穹窿切断对大鼠下丘脑CRH表达的影响

目的观察穹窿切断对大鼠下丘脑促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)表达的影响,探讨海马对HPA轴的抑制作用是否通过穹窿介导。方法成年健康雄性Wistar大鼠80只,随机分为穹窿切断组和假手术组,再分为0d、4d、7d、10d组,每组10只。建立大鼠穹窿切断模型,采用免疫组织化学和Westernblot技术检测穹窿切断组0d、4d、7d、10d时下丘脑CRH的表达变化和分布规律,并以假手术组相应时间段作为对照。结果穹窿切断组于7d时CRH表达升高,10d时升高显著。假手术组下丘脑仅有少量CRH表达。结论穹窿切断使CRH表达升高,HPA轴活动增强,海马对HPA轴的抑制作用减弱,揭示海马是通过穹窿纤维对HPA轴发挥抑制作用。     

低氧暴露条件下高原鼠兔和大鼠HPA轴活动的比较

采用人工模拟低气压低氧的方法比较研究了不同程度（模拟海拔5 km和7 km)和不同时间（24d和5d）低氧暴露,对大鼠和高原鼠兔（Ochotona curzoniae）下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质 (hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenalcortex,HPA)轴活动的影响。结果如下：7 km低氧暴露24 h,大鼠下丘脑的促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素（corticotropin-releasing actor,CRF）和肾上腺皮质激素皮质酮分泌显著增加,大鼠HPA低氧暴露对大鼠HPA 轴活动无显著差异。低氧暴露5天后,大鼠7 km、5 km组的HPA轴活动与对照相比无明显差异。低氧暴露对高原鼠兔的HPA轴无明显影响。上述结果表明：低氧暴露的时间和程度与大鼠HPA的活动密切相关;从HPA的活动来看,高原鼠兔表现出较强的低氧耐受性。     

雌、雄大鼠去势对HPA轴分泌功能影响的比较

目的观察去势手术后雌、雄大鼠在低性激素状态下,下丘脑—垂体—肾上腺(HPA)轴功能的变化,证实性激素可对HPA轴的功能产生影响,并分析这种影响是否存在性别差异和时长效应。方法选用SPF级8周龄SD大鼠80只(雌雄各半),体重180~220 g,采用完全随机设计法,利用随机数字表将其分为雄性模型组、雄性对照组、雌性模型组、雌性对照组,每组20只大鼠,适应性饲养一周后行去势手术,于造模后第3周及第13周心脏取血,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清中促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)、皮质酮(CORT)含量并进行统计分析。结果经检测造模第3周雄性模型组大鼠血清CRH、CORT含量显著低于对照组(P0.01),血清ACTH含量低于对照组(P0.05);雌性模型组大鼠血清CRH、CORT含量均低于对照组(P0.05),血清ACTH含量有下降趋势。造模第13周,雄性模型组大鼠血清CORT含量显著低于对照组(P0.01),其他激素含量变化不明显;雌性模型组大鼠血清CORT含量低于对照组(P0.05),其他激素含量变化不明显。雌、雄模型组大鼠造模后第13周与第3周组内相比CRH、ACTH、CORT的含量均无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论无论雌、雄,去势均可造成大鼠HPA轴功能的紊乱,表现为外周血CRH、ACTH、CORT水平下降,雄激素对雄鼠HPA轴的影响要大于雌激素对雌鼠的影响。推测雄激素可能更加有利于上述三种激素的产生。当雌、雄大鼠处于稳定的低性激素状态,其HPA轴分泌功能不随着大鼠周龄的增长而发生改变。     

