生物质炭对黄瓜连作土壤中微生物量碳氮及酶活性的影响

本研究旨在探索添加生物质炭对黄瓜连作土壤中微生物量及酶活性的影响,为减缓土壤连作障碍提供科学依据。本试验设置CK(不施生物质炭)、C_1(5 t·hm~(-2))、C_2(10t·hm~(-2))、C_3(20 t·hm~(-2))、C_4(30 t·hm~(-2))和C_5(40 t·hm~(-2))共6个处理,采集第三季黄瓜成熟期0～20 cm土样,分析了添加生物质炭对土壤微生物量碳氮及酶活性的影响。结果表明:土壤微生物量碳氮随生物质炭添加量的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势; C_2处理和C_3处理微生物量碳较CK处理分别提高了70.62%和81.09%(P0.01);与CK处理相比,C_2处理和C_3处理的微生物量氮呈极显著增加(P0.01);土壤酶活性也呈现出先增加后降低的趋势;与CK处理相比,C_2、C_3和C_4处理的过氧化氢酶活性呈极显著增加(P0.01),C_4处理脲酶的活性提高了84.08%(P0.01),而碱性磷酸酶活性在C_3、C_4和C_5三个处理中均呈极显著性增加(P0.01)。由聚类分析可知,6个处理在欧氏距离为1.01时可以划分为4个类群,分别是CK类、C_1类、C_2C_3类以及C_4C_5类;添加生物质炭可以增加土壤微生物的数量,以减缓连作障碍;当生物质炭添加水平为20 t·hm~(-2)时,微生物量碳氮提高效果最为显著(P0.01);添加水平为20 t·hm~(-2)时过氧化氢酶活性最高,30 t·hm~(-2)时脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性最高。     

低剂量生物质炭对旱地红壤增肥增产效果

针对江西旱地红壤粘重板结、肥力低下等突出问题,基于野外旱地红壤定位试验,研究了低剂量生物质炭对旱地红壤增肥增产效果的影响。试验设置3个试验处理,即0(CK)、758(BC1)、1515(BC2)kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)3种生物质炭施用水平。结果表明:与对照相比,施入低剂量生物质炭(即BC1、BC2处理),旱地红壤在0~60 cm土层土壤容重分别降低了0.57%~2.05%和0.87%~4.88%,土壤pH分别提高了2.51%~13.66%和8%~12%,阳离子交换量分别提高了3.73%~6.45%和4.91%~7.13%;施用低剂量生物质炭在一定程度上提高了旱地红壤有机质和N、P、K养分含量,且随着生物质炭施用量的增加,有机质、全钾、速效钾呈上升趋势;连续施用低剂量生物质炭,BC1、BC2处理红薯产量在2013年分别提高了19.08%和23.68%,2014年分别提高了18.01%和22.98%。研究表明,施用低剂量生物质炭能有效改善旱地红壤的土壤理化性质和养分状况,提高旱地红壤肥力,有效增加作物产量。从综合投入产出来看,低剂量生物炭的连续施用更有实际应用价值和前景。     

施用生物质炭对红壤中硝态氮垂直运移的影响及其模拟

为研究在红壤中施用生物质炭后硝态氮的垂直运移规律,采用室内土柱模拟的方法,分别按照炭土比为0、2.22%(5 t·hm^-2)、4.45%(10 t·hm^-2)、8.95%(20 t·hm^-2)、13.37%(30 t·hm^-2)和17.80%(40 t·hm^-2)设置混合土壤,并采用CXTFIT 2.0模型对试验结果进行拟合.结果表明： 在饱和条件下,不同生物质炭添加比例下,硝态氮运移的穿透曲线发生明显变化.不同处理的硝态氮相对浓度(C/C_o)峰值、淋溶速率和累积淋失量随生物质炭添加量的增加而显著降低.各穿透曲线尾部均存在一定的拖尾现象,且随生物质炭添加量的增加拖尾现象越显著.对硝态氮穿透曲线的影响因素分析可知,生物质炭影响了土壤的容重、有机碳、孔隙度、阳离子交换量(CEC)等物理性质,进而导致各处理硝态氮穿透曲线发生了变化.采用CXTFIT 2.0数学模型模拟硝态氮在土壤中的运移,硝态氮的穿透曲线拟合值与实测值呈显著正相关,相关系数均>0.850,能够很好地对土壤硝态氮运移和运移参数进行预测,试验结果可为预测生物质炭施用对地下水体环境硝态氮的影响提供科学依据.     

