病毒分子生物学诊断方法的应用进展

作为病毒诊断实验室必备的一种手段 ,PCR相关的病毒分子生物学诊断技术准确、快速、敏感、简便 ,对指导临床治疗十分重要。本文对近年来 PCR技术方法学研究与应用研究及生物传感器诊断病毒等方面的一些进展进行了综述     

淋病奈瑟菌感染的实验室诊断技术概述

淋病奈瑟菌是淋病的病原菌,淋病不及时诊断和治疗会引起严重的并发症,早期诊断和治疗是控制淋病传播的关键。试验诊断技术在淋病的诊断和治疗中具有十分重要的作用。目前,常用的试验诊断方法有涂片镜检、分离培养、免疫学方法、分子生物学检查和快速检查等。分泌物直接涂片染色镜检大多常用革兰染色,但是有其局限性,细菌培养是诊断淋病的金标准,也是目前诊断淋病最可靠的方法,但淋病奈瑟菌培养困难,仅做细菌学培养检查,诊断意义有限。随着新仪器的研发以及现代分子生物学理论和技术的发展,快速、准确、特异、敏感的分子生物学技术已经成为试验诊断的重要手段,具有广阔的应用前景,临床上还需要开发新的核酸扩增试验技术,以便更好地指导临床治疗。临床医生在实际诊疗过程中应该根据患者的实际情况正确选择检测方法,有时建议选择两种以上的检测方法以提高阳性检出率。本文就淋病奈瑟菌感染的试验诊断技术的研究进展加以概述。     

生殖支原体的分子生物学诊断方法研究进展

本文综述了生殖支原体的实验室诊断的分子生物学方法,特别是基因探针和聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）等新的分子生物学技术在诊断生殖支原体感染方面的研究进展,着重讨论了ＰＣＲ技术在诊断生殖支原体方面的应用。     

真菌的分子生物学

随着对真菌及真菌病诊断与治疗研究的深入,近年来在真菌分子生物学研究方面也有不少进展,如在真菌超微结构、细胞壁的特殊构型与致病的关系、真菌的染色体倍性与数目,以及其遗传信息等方面。     

结核分枝杆菌诊断技术研究进展

近年来,结核病的诊断方法逐渐得到完善,将传统细菌学检验方法、免疫学方法和分子生物学的方法相结合,加速了对结核病的诊断研究。特别是分子生物学技术的发展,对于阐明分枝杆菌和结核分枝杆菌的遗传变异规律及分子进化等都有重要的意义。我们结合近年来结核分枝杆菌诊断在免疫学检测、PCR技术、基因技术等方面的进步,从细菌学检测、免疫学检测、分子生物学检测等3个方面做简要综述。     

马拉色菌的免疫学与分子生物学研究新进展

马拉色菌是一组常见的条件致病菌,属于嗜脂性酵母。马拉色菌与许多皮肤疾病的相关性逐渐受到重视,特别是免疫学与分子生物学方面的研究,为马拉色菌相关皮肤疾病的诊断提供了更为简便、可靠的依据。现对马拉色菌在皮炎的发病机制、诊断、治疗等方面的免疫学与分子生物学研究进展作一综述。     

白念珠菌基因分型的相关研究

白色念珠菌定植于大多数人群的口腔中,在一定条件下可成为优势菌种而导致感染。基因分型是近年来白念分子生物学研究中的一个热点,随着医学科学技术的发展,由于深部真菌感染比例不断增加,分子生物学方法已经越来越广泛的应用于临床真菌病的研究中,从而为控制白念感染及为早期诊断、治疗提供基础。本文综述了限制性片段长度多态性、随机扩增多态性DNA分析、ITS区域序列分析等分子生物学技术在白念珠菌基因分型方面的相关研究,比较了它们的优缺点,并且讨论了将基因分型研究应用于临床诊断、治疗及开发新型抗真菌药物的发展趋势和广阔前景。认为目前更倾向于多种分型方法联合应用,并借助计算机软件进行分析,但是仍需进一步探索。     

幽门螺杆菌的分子生物学研究进展

本文综述了幽门螺杆菌在分子生物学方面的研究进展,包括基因结构分析,ＤＮＡ限制长度多态性分类和利用分子生物学方法进行诊断等方面的进展。     

书刊评介

分子生物学和生物工程学本书是根据英国皇家化学学术会的谈演稿编写的,其内容特点是:从应用角度阐述了分子生物学、生物工程学在工业、农业及医药产品制备中的应用。本书的前几章节评述了微生物在生物加工过程的应用;有两章介绍了遗传工程方法学,特别是在工业产品生产中操作微生物的应用;有三章介绍了关于酵母、动物细胞和作物育种方面的研究成果。新工程学在许多交叉学科领域中广泛的应用,其中包括医药化合物的生产,临床诊断及农业方面果实成熟的研究等,给广大读者提供了多方面的最新信息。本书可供分子生物学、生物工程学及微生物学科研及教学人员参考。     

儿科恶性血液病化疗期间的综合护理

恶性血液病是儿童最常见的恶性肿瘤,常见的有急性白血病和恶性淋巴瘤。化疗是延长甚至治愈这些恶性血液病患儿生命的重要手段之一,但目前的化疗药物作用选择性不高,在杀伤肿瘤细胞的同时,对机体的正常组织细胞也具有杀伤作用［１］。故在化疗的诱导缓解期、巩固治疗期...     

