不同水系松潘裸鲤的形态特征分析

为了解岷江、大渡河、雅砻江和金沙江水系松潘裸鲤Gymnocypris potanini的形态差异,采用常规形态学和多变量形态度量学方法比较分析了采自这4个水系206尾样本的形态特征。结果显示,各水系间松潘裸鲤的第一鳃弓外侧鳃耙数和背鳍、胸鳍、腹鳍及臀鳍鳍条数之间的差异无统计学意义;主成分分析显示,头部(吻端至胸鳍起点/体长、吻端至头背部末端/体长、头长/体长)和尾部特征值(尾鳍背部起点至臀鳍起点/体长、臀鳍起点至尾鳍腹部起点/体长)对形态影响最大;判别分析发现,岷江和雅砻江安宁河种群与其他种群明显分开;聚类分析显示,岷江水系种群聚为一支,金沙江、大渡河、雅砻江水系种群聚为另一支,金沙江水系种群聚在一起,大渡河和雅砻江水系种群未按水系聚在一起,而其聚类关系与种群间的地理距离基本一致;形态差异系数分析显示,可根据臀鳞行列长进行亚种的区分。大渡河和雅砻江水系的松潘裸鲤为硬刺松潘裸鲤亚种。     

高原裸裂尻鱼头部轮廓形状及其变异的几何形态测量分析

为了明确描述高原裸裂尻鱼的表型多样性,运用现代几何形态测量法,基于高原裸裂尻鱼头部轮廓的形态坐标数据,对其5个地理种群的样本做了定量分析。结果主要如下:①主成分分析（PCA）和典型变量分析（CVA）显示,5个地理种群的样本的变异主要位于口型特征、下吻部形状、下颌骨形状、下颌锐利角质程度和头部形状等性状。②基于主成分分析、典型变量分析和聚类分析,高原裸裂尻鱼三个亚种（班公湖亚种、玛法木湖亚种和指名亚种）相互分开,在PC1轴上从负值到正值依次排列,从而确定了高原裸裂尻鱼亚种划分的有效性。③通过形态差异的显著性检验,基于马氏距离和普氏距离分析了高原裸裂尻鱼各地理种群之间的形态变异距离,根据差异显著性将该5个地理种群的高原裸裂尻鱼分为湖泊型亚种和河流型亚种,随后的聚类分析同样支持该结果。总之,通过几何形态测量法,准确描述了高原裸裂尻鱼头部轮廓的形态多样性,按照外形的差异,将5个地理种群分为两种生态型,并推测该差异主要是由于所生活的水体环境和食物差异所造成。对高原裸裂尻鱼形态差异的识别和研究,能为其生态学研究和物种多样性保护提供相应指导,丰富微进化理论。     

黄河上游花斑裸鲤Cytb基因的序列变异和遗传多样性

花斑裸鲤(Gymncypris eckloni)主要分布于黄河上游高原宽符河段深水缓流处或静水湖泊中,在高原淡水生态系统的食物链中具有重要的地位.本文获得了黄河上游仡斑裸鲤5个种群共68个个体线粒体DNA(mtDNA)细胞色素b基因的全序列(1140bp),分析了序列变异和种群遗传多样性.68个序列经比对后,发现30个(2.63%)多态性位点,共定义了18个单倍型.结果显示,花斑裸鲤种群单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度均低于其它鲤科鱼类,这可能与青藏高原经所经历的地质变迁和古气候环境的改变有关,由此生活在高原水域中的鱼类或多或少经历过瓶颈效应.AMOVA分析结果显示,遗传差异主要发生在种群之内,而不是来自不同地理组群问或组群内种群间.单倍型网络图和系统发育分析均没有显示出单倍型与地理位置的对应关系,提示黄河上游花斑裸鲤自然种群未出现分化,应作为一个整体进行保护.单倍犁歧点分布呈现为单峰以及中性检验Fu's Fs (-15.3400,P＜0.001)和Tajima's D(-0.6254.P=0.3080)结果综合表明,花斑裸鲤可能经历过近期的种群扩张事件.     

