成都双流国际机场鸟击风险与鸟类群落关系研究

2015年10月—2016年9月,对成都双流国际机场净空区的鸟类群落进行了调查,结合近5年(2012—2016年)机场对鸟击事件的统计资料,对机场的鸟类群落和鸟击特征进行了研究。结果显示:(1)共记录鸟类16目47科124种,繁殖鸟占优势(69.35%);(2)共统计鸟击事件408次,主要发生在春季、夏季和秋季,其中,38起鸟击事件确认了19种肇事鸟种,以家燕Hirundo rustica、金腰燕Cecropis daurica、麻雀Passer montanus、白头鹎Pycnonotus sinensis、小云雀Alauda gulgula等广性分布的繁殖鸟为主;(3)机场围界内、外的优势种和常见种存在差异,一半以上的场内优势种和常见种是鸟击肇事鸟种;(4)半数以上的鸟击事件肇事鸟种是鸟击风险评估等级为严重危险等级的鸟类;(5)鸟击事件主要发生在鸟类繁殖季和秋季迁徙时段。根据调查结果对成都双流国际机场的鸟击防范工作提出了综合防治建议。     

重庆江北机场鸟类群落结构及鸟击防范

鸟击对民用和军用飞机的飞行安全构成严重威胁,了解和掌握机场及其周边地区的鸟类群落结构对机场开展鸟击防范工作具有重要意义。本研究于2013年6月至2014年5月,采用固定距离样线法对重庆江北机场以机场中心为圆心、半径8 km范围内的区域进行鸟类多样性调查。共记录鸟类102种,隶属于15目、40科。其中留鸟44种,夏候鸟30种,冬候鸟13种,旅鸟15种;雀形目鸟类占绝对优势,计54种,占调查鸟类物种总数的52.94%。对鸟类群落结构分析结果表明,冬季密度最大,夏季最低;秋季的多样性指数最高,夏季最低;春季的均匀度指数最高,夏季最低;夏季的优势度指数最高,秋季最低。结合鸟类的密度D值、分布系数ADC值、鸟击风险值R、相对风险比例RE以及鸟类生活习性等综合分析,与鸟击发生关系密切的鸟种为家燕(Hirundo rustica)、灰椋鸟(Sturnus cineraceus)、八哥(Acridotheres cristatellus)、黑卷尾(Dicrurus macrocercus)、金翅(Carduelis spinus)、珠颈斑鸠(Phasianus colchicus)以及人工饲养物种家鸽(Columba domestica)等,根据调查结果对重庆江北机场的鸟击防范工作提出了综合防治建议。     

阜阳机场鸟类多样性及其危险性

2008年6月至2010年1月,对阜阳机场及其周围5种生境(草地、农田、城镇、湿地、林地)的鸟类进行调查,并对不同季节、不同生境的鸟类多样性进行分析.结果表明:本次调查共记录到鸟类122种,隶属于15目40科;阜阳机场夏、秋季的鸟类种数显著高于冬、春季,秋季鸟类密度显著高于其他季节,夏季的鸟类多样性指数、均匀度指数均高于其他季节;在阜阳机场及其周边的5种生境中,林地的鸟类种数、密度均显著大于其他生境,林地、湿地、农田的鸟类多样性较高;对阜阳机场鸟击最危险的鸟种是麻雀、白头鹎、家燕、家鸽、喜鹊、珠颈斑鸠、灰椋鸟等.     

