正辛酸沉淀在单克隆抗体纯化中的工艺优化与应用

为应对治疗性抗体快速增长的市场需求,抗体上游细胞培养规模和表达量水平已显著提高,而下游纯化工艺的生产效率则相对落后,下游处理能力已成为限制抗体产能的瓶颈。本研究以单克隆抗体mab-X为实验材料,优化了细胞培养液、低pH病毒灭活收集液2种模式的正辛酸(caprylic acid,CA)沉淀工艺条件,并研究了CA处理去除聚体、CA处理灭活病毒等2种应用,在小试的基础上,采用低pH病毒灭活收集液CA沉淀的模式进行了500 L细胞培养规模生产放大研究,对沉淀前后的产品质量和收率进行了检测和对比。结果显示,两种模式的CA沉淀均可显著降低宿主细胞蛋白(host cell protein,HCP)残留和聚体含量,在聚体去除实验中CA沉淀可去除约15%的聚体,病毒灭活研究显示CA对逆转录模型病毒具有完全的病毒灭活能力。在放大生产规模中,下游依次进行了深层过滤收获、亲和层析、低pH病毒灭活、CA沉淀及深层过滤、阳离子交换层析,CA沉淀过程中混合时间和搅拌速度显著影响CA沉淀效果,CA沉淀处理后低pH病毒灭活液中的HCP残留量降低了895倍,沉淀后产品纯度和HCP残留均已控制在单克隆抗体质量要求范围内,CA沉淀可以减少传统纯化工艺中的一个精纯步骤。总之,下游工艺中采用CA沉淀,能够精简传统纯化工艺,并完全满足mab-X的纯化质量要求,而且能提高生产效率、降低生产成本。本研究结果将推动CA沉淀在单克隆抗体下游纯化生产中的应用,为解决目前传统纯化工艺的问题提供参考。     

运用氨基酸分析法和DOE法优化抗PD-1单克隆抗体生产用培养基

本研究采用氨基酸分析法结合DOE设计法优化并获得高表达抗PD-1单克隆抗体生产用基础和补料培养基。通过对市售多种基础和补料培养基进行筛选,获得细胞生长状况较优的基础培养基和抗体表达较高的补料培养基,利用氨基酸分析法检测较优基础培养基和补料培养基中氨基酸消耗情况,确定影响细胞生长和抗体表达的关键氨基酸种类,利用DOE分析软件设计分别在较优基础和补料培养基中添加不同浓度的氨基酸种类及浓度,根据细胞生长及抗体表达,优化得到抗PD-1单克隆抗体的基础和补料培养基组合。最终优化后基础培养基配方为:Hycell CHO培养基中添加1.04 mmol/L L-天冬酰胺和0.76 mmol/L L-谷氨酰胺。最终优化后补料培养基配方为:OPM CHOCD Feed1补料培养基中添加38.7 mmol/L L-组氨酸,75.0 mmol/L L-酪氨酸,64.0 mmol/L L-丝氨酸,49.2 mmol/L L-谷氨酰胺和18.7 mmol/L L-半胱氨酸。经过3 L反应器培养验证,优化后的培养基比未优化时,最大活细胞密度(PVCD)提高了62.7%,抗PD-1单克隆抗体表达量提高了71.5%,且活性无明显差异。     

重组戊型肝炎病毒衣壳蛋白工程菌的高密度培养

在10L发酵罐中对戊型肝炎病毒衣壳蛋白在重组大肠杆菌中表达发酵工艺进行了研究,用分批培养方法探讨了不同培养基、培养基中磷酸盐浓度和Mg^2＋浓度等因素对菌体生长与重组蛋白表达的影响;用分批补料培养研究了不同的补料工艺对菌体生长与重组蛋白表达的影响,同时对重组菌诱导时期、诱导持续时间以及不同诱导温度表达包含体在尿素溶液中的溶解性进行了研究。结果表明,在优化后的培养基中,磷酸盐浓度、Mg^2＋浓度分别为80mmol/L 与20mmol/L时菌体生长与表达效果较好;分批补料培养中,37℃培养9h菌体达到对数期中期(约45OD600)为适宜诱导时期,加入终浓度为10mmol/L IPTG后诱导5h,OD600达到80以上,重组蛋白表达量达到29.74％,为最适收获菌体时间;37℃表达的包含体80％以上溶解在4mol/L的尿素溶液中,最终浓度达到14mg/mL; 10L发酵罐中确定的发酵工艺参数在30L发酵罐中进行了放大培养,10L发酵罐中确定的发酵工艺参数在30L发酵罐上具有可放大性与重复性, 可以应用于工业生产。     