不同地理种群烟蚜形态特征差异分析

烟蚜Myzus persicae是一种世界性的重要农业害虫。为探讨我国不同地理种群烟蚜形态特征变异情况, 本研究测量了我国18个地理种群烟蚜的体长、 体宽、 头宽、 各足腿节长、 各足胫节长等18个形态性状度量特征和Q值, 并进行方差分析和基于欧氏距离与地理距离和海拔差距的Mantel Test, 利用各形态特征与体长的比值构成的比例特征进行系统聚类和主成分分析。结果表明： 部分地理种群烟蚜的形态性状差异显著。系统聚类和主成分分析表明, 18个烟蚜地理种群中贵州贞丰种群（ZF-GZ）与其他种群相比差异最大, 陕西南泥湾（NNW-SX）、 湖南慈利（CL-HN）、 安徽谯城（QC-AH）和重庆武隆（WL-CQ）种群差异最小, 其他种群间的差异程度介于这两者之间。Mantel Test显示欧氏距离与地理距离、 海拔高度差距都不具有相关性。烟蚜种群的形态分化不符合地理隔离模式, 地理气候条件对种群形态有一定影响, 种群形态差异的形成是多种因素综合作用的结果, 但具体作用机制尚不明确。     

传统稻鱼系统中“田鲤鱼”的形态特征

稻田养鱼是一种重要的传统农业系统,养殖在稻田中的鲤鱼,在长期的自然选择和人工选择下逐渐形成了适应于稻田浅水环境的“田鲤鱼”.本研究以具有千年历史的全球重要农业文化遗产系统“青田稻鱼共生系统”和“从江稻鱼鸭系统”的青田田鱼和从江田鱼为范例,通过采样对两种“田鲤鱼”进行传统形态学分析和地标几何形态学分析;采用线粒体基因构建系统发育树;通过数据库数据提取和采样测量对两种“田鲤鱼”和其他常见鲤鱼种群或品系进行传统形态学聚类分析.传统形态学分析和地标几何形态学分析表明,青田田鱼和从江田鱼在形态上存在差异,与青田田鱼相比,从江田鱼尾部长而窄,体型较细长,尾部长度占身体长度比例小.对这两种田鱼及养殖于其他水体的其他鲤鱼种群进行系统发育树分析表明,青田田鱼和从江田鱼在遗传上是独立的种群;但形态聚类分析表明,这两种田鱼归为一类,明显不同于其他鲤鱼种群或品系,与其他鲤鱼种群的差异主要表现在背鳍和尾鳍上.这些研究结果说明,长期生活在稻田环境的青田田鱼和从江田鱼在遗传和形态上均明显不同于其他水体养殖鲤鱼种群,且青田田鱼和从江田鱼之间形态上存在差异.     

黄河上游花斑裸鲤Cyt b基因的序列变异和遗传多样性

花斑裸鲤（Gymncypris eckloni）主要分布于黄河上游高原宽谷河段深水缓流处或静水湖泊中,在高原淡水生态系统的食物链中具有重要的地位。本文获得了黄河上游花斑裸鲤5个种群共68个个体线粒体DNA（mtDNA）细胞色素b基因的全序列（1 140 bp）,分析了序列变异和种群遗传多样性。68个序列经比对后,发现30个（2.63%）多态性位点,共定义了18个单倍型。结果显示,花斑裸鲤种群单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度均低于其它鲤科鱼类,这可能与青藏高原经所经历的地质变迁和古气候环境的改变有关,由此生活在高原水域中的鱼类或多或少经历过瓶颈效应。AMOVA分析结果显示,遗传差异主要发生在种群之内,而不是来自不同地理组群间或组群内种群间。单倍型网络图和系统发育分析均没有显示出单倍型与地理位置的对应关系,提示黄河上游花斑裸鲤自然种群未出现分化,应作为一个整体进行保护。单倍型歧点分布呈现为单峰以及中性检验Fu’s Fs（&#8722;15.3400, P<0.001）和Tajima’s D（&#8722;0.6254, P =0.3080）结果综合表明,花斑裸鲤可能经历过近期的种群扩张事件。     