扎兰屯成吉思汗机场鸟类多样性与鸟击防范

机场及其周边鸟类种类调查及其多样性研究对于新建机场开展鸟击防范工作具有重要意义。2015年1—12月,采用样线法和固定半径样点法对内蒙古扎兰屯成吉思汗机场及其周边8 km范围内的区域进行鸟类多样性调查。调查期间记录到鸟类82种,隶属于15目31科。根据对鸟类的群落结构分析:机场围界内春季的鸟类多样性指数(0.740)和均匀度指数(0.819)最高;冬季的优势度(0.683)最高;夏季的平均密度(2.83 ind·hm-2)最高。机场围界外:夏季湿地的多样性指数最高,为1.576;冬季的草地均匀度指数最高,为0.902;冬季的居民区优势度最高,为2.113;春季的湿地平均密度最高,为28.60 ind·hm-2。本文综合鸟类的体积、数量、出现次数、飞行高度、与机场的距离、出现的样带数以及是否集群7个因子对鸟类的危险值重新赋值并计算得出危险值,严重危险鸟类有普通鸬鹚(Phalacrocorax carbo)、麻雀(Passer montanus)、赤麻鸭(Tadorna ferruginea)等14种。根据调查结果提出不同季节、不同区域以及不同鸟种的针对性防范意见以及机场管理对策,为今后扎兰屯机场鸟击防范工作提供科学依据。     

合肥新桥国际机场鸟类多样性及鸟击风险评价

鸟类多样性研究对于新建机场开展鸟击防范工作具有指导意义。2012年2月到2013年1月,采用样线调查法对新建合肥新桥国际机场及其周边地区鸟类进行了调查,根据鸟类相对数量、遇见频率、生境利用率和飞行高度,对机场鸟类鸟击风险进行评价。共记录到鸟类79种,其中留鸟34种,夏候鸟21种,冬候鸟和旅鸟分别为12种和11种;食虫鸟35种,食谷鸟8种,杂食性鸟15种,肉食性鸟21种。在各类生境中以林地的鸟类密度(D=10.25ind·hm-2)和Shannon-Wiener指数(H'=2.12)最高。全年以秋季鸟类密度(D=9.23ind·hm-2)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H'=2.13)最高。新桥机场鸟击风险高的鸟类共23种,飞行区内(R≥40)12种,飞行区外(R≥40)21种;其中留鸟占60%,食虫鸟占52%。加强对留鸟和食虫鸟的管理,采取生态防治和综合防治措施,对于降低机场鸟击风险具有积极意义。     

内蒙古乌海民航机场鸟类多样性与鸟撞防范

为了开展鸟撞预防工作、减少鸟撞事故的发生,2009年8月-2010年7月,每月对乌海民航机场及其周围7种生境的鸟类进行调查,并分析了鸟类多样性指数.共记录到鸟类106种,隶属于16目37科,其中繁殖鸟78种,非繁殖鸟28种.依据重要值,并结合鸟类的分布系数和集群行为以及是否穿越跑道及跑道上空等因素,将调查记录到的106种鸟类划分为严重危险、很危险、较危险和一般危险4个等级.根据调查资料和吸引鸟类分布的主要环境因子分析,提出了乌海机场鸟撞防范对策.     

重庆江北机场鸟击特点分析及防范建议

为了解鸟击规律,作者收集了重庆江北机场2009—2013年的鸟击事件信息并对鸟击残骸进行送检,共收集鸟击事件信息189起,其中白天77起,占40.74%,夜间112起,占59.26%。鸟击数据显示:春、夏、秋季是鸟击高发季节;8月和11月为白天鸟击高发月份;夜间鸟击高发在春季(4、5月)和秋季(8、9、10月);鸟击多发种类有小云雀、家鸽、家燕、金腰燕、白鹡鸰、池鹭、大杜鹃及蝙蝠等。结合江北机场鸟类群落调查数据分析发现:在飞行区集群活动的鸟种容易成为鸟击的高危物种,鸟击发生频率与鸟类生活习性关系密切;迁徙鸟类是江北机场鸟击的最大威胁。本文根据分析结果提出了一些相应的预防措施。     

