反义RNA为探针,检测了金鱼(Carassiusauratus)DEAD box家族基因vasa在卵子及精子发生中的分布及表达。结果表明在金鱼卵子发生中,在各个时期的卵母细胞的胞质中均有金鱼vasaRNA的杂交信号表达。在Ⅰ、Ⅱ期卵母细胞中vasaRNA的杂交信号强烈,均匀地分布在整个胞质。随着卵母细胞的生长发育及卵黄的积累,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期卵母细胞胞质中vasaRNA的杂交信号急剧减弱,而外周皮层区域,其阳性信号仍较强。在金鱼精子发生中,在精原细胞和初级精母细胞中可检测到金鱼vasaRNA杂交信号,后者的阳性信号比前者微弱;而精子细胞中没有阳性信号。推测vasa基因在金鱼精子发生早期发挥着重要作用;而在卵子发生中主要作为遗传信息储备物质,用于调控早期胚胎发育过程中原始生殖细胞的形成与分化。     

Ultrastructural observations on oogenesis in Drosophila

The ultrastructure of the follicle cells and oocyte periplasm is described during the stages of oogenesis immediately prior to, during, and immediately subsequent to, vitellogenesis. A number of features have not been described previously in Drosophila. Some yolk appears prior to pinocytosis of blood proteins. However, most of the protein yolk forms while the periplasm is filled with micropinocytotic invaginations and tubules derived from the oolemma. These tubules retain the internal layer of material characteristic of coated vesicles and are found to fuse with yolk spheres. No accumulation of electron-dense material in the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi of the oocyte is found. Both trypan blue and ferritin are accumulated by the oocyte. The follicle cells have an elaborate endoplasmic reticulum during the period of maximum yolk accumulation. Adjacent cells are joined at their base by a zonula adhaerens, forming a band around the cells, and by plaques of gap junctions. Gap junctions are also present between nurse cells and follicle cells. During chorion formation, septate junctions also appear between follicle cells, adjacent to the zonula adhaerens.     

The ultrastructure of oogenesis and yolk formation in Labidocera aestiva (Copepoda: Calanoida)

Yolk formation in the oocytes of the free-living, marine copepod, Labidocera aestiva (order Calanoida) involves both autosynthetic and heterosynthetic processes. Three morphologically distinct forms of endogenous yolk are produced in the early vitellogenic stages. Type 1 yolk spheres are formed by the accumulation and fusion of dense granules within vesicular and lamellar cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. A granular form of type 1 yolk, in which the dense granules within the cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum do not fuse, appears to be synthesized by the combined activity of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes. Type 2 yolk bodies subsequently appear in the ooplasm but their formation could not be attributed to any particular oocytic organelle. In the advanced stages of vitellogenesis, a single narrow layer of follicle cells becomes more developed and forms extensive interdigitations with the oocytes. Extra-oocytic yolk precursors appear to pass from the hemolymph into the follicle cells and subsequently into the oocytes via micropinocytosis. Pinocytotic vesicles fuse in the cortical ooplasm to form heterosynthetically derived type 3 yolk bodies.     

Ultrastructural observations on the oogenesis of Triops cancriformis (Crustacea,Notostraca)

Summary Each ovarian follicle of Triops cancriformis is four-celled; these cells (one oocyte and three nurse cells) are interconnected by cytoplasmic bridges. In the course of differentiation, the nurse cells are early recognizable; they increase in size more than the oocyte and their nuclei contain many nucleoli. For the first time in Arthropoda, yolk globules are reported to be present in nurse cell cytoplasm; these globules arise from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The functional significance of the intercellular bridges and the trophic role of the nurse cells are discussed.The authors are grateful to Dr. Bruno Sabelli for his support and to Mr. Francesco Monte for his technical assistance     

Oogenesis in Campodea sp. (Insecta,Diplura): Chorion formation and the ultrastructure of follicle cells

During advanced vitellogenesis the follicle cells of Campodea sp. are well developed and contain numerous electron-dense secretory vacuoles. In the postvitellogenic phase the contents of these vacuoles are released from follicle cells and give rise to a thin chorion on the oocyte surface. Concurrently, segregation of yolk spheres takes place in the ooplasm: small spheres migrate to the oocyte periphery and come to lie in the so-called peripheral zone of cytoplasm, whereas large spheres remain in the cell centre.     