Gold nanomaterials as key suppliers in biological and chemical sensing,catalysis, and medicine

BackgroundGold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with unique physicochemical properties have received a great deal of interest in the field of biological, chemical and biomedical implementations. Despite the widespread use of AuNPs in chemical and biological sensing, catalysis, imaging and diagnosis, and more recently in therapy, no comprehensive summary has been provided to explain how AuNPs could aid in developing improved sensing and catalysts systems as well as medical settings.Scope of reviewThe chemistry of Au-based nanosystems was followed by reviewing different applications of Au nanomaterials in biological and chemical sensing, catalysis, imaging and diagnosis by a number of approaches, and finally synergistic combination therapy of different cancers. Afterwards, the clinical impacts of AuNPs, future application of AuNPs, and opportunities and challenges of AuNPs application were also discussed.Major conclusionsAuNPs show exclusive colloidal stability and are considered as ideal candidates for colorimetric detection, catalysis, imaging, and photothermal transducers, because their physicochemical properties can be tuned by adjusting their structural dimensions achieved by the different manufacturing methods.General significanceThis review provides some details about using AuNPs in sensing and catalysis applications as well as promising theranostic nanoplatforms for cancer imaging and diagnosis, and sensitive, non-invasive, and synergistic methods for cancer treatment in an almost comprehensive manner.     

长链非编码RNA在血液系统肿瘤中作用的研究进展

随着分子生物学技术的飞速发展,人们对于长链非编码RNA(Long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)的研究越来越深入。lncRNA不仅在生物体正常生物活动中不可或缺,还在许多疾病尤其是肿瘤中扮演重要角色。已有的研究表明多种lncRNA与血液系统肿瘤密切相关,具有影响抑癌基因p15表达、p53蛋白功能,以及与miRNA相互作用参与疾病等功能。本文综述了血液系统肿瘤相关的lncRNA并着重介绍与p15、p53、miRNA有关的lncRNA以及它们的相互作用在疾病中发挥的功能,以期能够全面了解血液系统肿瘤相关lncRNA的作用特点,为血液系统肿瘤的研究、诊断以及治疗提供新的思路。     

多核磁共振19F-MRI在分子影像学中的应用

随着杂核氟、钠、磷等探针和成像技术的发展以及磁共振成像设备和序列的优化,多核磁共振迅速崛起,尤其是其在分子影像方面的研究与应用使包括心血管、肿瘤等众多疾病从传统的形态学影像诊断模式转向早期分子影像精准诊治模式。其中,19F-MRI多核磁共振分子成像近年来备受瞩目。虽然19F-MRI的成像敏感度是1H-MRI的82%,但人体只有牙齿中含有少量的氟,因此无背底噪声的干扰。19F-MRI应用氟类探针,19F自然丰度100%,且无放射性。本文简述了多核磁共振在分子影像学中的应用,并重点介绍19F-MRI分子影像及其应用探针在精准诊治方面的应用。     

Potential of butein,a tetrahydroxychalcone to obliterate cancer

BackgroundDespite the major advances made in the field of cancer biology, it still remains one of the most fatal diseases in the world. It is now well established that natural products are safe and efficacious and have high potential in the prevention and treatment of different diseases including cancer. Butein is one such compound which is now found to have anti-cancer properties against various malignancies.PurposeTo thoroughly review the literature available on the anti-cancer properties of butein against different cancers and its molecular targets.MethodsA thorough literature search has been done in PubMed for butein, its biological activities especially cancer and its molecular targets.ResultsOur search retrieved several reports on the various biological activities of butein in which around 43 articles reported that butein shows potential anti-proliferative effect against a wide range of neoplasms and the molecular target varies with cancer types. Most often it targets NF-κB and its downstream pathways. In addition, butein induces the expression of genes which mediate the cell death and apoptosis in cancer cells. It also inhibits tumor angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis in prostate, liver and bladder cancers through the inhibition of MMPs, VEGF etc. Moreover, it inhibits the overexpression of several proteins and enzymes such as STAT3, ERK, CXCR4, COX-2, Akt, EGFR, Ras etc. involved in tumorigenesis.ConclusionCollectively, all these findings suggest the enormous potential and efficacy of butein as a multitargeted chemotherapeutic, chemopreventive and chemosensitizing agent against a wide range of cancers with minimal or no adverse side effects.     