模拟海拔5 500 m低压低氧环境对大鼠HPT轴和肠道菌群的影响*

目的: 探究模拟海拔5 500 m低压低氧环境对大鼠下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺(HPT)轴和肠道菌群的影响及两者间关联。方法: 采用低压低氧舱模拟海拔5 500 m高度,构建成年雄性SD大鼠低氧模型,设置1、3、7、14、21和28 d低氧组和常氧组,并设置1 d和3 d低氧后常氧恢复组(每组大鼠8只,低氧时间为每天24 h)。记录大鼠每日体重和平均摄食量,采用16 s rDNA测序分析肠道菌群、ELISA检测血清HPT轴激素水平,进行肠道菌群与HPT轴激素相关性分析。结果: 与常氧组相比,低氧组大鼠体重和摄食量显著降低(P＜0.01)。1 d、3 d低氧组大鼠血清促甲状腺素释放激素(TRH)和促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平较常氧组显著降低(P＜0.05),血清总甲状腺素(TT4)、总三碘甲状腺原氨酸(TT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)和游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)水平较常氧组显著增加(P＜0.05)。1和3 d低氧组大鼠肠道副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides)、乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、丁酸球菌属(Butyricimonas)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、臭味杆菌属(Odoribacter)和RC4-4菌属丰度较常氧组显著增加(P＜0.05),普氏菌属(Prevotella)丰度较常氧组显著降低(P＜0.05)。14、21和28 d低氧组大鼠副拟杆菌属、球毛菌属(Sphaerochaeta)、阿克曼氏菌属(Akkermansia)、迷踪菌属(Elusimicrobium)丰度较常氧组显著增加(P＜0.05),乳酸杆菌属、萨特氏菌属(Sutterella)丰度较常氧组显著降低(P＜0.05)。肠道菌群与HPT轴激素相关性分析表明,丁酸球菌属、迷踪菌属、萨特氏菌属与TRH、TSH显著负相关(P＜0.05),普氏菌属、拟杆菌属、臭味杆菌属、副拟杆菌属分别与TSH、TT4、TT3、FT4显著相关(P＜0.05),乳酸杆菌属与TRH、 TSH、FT4显著相关(P＜0.05),阿克曼氏菌属与TRH、FT4显著相关(P＜ 0.05),RC4-4菌属与TSH、TT3显著相关(P＜0.05)。结论: 模拟海拔5 500 m低氧应激显著改变SD大鼠肠道菌群的构成,这可能是甲状腺功能与低氧环境相适应的变化,变化程度与低氧应激时间有关;低氧环境下大鼠肠道菌群的变化与HPT轴激素水平显著相关。     

少弱精子症患者精子候选差异蛋白Trx 2、TrxR 1的验证及在少精、弱精子症中的表达研究

目的:根据TMT技术筛选少弱精子症患者精子差异蛋白的结果,选取硫氧还蛋白2(thioredoxin 2,Trx 2)、硫氧还蛋白还原酶1(thioredoxin reductase 1,TrxR 1)进行验证,探讨二者在少精、弱精和少弱精子症中的表达变化及其意义。方法:收集105例少精子症组(O组)、150例弱精子症组(A组)、50例少弱精子症组(OA组)和106例正常精液男性(N组)精液,分离出精子,对少弱精子症进行串联质谱标签(Tandem Mass Tag,TMT)技术蛋白质组学分析,根据少弱精子症组的精子差异蛋白结果选取Trx 2、TrxR 1,通过免疫荧光和免疫印迹方法检测其在O组、A组、OA组的表达情况。结果:TMT技术蛋白质组学结果显示Trx 2为上调差异蛋白(为N组的1.31倍),TrxR 1为下调差异蛋白(为N组的0.82倍)。免疫荧光和免疫印迹结果显示O组、A组、OA组Trx 2表达显著高于N组(P0.05),O组、OA组TrxR 1的表达显著低于N组(P0.05)。二者在OA组的结果与蛋白质组学结果一致。结论:Trx 2、TrxR 1可能在少精、弱精及少弱精子症的发生中起着重要的作用,并有望成为少弱精子症患者精子的候选标志物及治疗靶点。     

布氏田鼠在冷暴露条件下褐色脂肪组织产热的神经内分泌调节

为了解野生小哺乳动物在冷暴露条件下褐色脂肪组织产热的调节机理 ,雄性布氏田鼠随机分为常温对照组 ( 2 4± 2℃ ,12L∶12D) ,冷暴露 1天、 1周和 4周组 ( 4± 1℃ ,12L∶12D ,分别处理 1天、 1周和 4周 ) ,驯化处理结束后测定下丘脑—垂体—甲状腺 (HPT)轴和下丘脑 -垂体 -肾上腺 (HPA)轴的中枢和外周激素及血清去甲肾上腺素含量。结果表明 :( 1) ,冷暴露布氏田鼠HPT轴持续处于激活状态 ,急性冷暴露下 ,由于下丘脑促甲状腺激素释放激素 (TRH)释放的增加而导致下丘脑TRH含量明显降低 ;慢性冷暴露后 ,下丘脑TRH的合成和经正中隆起 (ME)的释放显著增加 ,血清T3 水平随着冷暴露时间的延长而增加 ;( 2 )冷暴露持续激活布氏田鼠交感神经系统 ;( 3)急性冷暴露对布氏田鼠HPA轴的激活不明显 ,慢性冷暴露布氏田鼠HPA轴明显被激活 ,正中隆起促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素 (CRH)及血清皮质酮水平均增加 ,这可能是交感神经系统作用的结果 ;( 4 )下丘脑精氨酸加压素 (AVP)含量在冷暴露过程中变化不明显。冷暴露布氏田鼠的产热受到甲状腺激素、肾上腺皮质激素、交感神经等多种神经内分泌因素的综合调节     