中华蚱蜢卵子发生中花生凝集素受体的初步鉴定和发育表达

The distributions of PNA binding glycoconjugates in the plasma membrane of Acrida cinerea Thunberg germ cells were detected using biotin labeled PNA, for better understanding of the formation and changes of glycoconjugates during oogenesis. The ultrastructure of vitellogenesis also was observed by electron microscopy for detection of the origin and track of vitelline material. In the ovary, PNA receptors appeared in the oocyte cytoplasm of the second phases of oogenesis; positive granules gradually increased from the third phase to the fourth, and they exhibited a maximum expression before the vitellogennic stage in the cytoplasm of the oocyte. From the vitellogennic to chorionation stage, positive granules gradually declined. Binding sites on follicle cells were changed with their morphological variation in every stage of oogenesis. The vitelline of A. cinerea formed within the oocyte by degrees. The results suggest that PNA receptors and yolk materials are synthesized by the oocytc at an early period. With the development of the oocyte, some exogeous materials from two sources act as PNA receptors and others take part in vitelline synthesis. One is blood lymph that offers some useful materials to the oocyte directly through follicle cell gaps; the other are follicle cells that produce and transmit some materials to oocyte to support vitellogenesis. In addition, PNA receptors secreted by follicle cells participate in the formation of yolk membrane [ Acta Zoologica Sinica 5 l （5） ： 932 - 939, 2005 ].     

大阪鲫鱼两种卵黄蛋白免疫细胞化学的研究

以电泳提纯的卵黄脂磷蛋白和卵黄蛋白Ｌ制备兔抗两种蛋白的抗血清,采用ＰＡＰ法对性腺成熟雌性大阪鲫鱼的肝细胞和卵母细胞进行两种蛋白免疫细胞化学位研究。肝细胞的粗面内质网上有强烈的卵黄脂磷蛋白的阳性反应,特别是在线粒体的基质中也发现卵黄脂磷蛋白的阳性反应,而另外一种类似于卵黄高磷蛋白的卵黄蛋白－卵黄蛋白Ｌ在肝细胞的粗面内质网和线粒体均呈现阴性反应,提示卵黄脂磷蛋白的前体物质存在于肝细胞的粗面内质网和线粒     

A follicle cell contribution to the yolk spheres of moth oocytes

The incorporation of H(3)-histidine and H(3)-glucosamine by ovarian follicles of cecropia moths during incubation in female blood was followed autoradicgraphically. Labeling was most prominent in the follicle cells, the spaces between these cells, and the nascent yolk spheres in the oocyte cortex. Results of puise-chase experiments and the fact that viable follicle cells were required for normal yolk sphere labeling indicated that the endogenous component of the yolk was provided by the follicle cells via the intercellular spaces. The material was accumulated by the oocyte in the absence of blood proteins, suggesting an independent role in yolk formation.     

Ultrastructural study of oogenesis in the acoel turbellarian Convoluta

An ultrastructural investigation of oogenesis has been carried out on the acoel turbellarian Convoluta psammophyla. Developing female germ cells are not contained in well delimited ovaries but are freely distributed in the parenchyma and are surrounded by narrow cytoplasmic projections of accessory-follicle cells. Oogenesis can be divided into two periods, the previtellogenic and the vitellogenic phase. In the first period the oocyte undergoes a number of cell differentiations necessary for the intense biosynthetic activity of the second period. The ample development of nucleolus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes along with the appearance of large lipid droplets and clusters of electron dense granules characterize the previtellogenic phase. The formation of yolk globules is the main feature of the second period of oogenesis. It occurs by an autosynthetic mechanism involving endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes, since no endocytotic activity has been detected in the developing oocyte. The electron dense granules apparently move towards the cortical ooplasm during the late vitellogenic phase and take part in egg covering formation. Hypotheses on the role of follicle cells and on the phylogenetic significance of a comparative analysis of egg inclusions with homologous structures of other Turbellaria are suggested.