基于质量源于设计理念在伤寒沙门菌中试规模培养工艺放大中的应用

目的基于质量源于设计(quality by design, QbD)理念,确定伤寒沙门菌(Salmonella typhi)中试规模(200 L)的培养工艺。方法运用QbD通过分析伤寒沙门菌培养工艺核心指标、培养过程,以确定对核心指标可能产生影响的因素。采用单因素试验对pH控制值、溶氧控制值和补料方式等进行考察,通过中试规模(20 L)培养工艺桥接和中试规模(200 L)培养工艺的放大,分析中试规模培养条件及发酵液中伤寒Vi荚膜多糖含量等。结果连续培养了6批次200 L规模发酵液,培养8 h时发酵液中伤寒Vi荚膜多糖含量均≥43.33μg/mL(期望值);培养条件:(1) pH控制值为7.2;(2)溶氧控制值为35%;(3)补料方式为培养初始补加葡萄糖溶液使其质量浓度为3 g/L,培养过程中补加葡萄糖溶液使其质量浓度保持在1～3 g/L。结论通过分析200 L规模培养过程监测数据,成功在中试规模(200 L)完成伤寒沙门菌培养工艺放大。     

重组大肠杆菌产疏绵状嗜热丝孢菌脂肪酶分批补料发酵工艺

为了获得低成本的疏绵状嗜热丝孢菌脂肪酶(TLL),在5L发酵罐发酵中对工程菌E.coliBL21(DE3)/pET28b-TLL的分批补料发酵工艺进行研究。结果表明:以葡萄糖为碳源的补料培养基,采用溶氧(DO)反馈补料策略进行补料,当OD600=60时降温至28℃,分2次加入终质量浓度为30g/L乳糖进行诱导表达。优化后TLL的表达量提高到798.5U/L,是优化前的2.4倍。本研究为规模化发酵重组菌生产TLL奠定了基础。     

应用规模缩小方法的鸟苷发酵过程放大*

利用鸟苷生产菌株枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis)754#,在50L发酵罐成功优化的基础上,分别在12M^3的中试规模和100M^3的生产规模进行了放大,产苷分别达到29．4g/L和21．4g/L;进而通过过程缩小(scale down)方法,从代谢流动态变化的角度研究了放大过程中存在的问题,发现DO是限制过程放大的另一重要因素,据此将50L规模克服代谢流迁移的优化工艺成功放大到生产规模,使产苦水平进一步提高了18％,达25．2g/L。     

MDCK细胞微载体悬浮培养放大工艺研究

MDCK细胞对各种流感病毒具有高度敏感性,广泛应用于流感病毒的分离和疫苗制备.通过探索培养基中促进细胞贴壁的关键组分,并筛选水解物,开发了适合MDCK细胞生长的低血清培养基.发现钙、镁离子是细胞贴壁不可缺少的物质,麦麸水解物可以部分代替培养基中的血清.利用该低血清培养基,经过消化转移将MDCK细胞从5L反应器放大至25 L反应器,微载体上细胞贴附均匀、生长旺盛,25 L反应器中培养48 h细胞密度可达30.5×105 cells/ml.研究结果为工业规模反应器微载体悬浮培养MDCK细胞生产流感病毒奠定了基础.     