维吾尔药神香草调节哮喘大鼠下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴功能紊乱的实验研究

目的:观察维吾尔药(维药)神香草对哮喘大鼠模型神经内分泌免疫网络若干组分的影响。方法:取雄性健康Wistar大鼠50只,随机分为正常对照组,哮喘模型组,神香草低、中、高剂量治疗组。采用致敏和雾化的方法制备哮喘模型。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)方法检测血清中白介素-4(IL-4)、白介素-6(IL-6)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、皮质酮(CORT)水平;放免法检测血浆中促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)的含量;采用实时定量-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法测定下丘脑促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)mRNA表达水平。结果:哮喘反复发作时,大鼠下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)轴紊乱,哮喘大鼠下丘脑CRH mRNA表达和血浆ACTH无明显变化,实验各组血清CORT水平升高(P<0.05),神香草高剂量组血清CORT含量高于低剂量组(P<0.05)。细胞因子IFN-γ无明显变化,IL-6、IL-4有下降趋势(P<0.05)。结论:哮喘反复发作的大鼠存在NEI网络的紊乱;神香草可以增强下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质(HPA)轴的功能,改善细胞因子的平衡。这些可能是其治疗哮喘的机制之一。     

糖皮质激素对胎儿下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质轴的印迹效应

现已发现,糖皮质激素（glucocorticoids,GC)参与神经细胞的发生、分化、成熟及死亡。在胎儿脑发育的关键时期,接触过高浓度的GC将会影响其出生后的下丘脑－垂体－肾上腺轴（HPA轴）的功能。HPA轴与应激反应密切相关,对孕期暴露于高浓度的GC非常敏感。GC主要是通过以下三点来编程成年HPA轴功能的：（1）脑干神经系统的发育和功能;（2）海马皮质类固醇受体发育状态;（3）室旁核神经元的发育和功能。孕期接触高浓度的GC还可以直接影响脑结构的发育。GC对HPA轴功能及脑结构的影响则导致了成年行为的改变及一系列疾病的发生。     

理气调补汤对运动性疲劳大鼠血清皮质醇和白细胞介素2影响的研究

目的:通过观察理气调补汤对运动性疲劳大鼠血清皮质醇(C)和白细胞介素2(IL-2)水平的影响,以期揭示中药理气调补汤促进运动性疲劳恢复的作用机理.方法:健康雄性SD大鼠30只,随机分为对照组(Ⅰ组)8只、单纯运动组(Ⅱ组)11只、中药运动组(Ⅲ组)11只.实验时Ⅲ组每天定时定量中药灌胃1ml/100g体重,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组灌胃相同剂量的生理盐水.实验采用游泳运动训练方式.6周末力竭训练后24h分离血清测定C和IL-2含量.结果:Ⅲ组大鼠游泳至力竭的时间较Ⅱ组显著延长;Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组大鼠血清IL-2浓度均显著低于Ⅰ组,但Ⅲ组大鼠血清IL-2浓度显著高于Ⅱ组;血清C浓度Ⅱ组显著高于Ⅰ组,Ⅲ组较Ⅱ组显著降低.结论:大强度运动训练可能导致HPA轴释放过量皮质醇,从而使免疫功能受到抑制.理气调补汤能够调节疲劳大鼠的HPA轴适应性,降低C的过量释放,维持免疫功能稳定,延缓疲劳的发生.     

复合应激型ED大鼠模型促炎细胞因子IL-6、TNF-α和TGF-β1水平的研究

目的:探讨环境雌激素样饲料联合冷刺激诱导的ED大鼠血清与阴茎组织中促炎因子IL-6、TNF-α和TGF-β1的变化及其对ED大鼠阴茎组织纤维化的影响.方法:取100只SD雄性大鼠,20只为正常组(N),其余120只为建模组,以环境雌激素样饲料联合冷刺激予以复合干预,24周后通过APO阴茎勃起实验和交配实验筛选ED大鼠,...     