南门峡裂腹鱼亚科鱼类形态相似种的分类学地位——形态趋同进化实例

受高原抬升所致的水系变迁及人类活动的影响,分布于南门峡河流的裂腹鱼亚科鱼类与黄河干支流种群间的基因交流受到长期限制。作为孤立小群体,探讨其分类学地位及其在小生境中的进化机制对了解青藏高原鱼类多样性和物种的形成、进化具有重要意义。本文采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和直接测序方法获得了南门峡裂腹鱼亚科鱼类(n=29)及其近缘种(n=19)共48个个体的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)细胞色素b(cytb)基因的全序列(1140bp),并以厚唇裸重鱼和尖裸鲤为外群构建了MP和Bayesian系统进化树。南门峡裂腹鱼亚科鱼类29个个体的序列经排序后,发现有100个(8·77%)多态性位点,共定义了16个单倍型,在系统进化树上分布于截然不同的两个族群中。其中5个单倍型(NMX3、6、7、13、15)与其近缘种花斑裸鲤和青海湖裸鲤形成单系群(MP99%,Bayesian98%),而其余11个单倍型(NMX1、2、4、5、8、9、10、11、12、14、16)与黄河干支流的黄河裸裂尻鱼形成另一个单系群(MP99%,Bayesian99%)。序列差异分析显示,分布于不同族群的南门峡裂腹鱼亚科鱼类之间存在较大的碱基差异(平均为7·42%),显示出种间差异水平,表明分布于南门峡河流的裂腹鱼亚科鱼类可能是花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼形态相似种的复合体。结合青藏高原隆升所致的气候环境变化和高原北部水系变迁的事件,推断形态趋同进化可能导致了南门峡河流裂腹鱼亚科鱼类形态相似种的共存,而小生境自然选择压力是引发适应性形态趋同进化的主要原因。     

华南沿海地区西部入海水系中间黄颡鱼的形态变异及地理分化

为探讨不同水系中间黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus intermedius)的形态差异及地理分化问题,采用形态学方法, 测量12个水系中间黄颡鱼150尾样本的18个形态性状,进行主成分分析.其结果显示,前3个主成分累积贡献率为58.918%,并可将这12个水系的群体分为3簇.华南沿海地区西部诸独立入海小水系中的中间黄颡鱼群体与海南岛群体之间的相似性大于与西江干流群体的相似性.防城港地区3条直接入海的小水系的群体在形态特征上已发生了一定程度的分化,其分化主要表现在吻、眼和尾的变异.     

大蹄蝠头骨形态地理变化

本文采用几何形态测量法对中国大蹄蝠9个不同地理种群头骨形态变化进行研究。结果表明,不同地理种群的头骨大小及形状存在显著差异,其中云南思茅种群与海南陵水种群差异最大。回归分析表明头骨形态的地理变化与气候因素相关。随着年均温度、年均湿度的升高以及年均降水量的增多,大蹄蝠头骨变小,上颌、齿、咬肌附着部分以及耳蜗部分的形状发生变化。此外,头骨大小与海拔高度呈正相关,头骨形状变化与纬度显著相关。本研究表明对栖息地生态条件的适应是中国大蹄蝠头骨形态地理变化的重要原因。     

云南盘鮈不同地理居群的形态变异及分化

将采自中国元江、南盘江和金沙江水系的233尾云南盘鮈和短鳔盘鮈鱼类标本,按采集点地理位置就近的原则归类分为11个组,共测量了21个框架结构性状和22个常规性状。应用多变量形态度量学方法比较云南盘鮈各地理居群间的形态差异;并期望补充云南盘鮈与短鳔盘鮈的形态学鉴别特征。主成分分析结果表明,全部标本聚集在一起没有分离。差异系数分析结果表明,金沙江组内、元江组内及短鳔盘鮈与各水系间标本的差异系数均达不到亚种水平。南盘江组内,仅组7(罗平八大河)和组8(广南大里塘)标本的"腹鳍起点-背鳍起点距/体长"的差异系数大于1.28,但仅凭一个性状不足以用来区分云南盘鮈的不同地理居群;组7(罗平八大河)和组6(罗平多依河)标本的"腹鳍起点-背鳍起点距/体长"这一比例性状的差异系数大于1.28,但这一比例性状亦没有与其他性状构成一定的性状组合,不足以用来从形态上区分云南盘鮈与短鳔盘鮈。这就说明并不是所有的类群,或在不同水系分布的同一物种均会发生分化;另外,利用形态度量学未能找到进一步区分云南盘鮈与短鳔盘鮈的形态学证据,今后需要从分子生物学等方面寻找二者间新的分类学证据。     