新疆喀什机场净空区鸟害综合评估

为了解新疆喀什机场净空区鸟类群落特征,给机场鸟击防范提供数据支持,预防鸟击发生,2017年3月—2019年5月,采用样线法和样点法对净空区10个区域的鸟类群落进行了定期调查,并持续统计了跑道和滑行道两侧548张防鸟粘网的鸟情数据。结果共记录鸟类15目31科73种,其中,留鸟12种(16%),夏候鸟16种(22%),冬候鸟12种(16%),旅鸟30种(41%)和迷鸟3种(4%)。分布型以泛北方种(85%)为主,其中,北方广布种30种(41%)、古北型16种(22%)、全北型16种(22%)。多样性分析显示,春、夏、秋季的多样性指数高,冬季较低。而空地-杂草区、绿洲-农田区、城郊居民区、湿地-水库区、粮食储备库的多样性指数较高,垃圾场的较低。根据鸟类体质量、集群数量、遇见频率、生境利用率及飞行高度等对飞机的影响,对鸟害危险等级进行了评估:严重危险的是红隼Falco tinnunculus(38.78)、秃鼻乌鸦Corvus frugilegus(36.38)、凤头百灵Galerida cristata(25.45)和麻雀Passer montanus(25.50)。基于以上研究结果总结鸟情特点,各项分析指数(包括548张鸟网信息)依次为春秋夏冬,虽然冬季种类比较少,但一些种类的数量却比较大,需要提防。最后,为喀什机场鸟击防范提出合理化建议。     

天津滨海国际机场鸟类群落结构及多样性特征

于2015年3月—2016年2月,采用固定半径样点法和样带法,对天津滨海国际机场飞行区内的鸟类群落结构及多样性特征进行了调查。结果表明:天津滨海国际机场分布鸟类12目31科52种,其中留鸟7种(13.46%),夏候鸟17种(32.69%),冬候鸟5种(9.62%),旅鸟23种(44.23%);广性分布鸟类8种,优势种6种;综合鸟类的飞行高度、体重、数量、遇见频率及生境利用率等因素对飞机飞行安全的影响,对鸟类危险等级进行了评估,严重危险鸟类有红隼(Falco tinnunculus)、喜鹊(Pica pica)和麻雀(Passer montanus)3种;秋季鸟类多样性指数最高,春季优势度最高,湿地苇丛的多样性指数和均匀度指数最高,场内建筑区的优势度指数最高,机场围界区与场内建筑区的鸟类群落相似度最高。通过对不同季节、不同生境鸟类多样性的对比分析,搞清机场飞行区内被鸟类利用的生境特征及鸟类分布与活动规律,进而为机场开展鸟撞防范工作提供依据。     

云南沧源佤山机场鸟类多样性及鸟击风险评估

鸟击防范是民航机场保障航空飞行安全的重要工作。及时收集新建机场鸟情数据、开展鸟击风险评估,对机场鸟防工作有重要意义。云南沧源佤山机场在2016年末通航,2017年8月—2018年4月对其锥形面区域的鸟类进行了为期1年的调查,以掌握机场周边鸟类多样性的本底状况,并根据鸟类的数量、个体大小、遇见频次、生境利用率和飞行高度等5项指标,对每种鸟在不同季节的鸟击风险进行了评估。结果表明,佤山机场周边有野生鸟类13目46科164种,其中留鸟占73.8%。鸟类群落组成具有明显的季节性变化,物种数:春季冬季夏季秋季。基于风险等级评估方法,确定了以留鸟为主的13种高风险鸟类。根据这些鸟类的生态特征,提出了佤山机场的鸟防建议。     

基于物种落差分析的公园鸟类多样性提升设计——以湖南常德螺湾湿地公园为例

随着城市化发展,许多公园鸟类栖息环境遭受破坏,导致当前的鸟类多样性与历史上的和周边的都存在较大差异,为此,我们从项目区域的当前-周边-历史三者间在鸟类物种及其栖息地上的落差分析入手,以此确定目标物种及其栖息地,并加以归类,从而有针对性地进行相关设计。2016年5月至2017年3月在湖南常德柳叶湖螺湾湿地公园开展的鸟类多样性提升设计中,通过实地调查并结合文献查阅,记录到项目区域16种,周边79种,历史上146种鸟类,运用三者间的物种落差分析法确定主要的21种可恢复目标物种和4种栖息地类型,结合项目区域及周边空间特点,将项目区域划分为4个区域,在各区域内设计并营建相应的栖息地,再配套采用多种鸟类招引措施。至2017年3月,项目区鸟类已可实地观察到39种,并于2017年12月吸引到超过2000只的野鸭群来此越冬。以上实际效果表明,设计有效地提升了湿地公园鸟类多样性且增加了景观要素,可充分发挥生物保护功能。     