Differential response of TRHergic neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in female animals submitted to food-restriction or dehydration-induced anorexia and cold exposure

TRH neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), regulate pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT). Fasting activates expression of orexigenic peptides from the arcuate nucleus, increases corticosterone while reduces leptin, and pro-TRH mRNA levels despite low serum thyroid hormone concentration (tertiary hypothyroidism). TRH synthesis is positively regulated by anorexigenic peptides whose expression is reduced in fasting. The model of dehydration-induced anorexia (DIA) leads to decreased voluntary food intake but peptide expression in the arcuate is similar to forced-food restriction (FFR), where animals remain hungered. We compared the response of HPT axis of female Wistar rats submitted to DIA (2.5% saline solution, food ad libitum, 7 days) with FFR (provided with the amount of food ingested by DIA) and na?ve (N) group fed ad libitum, as well as their response to acute cold exposure. Pro-TRH and pro-CRH mRNA levels in the PVN were measured by RT-PCR, TRH content, serum concentration of TSH and thyroid hormones by radioimmunoassay. DIA rats reduced 80% their food consumption compared to N, decreased PVN pro-CRH expression, serum estradiol and leptin levels, increased corticosterone similar to FFR. HPT axis of DIA animals failed to adapt: FFR presented tertiary hypothyroidism and DIA, primary. Response to cold stimulation leading to increased pro-TRH mRNA levels and TRH release was preserved under reduced energy availability in FFR rats but not in DIA, although the dynamics of hormonal release differed: TSH release augmented only in na?ve; thyroxine in all but highest in DIA, and triiodothyronine in FFR and DIA suggesting a differential regulation of deiodinases.     

The effect of intrahippocampal injection of kainic acid on corticosterone release in rats

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the hiopocampus exerts a modulatory effect on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Kainic acid was stereotaxically injected into the CA1 pyramidal cell layer of the dorsal hippocampus, causing histological and behavioural changes typical of kainic acid toxicity. The CA3 pyramidal cells of the dorsal hippocampus were selectively lesioned. Rats treated with kainic acid were hyperactive, executed clockwise rotatory movements and displayed epileptic seizures. The acute excitatory effect of kainic acid on glutamatergic receptors in the hippocampus resulted in an elevation in plasma corticosterone levels, suggesting a stimulation of HPA axis activity. Direct or indirect stimulation of the CA1 pyramidal cells of the dorsal hippocampus appeared to have caused the increase in corticosterone secretion.     

CHRONIC STIMULATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS–PITUITARY–ADRENAL AXIS IN RATS BY INTERLEUKIN 1β: CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL MECHANISMS

The authors have studied mechanisms which could be involved in the sustained activation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis during continuous infusion of rats with recombinant human interleukin-1β (IL-1β). First, the effects of 3 days of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of rats with IL-1 on plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticosterone (B) levels were investigated. Thereafter, changes in plasma ACTH and B levels were followed in rats intraperitoneally (i.p.) infused with IL-1β after immunoneutralization of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), hypophysectomy (HPX), macrophage depletion using dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl₂MDP)-containing liposomes, adrenalectomy (ADX) and dexamethasone (DEX) administration, respectively. Infusion of IL-1β i.c.v., even in doses as low as 0.1 μg/day, induced significant increases in plasma ACTH and B levels. HPX and ADX rats died within 18 h after starting the IL-1β infusion (0.5 μg/day). Immunoneutralization of CRH significantly decreased and macrophage depletion significantly increased the stimulation of the HPA axis by IL-1 (4.0 μg/day). Administration of high doses of DEX completely abolished the stimulation of the HPA axis by IL-1β (2.0 μg/day). The present study demonstrates that lower doses of IL-1β were able to activate the HPA axis when infused i.c.v. compared with i.p. Regarding stimulation of the HPA axis by chronic i.p. infusion of IL-1β the present study: (1) provides evidence that the CRH system is involved; (2) provides no evidence for a direct stimulatory effect of IL-1β on the release of B by the adrenal gland which is of sufficient magnitude to resist the stress of chronic i.p. IL-1β infusion; (3) shows that endogenous macrophage-derived mediators, induced by i.p. IL-1β infusion, express an overall inhibitory rather than a stimulatory effect on the activity of the HPA axis; (4) demonstrates that exogenous administration of DEX blocks the effect of IL-1β, which fits well in the concept of an immunoregulatory feedback between IL-1β and glucocorticoids.     

Suppression of adult cytogenesis in the rat brain leads to sex‐differentiated disruption of the HPA axis activity

ObjectivesThe action of stress hormones, mainly glucocorticoids, starts and coordinates the systemic response to stressful events. The HPA axis activity is predicated on information processing and modulation by upstream centres, such as the hippocampus where adult‐born neurons (hABN) have been reported to be an important component in the processing and integration of new information. Still, it remains unclear whether and how hABN regulates HPA axis activity and CORT production, particularly when considering sex differences.Materials and MethodsUsing both sexes of a transgenic rat model of cytogenesis ablation (GFAP‐Tk rat model), we examined the endocrinological and behavioural effects of disrupting the generation of new astrocytes and neurons within the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG).ResultsOur results show that GFAP‐Tk male rats present a heightened acute stress response. In contrast, GFAP‐Tk female rats have increased corticosterone secretion at nadir, a heightened, yet delayed, response to an acute stress stimulus, accompanied by neuronal hypertrophy in the basal lateral amygdala and increased expression of the glucocorticoid receptors in the ventral DG.ConclusionsOur results reveal that hABN regulation of the HPA axis response is sex‐differentiated.     