生物质炭添加对毛竹林土壤呼吸动态和温度敏感性的影响

为探讨生物质炭添加对森林原位土壤呼吸动态及温度敏感性的影响,于2014年5月至2016年4月对浙江省杭州市富阳区庙山坞林区毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)林进行了为期两年的生物质炭添加试验,生物质炭施加量分别为0(CK)、5(LB)、10(MB)和20 t·hm~(–2)(HB)。利用LI-8100土壤碳通量系统测定土壤呼吸速率时空动态。结果表明:添加生物质炭会降低毛竹林土壤呼吸速率且呈现明显的季节动态,土壤呼吸速率在6–7月最高(林分1中LB处理除外),1月或2月最低,添加生物质炭对毛竹林土壤呼吸的影响显著;CK、LB、MB和HB处理的年平均土壤呼吸速率分别为3.32、2.66、3.04和3.24μmol·m~(–2)·s~(–1);与对照相比,LB、MB和HB处理下年平均土壤呼吸速率分别降低2.33%–54.72%、1.28%–44.21%和0.09%–39.22%。添加生物质炭使LB、MB、HB处理的土壤水分含量分别增加了0.97%–75.58%、0.87%–48.18%和0.68%–74.73%。土壤呼吸速率与5 cm土壤温度呈现显著的指数相关关系,与5 cm土壤水分含量没有显著相关性,但与温度和水分呈显著相关关系。生物质炭添加影响土壤呼吸温度敏感性,LB、MB处理明显增加土壤温度敏感性。LB、MB和HB处理下年平均累积土壤呼吸CO_2排放分别降低7.98%–35.09%、1.48%–20.63%和–4.71%–7.68%。添加生物质炭显著降低毛竹林土壤碳排放和土壤温度敏感性,对缓解气候变化具有一定意义。     

秸秆生物炭对两种典型土壤的养分特性及硅的化学形态的影响

研究选择华南地区两种典型土壤(水稻土和赤红壤),通过土壤培养试验,研究施用不同剂量(0%, 1%, 2%, 4%水稻秸秆生物炭处理对土壤养分及不同化学形态的硅含量随时间变化的动态影响。结果表明,不同剂量生物炭均能显著增加水稻土和赤红壤的pH值、总碳和速效钾含量,且随添加量的增加而增加。生物炭处理增加水稻土的碱解氮含量,但却降低赤红壤而的碱解氮含量。不同剂量生物炭添加均能显著提高两种土壤硅的不同化学形态的含量,其中4%的生物炭添加量效果最为明显。与对照相比, 4%的生物炭处理在培养第10 d时水稻土的CaCl₂-Si、Acetic-Si、H₂O₂-Si、Oxalate-Si、Na₂CO₃-Si含量分别增加300.3%、419.4%、91.9%、115.0%和82.5%,赤红壤则分别增加864.9%、1463.4%、646.4%、186.5%、80.2%。综上,秸秆生物炭对土壤养分及不同硅形态的影响与生物炭添加量以及土壤种类有关,赤红壤影响效果要优于水稻土。     

氮沉降和施生物质炭对毛竹林土壤N2O通量的影响

本研究于2019年7月—2020年7月在浙江省杭州市典型毛竹林布置野外控制实验,采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定毛竹林土壤N₂O通量,分析生物质炭(10 t·hm^-2)、氮沉降(60 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)、生物质炭+氮沉降混合处理对土壤N₂O通量的影响,并探讨了土壤N₂O通量与环境因子的关系。结果表明: 与对照相比,氮沉降处理使毛竹林土壤N₂O年累积排放量增加了14.6%,而施用生物质炭及其与氮沉降混合处理则分别降低了20.8%和10.6%。相关分析表明,在所有处理下,毛竹林土壤N₂O排放速率与土壤温度、硝态氮含量、脲酶和蛋白酶活性之间均呈极显著相关,与土壤铵态氮含量均呈显著相关。在氮沉降背景下,施用生物质炭对毛竹林土壤N₂O通量仍具有显著的减排效应。     