机场鸟击防治的景观生态学途径

鸟击事件是全球范围的航空难题。随着我国生态环境的改善和航班量的增多,近年来鸟击事件逐年增加。科学快速的识别机场周围高危鸟类防治的关键区域,合理使用景观生态学途径来布局与规划鸟击防治手段是机场鸟击研究的空白点。对华北地区某机场的鸟情和生态环境开展调研,得到该机场及其周边地区的3种高危鸟类分布规律。通过构建高危鸟类的生态安全格局,并结合分区域防治的思路,最终得到该机场高危鸟类防治生态安全格局。从而识别出需要驱赶、防范与引诱的斑块、廊道与战略点,进而采取排斥力与吸引力结合的双向驱鸟策略。研究结果表明：（1）该机场8 km范围内鹭科类分布较多,廊道密集;雁鸭类与鸥科类栖息地较少但仍有廊道穿场。应对该范围内林地、水域等环境进行整修与清理,减少鹭科类的栖息地,切断高危鸟类飞行廊道。（2）该机场8-15 km范围内应重点做好雁鸭类的防护,及时切断雁鸭类向8 km范围内飞行的廊道。加强保护和改造连接15 km范围外的鸟类飞行廊道。（3）该机场15-20 km范围内应增加鸟类吸引力,打造连续的保护战略点,从而形成环状飞行廊道,将高危鸟类控制在安全范围内。     

我国野生鸟类疫病传播风险及防范措施

众多疫病病毒来源于野生动物,具有向人类传播的风险,尤其是具有飞翔能力的鸟类不易控制,所携带的病毒传播广泛,威胁人畜安全。因此,充分了解鸟类携带疫病情况以及鸟类迁徙路线中重点区域的疫病风险,对疫病防控非常重要。本文总结了鸟类主要携带的病原类型,如冠状病毒、流感病毒、寄生虫和新城疫病毒等。着重探讨鸟类携带病原对生物安全防范重点区域的人员和动物的疫病风险,包括自然保护区、机场和禽类养殖场等,并从加强候鸟迁徙的动态监测、加强栖息地检疫和保护、家禽定期疫苗接种等方面提出疫病防范措施。     

Seasonality,habitat type and locality influenced bird assemblage structure in Nigeria

This is the first report of the avian assemblage in the study area of Dutse, Nigeria. In addition to recording bird species, the effects of season, dominant vegetation structure, locality and anthropogenic activities on bird abundance, species richness and diversity were investigated. Using the point transect method, 264 points on 48 km of transect were used to count birds between 06:30 and 11:00 from August 2015 to February 2016. A total of 122 bird species of 41 families were recorded. Highest bird species richness was recorded in Warwade, highest abundance in Model, and highest diversity in Malamawa. The dry season and woodland habitat showed higher bird species richness, abundance and diversity than the wet season and shrubland habitat. Tree density was more important in increasing bird abundance than shrub density. Small-scale anthropogenic activities and habitat modification, such as farming, grazing, wood removal and human interference did not appear to have impacted the birds; however, loss of high tree-density woodland habitats may pose a major threat to the bird community in Dutse. The presence of birds of concern in the area suggests the need for conservation efforts of avifauna and as well as the forested habitats in Dutse.     