黄芩苷对慢性萎缩性胃炎模型鼠OPG/RANKL轴的影响

摘要 目的：探讨黄芩苷对慢性萎缩性胃炎模型鼠OPG/RANKL轴的影响。方法：将建模成功的大鼠(n=42)平分为三组-模型组、雷尼替丁组与黄芩苷组,黄芩苷组灌胃6.3 g/kg体重的黄芩苷溶液(5 mg?kg^-1),雷尼替丁组灌胃6.3 g/kg体重的雷尼替丁生理盐水溶液(150 mg?kg^-1),模型组灌胃与同容积的生理盐水,记录不同时间点OPG/RANKL轴表达变化情况。结果：雷尼替丁组与黄芩苷组治疗后2 w与4 w的体重高于模型组(P<0.05),黄芩苷组高于雷尼替丁组(P<0.05)。雷尼替丁组与黄芩苷组治疗后2 w与4 w的胃黏膜组织评分低于模型组(P<0.05),黄芩苷组低于雷尼替丁组(P<0.05)。雷尼替丁组与黄芩苷组治疗后2 w与4 w的血清NO与SOD含量高于模型组(P<0.05),黄芩苷组高于雷尼替丁组(P<0.05)。雷尼替丁组与黄芩苷组治疗后2 w与4 w的胃窦组织OPG、RANKL蛋白相对表达水平高于对照组,黄芩苷组高于雷尼替丁组(P<0.05)。结论：黄芩苷治疗慢性萎缩性胃炎模型鼠能激活OPG/RANKL轴,提高血清NO与SOD含量,能减少胃黏膜组织损伤,提高大鼠体重。     

Long-term effects of early parental loss due to divorce on the HPA axis

We investigated the long-term effects of divorce and early separation from one parent on HPA axis reactivity, in young adults without psychopathology. Participants were 44 young subjects, 22 whose parents divorced before they reached age 10, and 22 controls. Psychiatric symptomatology was measured with the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), family perceived stress by the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS), and bonding by the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). Assessment of HPA axis function included baseline morning cortisol and ACTH and cortisol response to a CRH stimulation test. No baseline or stimulated group differences were observed for ACTH. Cortisol levels were consistently but insignificantly lower in the divorce group throughout the CRH stimulation reaching statistical significance only at 5 min (p<0.03). Group by time effect reached a trend level (p<0.06). A correlation was found between psychiatric symptomatology and PBI scores; however, both parameters did not correlate with HPA axis activity. A significant correlation was found between DAS scores and ACTH. A regression model revealed a contributing effect for both family stress and child-parent bonding to stimulated ACTH levels. These preliminary findings suggest that even in the absence of adult psychopathology, a history of childhood separation from one parent due to divorce may lead to detectable, albeit mild, long-term alterations in HPA axis activity. Furthermore, they suggest that level of stress at home and parental bonding are important determinants of this effect. It is likely that divorce has significant and sustained effects on children's HPA axis only in the context of a traumatic separation.     

Efficacy of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Patients with Chronic Primary Insomnia

This study assessed the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of patients with chronic primary insomnia. Hundred and twenty patients with chronic primary insomnia were randomly assigned to three study groups (n = 40 per group): rTMS, medication, or psychotherapy treatment (both latter as controls). The treatments proceeded for 2 weeks, after which treatment efficacies were assessed in each study group based on changes in polysomnography parameters, Pittsburgh sleep quality index, and indices of HPA and HPT axes (serum cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, highly sensitive thyrotropin, free T3, and free T4). Further, the relapse and recurrence rates within 3 months after respective treatments were also measured. rTMS treatment significantly better (p < 0.05) improved stage III sleep and REM sleep cycle compared with both control groups. Further, rTMS treatment group was more advantageous in improving the indices of HPA and HPT axes (p < 0.05 vs. both control groups). In addition, the relapse and recurrence rates were also the lowest in rTMS treatment group. In conclusion, rTMS treatment is more advantageous than both medication and psychotherapy treatments in improving the sleep architecture. Further, rTMS significantly decreases the body awakening level and provides a better long-term treatment effect.