The youngest split in sympatric schizothoracine fish (Cyprinidae) is shaped by ecological adaptations in a Tibetan Plateau glacier lake

Although new empirical evidence shows that sympatric speciation has occurred in some species, there are few indisputable model organisms for this process of speciation. The two subspecies ( Gymnocypris eckloni eckloni and G . e . scoliostomus ) of the schizothoracine Gymnocypris fish species complex from a small glacier lake in the Tibetan Plateau, Lake Sunmcuo, fit several of the key characteristics of the sympatric speciation model. We used combined mitochondrial control region sequences and the cytochrome b gene (1894 bp) to address the phylogenetics and population genetics of 232 specimens of G . e . eckloni and G . e . scoliostomus , as well as all of its closely related sister species. We found that: (i) a total of four old lineages were uncovered in the widespread G . e . eckloni , of which only one was shown to be shared with all G . e . scoliostomus individuals and (ii) the new subspecies ( G . e . scoliostomus ) evolved in Lake Sunmcuo from the ancestral G . e . eckloni population within approximately 0.057 Ma. These two taxa of the species complex are morphologically distinct, and reproductive isolation is further suggested. Ecological disruptive selection based on morphological traits (e.g. mouth cleft characters) and food utilization may be a mechanism of incipient speciation of two sympatric populations within Lake Sunmcuo. This study provides the first genetic evidence for sympatric speciation in the schizothoracine fish.     

Phylogeography and conservation genetics of Lake Qinghai scaleless carp Gymnocypris przewalskii

The objective of this study was to examine the spatial genetic relationships of the Lake Qinghai scaleless carp Gymnocypris przewalskii within the Lake Qinghai system, determining whether genetic evidence supports the current taxonomy of Gymnocypris przewalskii przewalskii and Gymnocypris przewalskii ganzihonensis and whether Gymnocypris przewalskii przewalskii are returning to their natal rivers to spawn. Comparison of mitochondrial (control region) variation (42 haplotypes in 203 fish) of G. przewalskii with the postulated ancestral species found in the Yellow River, Gymnocypris eckloni (10 haplotypes in 23 fish), indicated no haplotype sharing, but incomplete lineage sorting. Consistent with the sub-species status, an AMOVA indicated that the Ganzi River population was significantly different from all other river populations (F(ST) = 0·1671, P < 0·001). No genetic structure was found among the other rivers in the Lake Qinghai catchment. An AMOVA of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci, however, revealed significant genetic differences between most spawning populations (F(ST) = 0·0721, P < 0·001). Both mitochondrial and AFLP data found significant differences among G. p. przewalskii, G. p. ganzihonensis and G. eckloni (F(ST) values of 0·1959 and 0·1431, respectively, P < 0·001). Consistent with the incomplete lineage sorting, Structure analysis of AFLP loci showed evidence of five clusters. One cluster is shared among all sample locations, one is unique to G. p. ganzihonensis and G. eckloni, and the others are mostly found in G. p. przewalskii. Genetic evidence therefore supports the current taxonomy, including the sub-species status of G. p. ganzihonensis, and is consistent with natal homing of most Lake Qinghai populations. These findings have significant implications for the conservation and management of this unique and threatened species. The evidence suggests that G. p. przewalskii should be treated as a single population for conservation purposes. Exchangeability of the populations, however, should not be used to promote homogenization of fish spawning in the different rivers. As some degree of genetic divergence was detected in this study, it is recommended that the spawning groups be treated as separate management units.     