双季稻田改制对土壤剖面构型及性质的影响

利用田间试验方法,研究了红壤区双季稻田改为稻-稻-紫云英、牧草、水旱轮作和旱作4种种植模式对土壤剖面构型及耕层土壤性质的影响.结果表明: 与试验前相比,旱作种植模式下,耕作层厚度增加了4 cm、犁底层厚度减少了2 cm、湿筛>2 mm粒级团粒含量提高了6.94%、湿筛法平均质量粒径增加了0.37 mm、水稳性结构商是试验前的1.78倍,腐殖酸碳和富里酸碳含量分别提高了0.15和0.49 g·kg^-1;水旱轮作种植模式下,土壤水稳性结构商较高(95.86)、养分含量变幅小;稻-稻-紫云英种植模式下,除有机质含量(增加1.3 g·kg^-1)和土壤水稳性结构商(降低8.82)变化较大外,其余指标变化不大;牧草种植模式下,耕作层厚度增加2 cm、过渡层厚度增加9 cm、土壤水稳性结构商增加1.39,而土壤有机质和全钾含量分别下降5.6和2.8 g·kg^-1,在所有处理中变化幅度最大.表明在当前红壤地区对灌溉条件较差的双季稻田进行改制是可行的,建议优先考虑改成旱作或水旱轮作,但无论在何种耕作方式下,均应注意土壤钾素的亏损问题.     

三江平原草甸白浆土种稻后土壤理化性质变化

土壤质量变化与更新是农业发展和土壤管理的判断准则.白浆土是三江平原主要水田土壤,但旱田改水田后缺乏对其土壤质量变化规律的研究.本研究以不同种稻年限白浆土为调查对象,探讨其土壤理化性质演变特征.结果表明: 白浆土种稻后,耕层(厚16~23 cm)和犁底层(厚6~8 cm)土壤有机碳、还原物质总量增加,耕层深度随种稻年限增加呈逐渐增加趋势,犁底层无明显变化,心土层(厚20 cm)与旱田无显著差异;土壤中Fe²⁺和Mn²⁺有向下迁移现象,但只迁移到犁底层;耕层和犁底层土壤固相比率比种稻前增加,犁底层固相比率由47.8%增加到70.0%,容重由1.22 g·cm^-3增加到1.77 g·cm^-3,土壤孔隙总量降低,微孔隙比例增加,白浆土种稻后有黏粒淋溶淀积现象.白浆土种稻后,土壤物理和化学性质的变化特征与水稻土的演变规律既有一致性,又有其特殊性.     

有机物料对土壤镉形态及其生物有效性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了淹水种稻条件下添加猪粪和泥炭对红壤和潮土中内源和外源Cd形态及其生物有效性的影响。结果表明,土壤中内源Cd在各形态之间的分布比较均匀;添加外源Cd时Cd主要分布于交换态,从分蘖期到成熟期,内源Cd交换态普遍升高,添加外源Cd时交换态普遍降低。有机物料对内源Cd交换态的影响不显著,但当添加外源Cd时则对交换态有显著影响,在不添加外源Cd的条件下,有机物料普遍促进水稻根系对Cd的吸收。在添加外源Cd的条件下,有机物料普遍抑制水稻根系对Cd的吸收,猪粪的抑制效果强于泥炭,水稻根系对Cd与Fe的累积呈显著抑制作用。     

长期垄作稻田腐殖质稳定碳同位素丰度(δ13C)分布特征

研究了四川盆地丘陵区连续16年垄（宽垄）作稻田土壤稳定碳库腐殖质组分的稳定碳同位素(δ¹³C)分布特征.结果表明： 稻田土壤有机碳含量为宽垄作＞垄作＞水旱轮作.腐殖质碳以胡敏素为主,占土壤碳含量的21%～30%,提取碳以胡敏酸为主,分别占土壤有机碳和腐殖质的17%～21%和38%～65%.土壤有机碳的δ¹³C值介于-27.9‰～-25.6‰,20～40 cm和0～5 cm土壤有机碳δ¹³C值之差约为1.9‰.土壤胡敏酸δ¹³C值比土壤有机碳低1‰～2‰,更接近于油菜和水稻秸秆及根系的δ¹³C值.土壤富里酸δ¹³C值分别较土壤有机碳和胡敏酸高2‰和4‰.耕作层和犁底层胡敏素δ¹³C值分别介于-23.7‰～-24.9‰和-22.6‰～-24.2‰,δ¹³C值的变化反映了耕层中腐殖质的新老混合现象.各有机组分δ¹³C值递减顺序为：胡敏素＞富里酸＞土壤有机碳＞稻草（油菜）残体＞胡敏酸.长期水稻种植有利于增加土壤有机碳含量,同时,耕作方式影响土壤腐殖质δ¹³C在耕作层和犁底层中的分布格局.     