Birds,Cattle, and Bracken Ferns: Bird Community Responses to a Neotropical Landscape Shaped by Cattle Grazing Activities

Large areas of tropical moist forests have been converted to cattle pastures, generating complex landscapes where different habitats are represented by small patches with an uneven spatial distribution. Here, we describe how bird communities respond to the different elements present in a livestock landscape that was originally dominated by tropical moist forest. We surveyed six habitats: open pastures, pastures with shrubs, early‐ and middle‐secondary forests, mature forest, and pastures invaded by bracken ferns (Pteridium aquilinum). Bird diversity was high in secondary and mature forests, and low in fern‐invaded sites and open pastures. Fern‐dominated sites had the lowest bird species richness, and trophic guild diversity of all habitats. Habitat structure affected both bird species richness and densities in similar ways. Tree species richness was the habitat attribute that had a bigger positive effect on bird species richness. Bird community structure varied among sampled habitats, separating habitats in two major groups (forests and pastures). Our data indicate that bracken fern‐invaded pastures were the worst habitat condition for avian communities. To increase bird diversity, we recommend to eliminate or manage bracken fern and to increase shrub and tree cover in open pastures to provide food resources and shelter for birds. Finally, we encourage the maintenance of secondary and mature forest remnants as a strategy to conserve resident birds within a landscape dominated by livestock activities.     

The role of landscape in shaping bird community and implications for landscape management at Nanjing Lukou International Airport

Understanding the patterns of bird diversity and its driving force is necessary for bird strike prevention. In this study, we investigated the effects of landscape on phylogenetic and functional diversity of bird communities at Nanjing Lukou International Airport (NLIA). Bird identifications and counting of individuals were carried out from November 2017 to October 2019. Based on the land-cover data, the landscape was divided into four main types, including farmlands, woodlands, wetlands, and urban areas. Bird phylogenetic and functional diversity were strongly affected by landscape matrix types. Species richness and Faith's phylogenetic distance were highest in woodlands, while mean pairwise distance (MPD), mean nearest-taxon distance (MNTD), and functional dispersion (FDis) were highest in wetlands. Based on the feeding behavior, carnivorous birds had the lowest species richness but had the highest FDis, which implied that carnivorous birds occupied most niches at the NLIA. Moreover, bird assemblages exhibited phylogenetic and functional clustering in the four kinds of landscapes. A variety of landscape attributes had significant effects on species diversity, phylogenetic and functional diversity. Landscape-scale factors played an important role in the shaping of bird communities around NLIA. Our results suggest that landscape management surrounding airports can provide new approaches for policymakers to mitigate wildlife strikes.     

黄淮平原农业景观不同生境鸟类多样性特征及年际动态

鸟类是地球生物多样性中的重要组成部分,在生态系统功能和服务中发挥着重要作用,是生态环境变化的重要指示物种。农业景观中的食虫鸟类提供了重要的虫害控制服务。当前,农业景观中鸟类多样性丧失加剧,为探讨鸟类多样性在各生境以及年际间的变化,以黄淮平原为研究区,在河流、湖泊、农田、村庄等生境中共设置20个样点。于2016-2019年连续4年在繁殖期采用样线法对鸟类进行多样性调查。调查结果显示：（1）共发现22922只个体,分属14目,38科,53属。从区系分布来看,各生境各年间均以广布种为主;从生态类群来看,鸣禽占绝对优势;从居留型来看,留鸟所占比例最高。（2）在食性组成上,从物种丰富度看,食虫鸟类有57种,约占总物种数的77%;从个体数来看,杂食性鸟类占比超52%。（3）物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数最高值均出现在湖泊或河流生境中。（4）鸟类群落相似性分析显示,各生境间鸟类群落均为中等相似程度;鸟类物种丰富度波动幅度在农田和村庄中呈逐年上升趋势。（5）物种多样性加性拆分分析显示,在生境尺度上,局地的α多样性是生物多样性的最重要组成,而从整个研究区来看,生境间的差异则更为重要。造成鸟类多样性时空差异的原因复杂多样,而生境异质性的增加和水域的存在对提高鸟类多样性是具有积极作用的。调查中超过77%的物种和40%的个体均为食虫鸟类,应当充分重视鸟类为区域农业景观提供的虫害控制服务。本研究可为区域鸟类多样性保护及鸟类提供的生态系统服务的提升管理提供理论基础和科学依据。     

Landscape characteristics, spatial extent, and breeding bird diversity in Ohio, USA