鲨肝刺激物质类似物在大肠杆菌中的高密度发酵

为建立重组鲨肝刺激物类似物(r-sHSA)的高密度发酵方法,本研究在利用单因素实验和均匀设计实验优化摇瓶发酵培养基的组成和浓度以及诱导剂(IPTG)浓度的基础上,利用5L发酵罐进行了放大试验,探讨了补料方式、补料培养基的组成和浓度、诱导剂加入时间和诱导后菌体的收获时间对工程菌生物量和r-sHSA产量的影响。结果表明:在改良LB培养基(0.97%甘油,0.91%酵母粉,0.72%胰蛋白胨,0.782%KH2PO4,0.267%K2HPO4·3H2O,0.062%MgSO4·7H2O,0.5%NaCl,pH7.0)中,当pH控制在7.0、溶氧浓度为25%～30%的前提下,采用指数补料方式加入优化后的补料培养基(620g/L甘油,94.8g/L胰蛋白胨,3.3mL/L微量元素,7.5g/LMgSO4·7H2O)进行培养,在工程菌的OD600达到23时,加入终浓度为0.5mmol/L的IPTG诱导6h后收获菌体,菌体的生物量可达(123.27±1.184)g/L,r-sHSA产量为(2.662±0.041)g/L,比优化前提高了13.7倍。     

经验放大法对肺炎链球菌规模化发酵工艺条件的研究

目的应用经验放大法探索肺炎链球菌规模化基本发酵工艺条件。方法复苏肺炎链球菌菌种,传代培养,最后接种于30 L发酵罐中,以细菌发酵的培养时间、收获液菌浓度A600 nm值、荚膜多糖产率为指标评价发酵工艺;以纯化多糖的功能基团含量、相对分子质量大小(色谱分配系数KD值)、生物活性为指标评价多糖质量。以4型、19F型肺炎链球菌为首选菌株,用于筛选高产菌株、优化传代方法、培养基及30 L发酵罐的通气条件,并应用经验放大法至270 L及1 200 L发酵罐,并将发酵条件推演到其他血清型肺炎链球菌。结果筛选出肺炎链球菌4型和19F高产菌株,利用市售复合培养基,经3代种子液体-液体传代法,0.03 VVM通气条件下,4型和19F菌株在3 0 L发酵罐中获得良好的培养结果;并采用经验放大法至1 200 L发酵罐,获得良好结果。采用此发酵工艺条件,其他20个血清型肺炎链球菌在1 200 L发酵罐中也获得较理想结果。结论应用经验放大法初步探索了肺炎链球菌在1 200 L发酵罐中的发酵工艺条件。     

利用BIOSTAT~ STR一次性生物反应器实现大规模灌注培养与高密度分批补料培养

<正>灌注培养是一种众所周知的药物生产方法,多年来已被广泛的应用于许多生物技术药物的生产工艺中。最近,灌注培养还被用于高细胞密度的种子培养,以缩减放大到生产规模的种子培养步骤。随着细胞培养技术的不断改进,高密度补料分批培养与灌注培养的结合能够实现更高的细胞密度与产品表达浓度,因此,只需更小体积的生物反应器,便可生产治疗性蛋白质或抗体。细胞培养工艺开发能力越来越强,使用一次性反应器也将变得更具有优势,BIOSTATSRT一次性生物反应器能够提供最大可达2000L的生产规模,可以达到过去十至二十倍甚至更大的生物反应器才能实现的商业化生产规模。     

Box-Behnken响应面法优化司替霉素B产生菌发酵条件

【背景】粗糙链霉菌(Streptomyces scabrisporus) HBERC-53204是本中心自主分离的一株链霉菌,经鉴定,其产生一种活性化合物司替霉素B (steffimycin B,SMB),对多种动植物重要病原菌具有良好生物活性。【目的】提高SMB发酵水平,拓宽放线菌活性天然产物在农牧业领域的研究及应用。【方法】以本实验室筛选出的一株产SMB的粗糙链霉菌HBERC-53204为研究对象,运用单因素试验筛选培养基的主效碳源、氮源、无机盐及各营养成分最适浓度,并基于单因素试验结果,通过Plackett-Burman(PB)试验设计筛选出显著影响因素,再结合最陡爬坡试验、Box-Behnken (BB)响应面法拟合显著因子与产量的非线性方程求解,进一步优化菌株产SMB的最佳发酵培养基配方。【结果】优化后最佳培养基配方为：葡萄糖36.22 g/L,蛋白胨8.00 g/L,酵母粉8.51 g/L,酸水解酪蛋白1.50 g/L,MgSO₄ 0.68 g/L,KNO₃ 1.00 g/L。经摇瓶验证,优化后SMB效价达到477.26 mg/L...     