黄河裸裂尻鱼群体遗传结构和Cyt b序列变异

测定了来自黄河上游和柴达木盆地托索湖的裸裂尻鱼共16个个体的Cytb基因全序列(1141bp),探讨了种群结构和遗传多样性。用MEGA2.1软件分析了碱基组成和序列变异;以青海湖裸鲤、花斑裸鲤和极边扁咽齿鱼为外类群,用PAUP*4.0b10程序构建了单倍型NJ树;用Arlequin Ver.2000程序计算了群体间遗传变异值(Fst)和Nm值以及群体分化概率值。结果显示,来自柴达木水系托索湖的裸裂尻鱼没有形成单系群,Fst=0.204(P0.05),Nm=1.95。初步判断,黄河和柴达木水系托索湖的裸裂尻鱼未显著分化,支持将柴达木裸裂尻鱼(Schizopygopsis kessleri)归并入黄河裸裂尻鱼(Schizopygopsis pylzovi)的形态学结果。两种群核苷酸多样度()分别为0.0012和0.0026,表现为较低水平。根据校正的分子钟推测,黄河和托索湖裸裂尻鱼群体分歧时间为距今7万年左右的更新世末期,结合地理分布的资料和古地质事件,对黄河裸裂尻鱼群体分布水系间的历史联系进行了分析。       

Length–weight relationships of three endemic fish species from the upper Yellow River,China

Length–weight relationships (LWRs) of three Chinese endemic fish species (Gymnocypris eckloni eckloni Herzenstein, 1891, Platypharodon extremus Herzenstein, 1891 and Triplophysa pseudoscleroptera (Zhu & Wu, 1981)) were analyzed, collecting from the upper Yellow River (Xunhua and Guide Counties, Qinghai Province). Totally 347 specimens monthly collected by gill nets with 40 mm mesh size and traps with 5 m length from August to October 2014, were used to estimate the relationship parameters. The allometric factor b values ranged from 2.96 in T. pseudoscleroptera to 3.33 in G. eckloni eckloni. The condition factor a values varies between 0.0063 and 0.0175 in three species. Three WLRs of fishes distributed in the upper Yellow River were firstly reported and will fill in some of the empty spaces on endemic species in the Fishbase.     

花斑裸鲤胚胎/仔鱼型血红蛋白基因家族成员鉴定与时序表达研究

为了探讨花斑裸鲤(Gymnocypris eckloni)血红蛋白时序转换 利用花斑裸鲤全基因组数据鉴定胚胎/仔鱼型血红蛋白基因家族成员, 并通过整胚原位杂交方法, 检测花斑裸鲤胚胎/仔鱼型血红蛋白基因在胚胎发育不同阶段的表达及定位。结果表明, 花斑裸鲤基因组中共鉴定到5个胚胎/仔鱼型血红蛋白基因, 分别为hbae1、hbae4、hbae5、hbbe1和hbbe3, 与斑马鱼(Danio rerio)相比, 花斑裸鲤基因组缺少hbae3和 hbbe2 基因, 暗示第四轮全基因组复制事件后所经历的小规模基因删除事件在花斑裸鲤特异性血红蛋白基因形成中发挥了重要作用。整胚原位杂交结果显示, hbae1基因在胚胎发育的120h至432h内持续表达, hbbe1基因在96h开始表达持续至432h, hbbe3基因杂交信号出现在胚胎发育120h至384h内, 在胚胎发育全过程中未能观察到hbae4和hbae5基因的杂交信号。杂交信号主要位于胚胎正中轴、后部侧向中胚层、背主动脉腹侧区、尾部造血区及卵黄。正义探针作为阴性对照, 在胚胎发育阶段均无任何杂交信号。花斑裸鲤具有与其他鱼类不同的胚胎/仔鱼型血红蛋白基因家族成员及血红蛋白转换表达特征; hbae1、hbbe1和hbbe3基因在花斑裸鲤早期胚胎发育过程中发挥重要作用, 而hbae4和hbae5基因的生物学功能可能有所弱化。     