Abstract. Avian communities are often used by ecologists as indicators of environmental decline over large spatial areas, because of the ease with which birds can be monitored by nonprofessionals and the availability of continent‐wide breeding bird data. The influence of scale on the relationship between bird diversity and the characteristics of the landscape, which can serve as proxies for decline, is receiving greater attention but is still not well understood. We combined data from the Breeding Bird Survey with landscape characteristics derived from the National Land Classification Data for Ohio, USA, to determine the effects of landscape extent on relationships between birds and landscape characteristics. These relationships were determined through previous work to be correlated with avian richness and diversity. We created areas of varying sizes using buffers around each of 58 routes, and calculated diversity for several groups of birds: all birds, five habitat guilds, and three migration guilds. The landscape extent over which landscape characteristics were considered affected the relationship between these characteristics and bird richness and diversity overall, as well as richness and diversity for several of the habitat and migratory guilds. Diversity of woodland birds, Neotropical migrants, and richness of short‐distance migrants were best explained by the landscape characteristics examined here, possibly due to a less homogeneous collection of species in the other guild groups. These results suggest that more attention is required in selecting the appropriate scale when using landscape characteristics to predict or manage avian communities, as some characteristics may be more useful for management activities over small areas versus efforts over larger areas.     

Bird community structure in natural and urbanized habitats along an altitudinal gradient in Pauri district (Garhwal Himalaya) of Uttarakhand state, India

In the Indian subcontinent there is hardly any study that compares the bird community structure of urban/suburban areas with those of forest habitat. The present survey identified diverse assemblages of birds in the Pauri district at different elevations. A total of 125 bird species belonging to 40 families including two least count species (Lophura leucomelanos and Pucrasia marcolopha) were recorded during this survey in the forest and urbanized habitats of Pauri District (Garhwal Hiamalaya) of Uttarakhand state, India. The high elevation (Pauri 1600–2100 m a.s.l.), mid elevation (Srikot-Khanda 900–1300 m a.s.l.) and low elevation (Srinagar 500–900 m a.s.l.) contributed 88.8%, 63.2% and 58.4% of the total species respectively. Rarefaction analysis and Shannon diversity index showed that the high elevation forest habitat had highest bird species richness (BSR) and bird species diversity (BSD) followed by the mid and then the low elevation forests. BSR and BSD fluctuated across seasons at all elevations but not across habitat types. Present study provides a base line data about avian community composition in urbanized and natural habitats along altitudinal gradient in the study area. This information may be useful to the conservation biologists for the better management and conservation of the avifauna in the Western Himalaya, a part of one of the hot biodiversity spots of the world.     

Assessing the role of invasive weeds in the impact of successional habitats on the bird assemblage in overgrowing agriculture

Agricultural habitats are assumed to be biodiversity refuges. However, some studies treat agricultural land management as a cause of the biodiversity decline, to which habitat loss and heterogeneity may contribute. Between the crops, the successional habitats appear – ruderal plant communities and bush areas. Their influence on farmland biodiversity is unknown. This research assessed the impact of spatial relationships between agricultural areas, semi-natural meadows and successional habitats on the bird species richness, Shannon diversity index, and Faith’s phylogenetic diversity index. An additional habitat variable was the presence of weeds, i.e., invasive Caucasian hogweeds Heracleum sp., treated as crops in the past. The birds and habitats research was on 74 sites set in pairs (invaded vs control) in south-eastern Poland. Results showed that birds assembling in agricultural and semi-natural areas were more diverse and contained protected farmland species, while birds appearing in overgrown habitats (i.e., successional and invaded) were clumped with their habitat requirements. In the presence of plant invaders, ruderal habitats negatively affected the bird phylogenetic diversity index. In invaded sites, bush areas had no positive effects on the Shannon diversity index and species richness of birds, in contrast with control sites. The presented research suggests the need to re-evaluate the importance of successional non-crop habitats considered positive in agricultural landscapes if those habitats develop in areas with plant invasion.