丁酸梭菌发酵培养基的优化及发酵产物对黄曲霉毒素B1的降解

【背景】丁酸梭菌是专性厌氧的新一代芽孢益生菌,耐热、耐酸、抗逆性强,极具应用价值和开发前景。【目的】优化丁酸梭菌发酵培养基并初步研究其发酵液对黄曲霉菌的抑制作用和降解黄曲霉毒素B₁ (aflatoxin B₁, AFB₁)的能力。【方法】利用响应面法对发酵培养基进行优化,采用牛津杯法对丁酸梭菌发酵液抑制黄曲霉菌生长进行研究,并通过酶联免疫法测定发酵液对AFB₁的降解能力。【结果】优化后的发酵培养基为：葡萄糖18.1g/L,大豆蛋白胨29.7g/L,磷酸氢二钾3.8 g/L,氯化钠2.0 g/L,乙酸钠4.0 g/L,结晶硫酸镁1.2 g/L,L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐0.3 g/L。优化后的丁酸梭菌生物量由8.99×10⁸个/mL提高至2.28×10⁹个/mL,是优化前的2.54倍。丁酸梭菌发酵液对致病真菌黄曲霉菌的抑菌效果十分显著,其上清液经浓缩后对AFB₁降解72h的降解率达到68.65%,初步分析表明上清液中对AFB₁     

Lactic acid production with Lactobacillus casei ssp. rhamnosus NBIMCC 1013: Modeling and optimization of the nutrient medium

The medium needed to perform a fermentation process with viable cells of Lactobacillus casei ssp. rhamnosus NBIMCC 1013 for the production of lactic acid was modeled and optimized. On the basis of single‐factor experiments and statistical analysis, the significant factors affecting the fermentation process, i.e. the concentration of carbon source, concentrations of both yeast and meat extracts, and the range of variability of these components were determined. Modeling and optimization of the medium contents were performed using central composite design. The composition of the medium used for the production of lactic acid (g/L) was as follows: glucose 69.8, meat extract 17.07, yeast extract 10.9, CH₃COONa 10, K₂HPO₄ 0.25, KH₂PO₄ 0.25, MgSO₄·7H₂O 0.05, and FeSO₄ 0.05. The maximum specific growth rate of the lactic acid bacteria (μ=0.51 h⁻¹) and other kinetic parameters were determined during cultivation in a laboratory bioreactor using the logistic equation and the Luedeking–Piret model. The obtained medium allows the production of lactic acid under optimum conditions, at high specific sugar assimilation rates and high lactic acid accumulation rates. The positive results of the paper are the new nutrient medium for lactic acid production and the process kinetic model, enabling scaling up and switching to a continuous process.     

Separation of recombinant antibodies from DNA using divalent cations

New downstream methods for the purification of antibodies are required to meet the demands of current and future antibody applications, e.g. for mass production as cancer therapeutic. The standard chromatographic methods suffer from high material costs and mass transfer limitations. In this study, we established and characterized a method for DNA precipitation for antibody purification using divalent cations, particularly CaCl₂, using four different antibodies. By implementing high‐throughput screening using a factorial design plan, we determined that CaCl₂ concentration and PO₄^3? concentration were significant factors, while temperature and pH were not significant. We detected DNA precipitation as well as host‐cell protein (HCP) reduction. Two‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D‐DIGE) revealed that improved HCP removal does not occur via an unspecific random mechanism such as the enclosure of proteins in the precipitate. CaCl₂ precipitation of DNA and HCP can be combined with nonchromatographic methods such as precipitation and protein A affinity chromatography. This additional purification method not only enhances DNA removal, but also the removal of HCP and antibody multimers, which will reduce immunogenicity and increase homogeneity of the resulting drug.     