DISPARITY: MORPHOLOGICAL PATTERN AND DEVELOPMENTAL CONTEXT

Abstract:  The distribution of organic forms is clumpy at any scale from populations to the highest taxonomic categories, and whether considered within clades or within ecosystems. The fossil record provides little support for expectations that the morphological gaps between species or groups of species have increased through time as it might if the gaps were created by extinction of a more homogeneous distribution of morphologies. As the quantitative assessments of morphology have replaced counts of higher taxa as a metric of morphological disparity, numerous studies have demonstrated the rapid construction of morphospace early in evolutionary radiations, and have emphasized the difference between taxonomic measures of morphological diversity and quantitative assessments of disparity. Other studies have evaluated changing patterns of disparity across mass extinctions, ecomorphological patterns and the patterns of convergence within ecological communities, while the development of theoretical morphology has greatly aided efforts to understand why some forms do not occur. A parallel, and until recently, largely separate research effort in evolutionary developmental biology has established that the developmental toolkit underlying the remarkable breadth of metazoan form is largely identical among Bilateria, and many components are shared among all metazoa. Underlying this concern with disparity is a question about temporal variation in the production of morphological innovations, a debate over the relative significance of the generation of new morphologies vs. differential probabilities of their successful introduction, and the relative importance of constraint, convergence and contingency in the evolution of form.     

Cryptic genetic divergence and associated morphological differentiation in the arboreal land snail Satsuma (Luchuhadra) largillierti (Camaenidae) endemic to the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan

Land snails are renowned model organisms in evolutionary ecology, but extensive morphological variation and lack of readily available diagnostic characters often invite taxonomic confusion among closely related species. Satsuma (Luchuhadra) largillierti is an arboreal land snail endemic to Okinawa Island, Japan, in which extensive geographic variation in shell morphology has long caused taxonomic complication. To establish robust species limits among S. largillierti and its allies, we perform molecular and morphological analyses of snails sampled from the entire range of Luchuhadra. Analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences divide S. largillierti into two, reproductively isolated groups. Each of these groups includes Satsuma erabuensis and Satsuma sooi, respectively, which occur on a nearby island and were traditionally regarded as distinct species. Morphometric analysis of the genitalia further provides clear difference between the two groups, whereas differentiation in shell morphology is slight if any. These results indicate that the traditional taxonomy has overly depended on inadequate morphological difference and a priori information of island geography, which resulted in oversimplification of complex speciation history in Luchuhadra.     

Relationships between head morphology, bite performance and ecology in two species of Podarcis wall lizards

Understanding the relationship between form and function is central to our comprehension of how phenotypic diversity evolves. Traits involved in multiple activities, such as social interactions and ecological resource use, are under the influence of different evolutionary forces potentially acting in opposite directions. Such systems provide the opportunity of understanding how potential constraints on morphological variation may influence whole-organism performance. In this study we examined morphology and bite performance in two closely related species of Podarcis wall lizards with divergent microhabitat preferences, to investigate how natural and sexual selection interact to shape the evolution of head traits. Our results show that although head morphology is markedly different between species and sexes, only sexes differ in bite force, indicating that the ecological differentiation between species is reflected in their morphology but does not constrain performance. Rather, the modification of the relative size of head components between species and a shift in the form-function relationship provide a potential explanation of how equal performance is attained by different morphological configurations. Geometric morphometrics provide a clear, biomechanically meaningful image of how this is achieved and show a bisexual pattern of head shape-bite force association in both species. This, together with a strong allometry of head size on body size and head shape on head size, provides indirect morphological evidence for the importance of sexual selection in shaping morphological and functional patterns. Finally, our findings suggest that the differences observed between species and sexes in head traits and bite performance are not reflected in their dietary ecology, implying that if trophic niche segregation between groups occurs, the reasons behind it are not primarily related to head morphology and functional variation.     

锹甲的头部形态及常用分类特征

锹甲的外部形态纷繁多样,头部形态尤其复杂并导致种类鉴定混乱,有必要对其深入研究。文章介绍锹甲的头部形态,并以代表性属种为例,比较与讨论上颚、上唇、下颚和下唇、复眼、触角等常用分类特征及其分类学意义。