Amplification of Nucleic Acids by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Other Methods and their Applications

Abstract

The in vitro replication of DNA, principally using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), permits the amplification of defined sequences of DNA. By exponentially amplifying a target sequence, PCR significantly enhances the probability of detecting target gene sequences in complex mixtures of DNA. It also facilitates the cloning and sequencing of genes. Amplification of DNA by PCR and other newly developed methods has been applied in many areas of biological research, including molecular biology, biotechnology, and medicine, permitting studies that were not possible before. Nucleic acid amplification has added a new and revolutionary dimension to molecular biology. This review examines PCR and other in vitro nucleic acid amplification methodologies—examining the critical parameters and variations and their widespread applications—giving the strengths and limitations of these methodologies.     

Analysis of protein carbonylation — pitfalls and promise in commonly used methods

Abstract

Oxidation of proteins has received a lot of attention in the last decades due to the fact that they have been shown to accumulate and to be implicated in the progression and the pathophysiology of several diseases such as Alzheimer, coronary heart diseases, etc. This has also resulted in the fact that research scientists are becoming more eager to be able to measure accurately the level of oxidized protein in biological materials, and to determine the precise site of the oxidative attack on the protein, in order to get insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of diseases. Several methods for measuring protein carbonylation have been implemented in different laboratories around the world. However, to date no methods prevail as the most accurate, reliable, and robust. The present paper aims at giving an overview of the common methods used to determine protein carbonylation in biological material as well as to highlight the limitations and the potential. The ultimate goal is to give quick tips for a rapid decision making when a method has to be selected and taking into consideration the advantage and drawback of the methods.     

Integrating biotechnology into a non-majors biology curriculum

A general education biology course entitled ‘Biotechnology Transforms Our World’ has been developed to illustrate biological concepts with advances from biotechnology. The contributions of molecular biology to understanding human genetics, evolution, plant and animal (including human) biology and ecology are illustrated with specific case studies. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2000) 24, 308–309. Received 02 April 1999/ Accepted in revised form 11 November 1999     

Clinical application of quantitative glycomics

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Aberrant glycosylation has been associated with many diseases. Decades of research activities have reported many reliable glycan biomarkers of different diseases which enable effective disease diagnostics and prognostics. However, none of the glycan markers have been approved for clinical diagnosis. Thus, a review of these studies is needed to guide the successful clinical translation.

Area covered: In this review, we describe and discuss advances in analytical methods enabling clinical glycan biomarker discovery, focusing only on studies of released glycans. This review also summarizes the different glycobiomarkers identified for cancers, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, hepatitis B and C, and other diseases.

Expert commentary: Along with the development of techniques in quantitative glycomics, more glycans or glycan patterns have been reported as better potential biomarkers of different diseases and proved to have greater diagnostic/diagnostic sensitivity and specificity than existing markers. However, to successfully apply glycan markers in clinical diagnosis, more studies and verifications on large biological cohorts need to be performed. In addition, faster and more efficient glycomic strategies need to be developed to shorten the turnaround time. Thus, glycan biomarkers have an immense chance to be used in clinical prognosis and diagnosis of many diseases in the near future.     

生物制品专刊序言

生物制品是一类预防、诊断和治疗疫病的特殊制剂。生物制品的研发是融合微生物学、免疫学、分子生物学、细胞学、基因工程及发酵工艺等学科知识的综合技术体现。生物制品产业是整个生物技术产业的核心和热点。近年来,我国在生物制品研发方面取得了较大进步,为促进我国生物制品研究的交流,本期“生物制品”专刊集中展现了我国生物制品研究人员在预防生物制品、诊断制品、治疗生物制品领域所取得的最新进展。     

Proteomics in reproductive biology: Beacon for unraveling the molecular complexities

Proteomics, an interface of rapidly evolving advances in physics and biology, is rapidly developing and expanding its potential applications to molecular and cellular biology. Application of proteomics tools has contributed towards identification of relevant protein biomarkers that can potentially change the strategies for early diagnosis and treatment of several diseases. The emergence of powerful mass spectrometry-based proteomics technique has added a new dimension to the field of medical research in liver, heart diseases and certain forms of cancer. Most proteomics tools are also being used to study physiological and pathological events related to reproductive biology. There have been attempts to generate the proteomes of testes, sperm, seminal fluid, epididymis, oocyte, and endometrium from reproductive disease patients. Here, we have reviewed proteomics based investigations in humans over the last decade, which focus on delineating the mechanism underlying various reproductive events such as spermatogenesis, oogenesis, endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, embryo development. The challenge is to harness new technologies like 2-DE, DIGE, MALDI-MS, SELDI-MS, MUDPIT, LC–MS etc., to a greater extent to develop widely applicable clinical tools in understanding molecular aspects of reproduction both in health and disease.