Improved Culture Media for Embryogenic Callus Generation in Sorghum [<i>Sorghum bicolor</i> (L.) Moench]

Many attempts on optimization of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] tissue culture induction media have been made, but the culture system remains with some bottlenecks compared to that of other crops. This study aimed at assessing the suitability of various induction media to produce embryogenic callus (yellow and friable) with high induction rates and reduced phenolic exudation. The six culture medium modifications: 3 based on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium and one each based on Chu N6, Gamborg B5 and 190-2 media respectively were applied in the culture of mature embryos from 10 sorghum genotypes. Although there was a genotype influence on the attainment of a yellow callus, friability of the callus was determined to be dependent on the culture medium and not the genotype. Half strength MS medium with 0.2 mg/l 2,4-D with 2.8 g/l Gelrite® as the gelling agent modified with 1.0 g/l KH₂PO₄, 1.0 g/l L-proline, 1.0 g/l L-asparagine and 0.16 mg/l CuSO₄·5H₂O (type E) was found to be the most effective resulting in about 60% yellow coloured callus induction with 25% friability. Addition of CuSO₄·5H₂O, KH₂PO₄, L-proline and L-asparagine significantly reduced the phenolic production. Half strength MS medium was observed to contribute to quality callus production when compared to full strength MS media modified with the compounds. The half strength MS medium was also observed to suppress phenolic production. Medium 190-2 produced the highest regeneration frequency (40%) among the 3-regeneration media tested. The results provide information on a suitable sorghum callus induction medium necessary for embryogenesis.     

Statistically optimized production and characterization of vanillin from creosol using newly isolated <Emphasis Type="Italic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</Emphasis> P27

The current research study deals with the screening of a potent vanillin-producing microorganism among 96 isolated strains. Biochemical characterization and molecular identification confirmed that the isolated strain belongs to the Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria, so it was denoted as Klebsiella pneumoniae P27. The optimization of medium components for the enhanced production of vanillin was carried out using two-stage statistical experimental designs, in which the significant medium components for vanillin production were screened using a Plackett-Burman experimental design. And the optimal levels of those noteworthy factors were determined by using central composite design. The statistical optimization of medium components resulted in increases in vanillin production and vanillyl alcohol oxidase activity of 2.05-fold and 3.055-fold, respectively. The highest vanillin production (30.88 mg/L) and vanillyl alcohol oxidase activity (0.044 U/mL) was observed after 16 h of incubation in the presence of 0.26 mL/L creosol, 8.06 g/L yeast extract and 2.77 g/L NH₄NO₃ in the production medium. The optimally produced vanillin was extracted and confirmed using FTIR and LCMS spectral analysis. The results of the current study support a statistical process optimization approach as a potential technique for the enhanced production of vanillin from creosol by using newly isolated Klebsiella pneumoniae P27 bacterial strain.     

双功能尿苷酰转移/去除酶GlnD在谷氨酸棒杆菌JNR中的功能

【目的】通过改造谷氨酸棒杆菌JNR中双功能尿苷酰转移/去除酶GlnD,减弱尿苷酰去除酶的活性,增强NH_4~+的转运和利用,提高L-精氨酸的合成。【方法】本文对来源于谷氨酸棒杆菌的突变菌株JNR中的双功能尿苷酰转移/去除酶GlnD进行整合突变,采用同源重组的方法将H_(414)和D_(415)位点突变为两个丙氨酸AA,在此菌株的基础上过量表达PII蛋白GlnK,并对其进行尿苷酰化研究,离子色谱检测摇瓶发酵过程中NH4+的浓度,并对最终的改造菌株进行连续流加发酵分析。【结果】该双功能尿苷酰转移/去除酶在谷氨酸棒杆菌中成功进行整合突变,有效减弱了尿苷酰去除酶的活性;同时过表达PII蛋白GlnK,其酰基化程度明显增强。摇瓶发酵结果表明菌株L4消耗NH_4~+增加,L-精氨酸产量为36.2±1.2 g/L,比对照菌株L3高出22.7%。5-L发酵罐实验结果显示改造菌株L4的L-精氨酸的产量为52.2 g/L,较野生型菌株L0提高了25.3%。【结论】谷氨酸棒杆菌合成L-精氨酸的过程中氮源是必不可少的。减弱GlnD尿苷酰去除酶的活性后,胞内尿苷酰化的GlnK-UMP增加,GlnK-UMP与氮转录调控因子AmtR结合,转运至胞内的NH_4~+浓度提高,促使L-精氨酸产量显著提高。     

Bioprocess optimization for pectinase production using <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus niger</Emphasis> in a submerged cultivation system

Background

Pectinase enzymes present a high priced category of microbial enzymes with many potential applications in various food and oil industries and an estimated market share of $ 41.4 billion by 2020.

Results

The production medium was first optimized using a statistical optimization approach to increase pectinase production. A maximal enzyme concentration of 76.35 U/mL (a 2.8-fold increase compared with the initial medium) was produced in a medium composed of (g/L): pectin, 32.22; (NH₄)₂SO₄, 4.33; K₂HPO₄, 1.36; MgSO₄.5H₂O, 0.05; KCl, 0.05; and FeSO₄.5H₂O, 0.10. The cultivations were then carried out in a 16-L stirred tank bioreactor in both batch and fed-batch modes to improve enzyme production, which is an important step for bioprocess industrialization. Controlling the pH at 5.5 during cultivation yielded a pectinase production of 109.63 U/mL, which was about 10% higher than the uncontrolled pH culture. Furthermore, fed-batch cultivation using sucrose as a feeding substrate with a rate of 2 g/L/h increased the enzyme production up to 450 U/mL after 126 h.

Conclusions

Statistical medium optimization improved volumetric pectinase productivity by about 2.8 folds. Scaling-up the production process in 16-L semi-industrial stirred tank bioreactor under controlled pH further enhanced pectinase production by about 4-folds. Finally, bioreactor fed-batch cultivation using constant carbon source feeding increased maximal volumetric enzyme production by about 16.5-folds from the initial starting conditions.

     

Biotransformation of Panax notoginseng saponins into ginsenoside compound K production by Paecilomyces bainier sp. 229

Aims: Development and optimization of an efficient and inexpensive biotransformation process for ginsenoside compound K production by Paecilomyces bainier sp. 229. Methods and Results: We have determined the optimum culture conditions required for the efficient production of ginsenoside compound K by P. bainier sp. 229 via biotransformation of ginseng saponin substrate. The optimal medium constituents were determined to be: 30 g sucrose, 30 g soybean steep powder, 1 g wheat bran powder, 1 g (NH₄)₂SO₄, 2 g MgSO₄·7H₂O and 1 g CaCl₂ in 1 l of distilled water. An inoculum size of 5–7·5% with an optimal pH range of 4·5–5·5 was essential for high yield. Conclusions: The Mol conversion quotient of ginseng saponins increased from 21·2% to 72·7% by optimization of the cultural conditions. Scale‐up in a 10 l fermentor, under conditions of controlled pH and continuous air supply in the optimal medium, resulted in an 82·6% yield of ginsenoside compound K. Significant and Impact of the Study: This is the first report on the optimization of culture conditions for the production of ginsenoside compound K by fungal biotransformation. The degree of conversion is significantly higher than previous reports. Our method describes an inexpensive, rapid and efficient biotransformation system for the production of ginsenoside compound K.     

Cost-effective optimization of gellan gum production by Sphingomonas paucimobilis using corn steep liquor

Abstract

Gellan gum, produced by Sphingomonas paucimobilis, is increasingly used in food and pharmaceutical industries as stabilizing, emulsifying, texturing and gelling agents. However, its high production costs may limit its full commercial potential. Therefore, in this study, we investigated ways to reduce gellan gum production costs and improve yields. We first revealed corn steep liquor (CSL) as a cost-effective nutrient source that can improve gellan gum yields. We then systematically optimized culture conditions even further, and revealed that the addition of Triton X-100 surfactant and selected inorganic nitrogen sources improved gellan gum production. Under our optimized conditions (glucose 33.75?g/L, CSL 10?g/L, urea 2.5?g/L, MgSO₄ 1.08?g/L, KH₂PO₄ 3.24?g/L, K₂SO₄ 1?g/L and Triton X-100 0.75?g/L), we yielded a maximum concentration of 14.41?g/L, which was about 1.5-fold higher than non-optimized CSL-based medium. Our findings highlight the use of CSL as a cost effective and promising nutrient source for industrial production of gellan gum.