施用生物炭6年后对稻田土壤酶活性及肥力的影响

利用田间定位试验,研究0(BC₀)、7.5(BC₁)、15(BC₂)和22.5(BC₃)t·hm^-2水稻秸秆生物炭及3.75 t·hm^-2水稻秸秆(STR)一次性施加6年后对稻田土壤肥力及酶活性的影响.结果表明: 施用生物炭6年后土壤有机碳、有效磷和速效钾含量显著增加,增幅分别为34.6%、12.4%和26.2%,土壤pH值和容重显著降低,但对土壤全氮含量无显著影响.土壤脲酶和酸性磷酸酶的活性显著增加,土壤荧光素二乙酸酯酶(FDA水解酶)和芳基硫酸酯酶的活性受到不同程度的抑制,其中,BC₂处理的土壤脲酶活性增加量最大,增幅为36.5%.土壤酸性磷酸酶活性随着生物炭施加量的增加而增加,与土壤速效磷含量呈显著正相关关系;土壤FDA水解酶和脲酶主要与土壤速效钾含量有关;酸性磷酸酶和芳基硫酸酯酶与土壤容重呈显著正相关.施用生物炭6年后土壤脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性明显升高,增幅分别为48.8%和27.5%,而过氧化氢酶活性逐渐下降,且显著低于对照BC₀.STR处理显著增加了土壤脲酶、FDA水解酶、脱氢酶、酸性磷酸酶和芳基硫酸酯酶的活性,降低了过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性,降幅分别为23.4%和15.9%.     

生物炭对不同土壤化学性质、小麦和糜子产量的影响

以小麦和糜子为供试作物,利用室外盆栽试验,研究了不同添加量生物炭与矿质肥配施对两种不同土壤化学性质及小麦和糜子产量的影响。生物炭当季用量设5个水平：B0 (0 t/hm2)、B5 (5 t/hm2)、B10 (10 t/hm2)、B15 (15 t/hm2)和B20 (20 t/hm2),氮磷钾肥均作基肥施用。结果表明：1.与对照相比,施用生物炭可以显著增加新积土糜子季土壤pH值,其他处理随生物炭用量的增加虽有增加趋势但差异不显著;显著增加新积土土壤阳离子交换量,增幅为1.5 %—58.2 %;显著增加两种土壤有机碳含量,增幅为31.1 %—272.2 %;2.两种土壤的矿质态氮含量、新积土土壤有效磷和速效钾含量随生物炭用量的增加而显著提高,氮磷钾增幅分别为6.0 %—112.8 %、3.8 %—38.5 %和6.1 %—47.2 %;3.生物炭可显著提高塿土上作物氮吸收量,而作物磷、钾吸收量虽有增加,但差异不显著。生物炭对小麦和糜子的增产效应尚不稳定,在试验最高用量时甚至产生轻微抑制作用。总之,施用生物炭在一定程度上可以改善土壤化学性质,提高土壤有效养分含量,但生物炭对土壤和作物的影响与土壤、作物类型及土壤肥力密切相关。     

重金属污染区土壤酶活性变化

从福建龙岩新罗区特钢厂污灌区农田采集土壤,测定土壤基本理化性质及脲酶、纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性和Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn含量,探讨重金属污染和土壤性质对土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明： 4种全量或有效态重金属与土壤脲酶、纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性呈显著正相关,与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著或极显著负相关;土壤pH与碱性磷酸酶活性呈极显著正相关,粉粒含量与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著负相关.经通径分析,重金属污染刺激了脲酶、多酚氧化酶和纤维素酶活性,但对碱性磷酸酶活性的影响较小.有效态Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn对过氧化氢酶活性的直接影响并不大,但通过间接途径抑制了过氧化氢酶活性.土壤理化性质对5种土壤酶活性的影响较大,碱解氮直接抑制了脲酶活性;全磷直接刺激了碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性,并通过有效磷刺激了纤维素酶活性;有效磷直接刺激了纤维素酶活性,直接抑制了碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性;全钾直接抑制了碱性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性;速效钾通过有效磷刺激了纤维素酶活性;土壤颗粒组成明显影响多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性.5种酶活性与土壤Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn含量之间的关系不明确,因此其活性不是指示土壤Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn污染的良好指标.     

重金属污染区土壤酶活性变化——以福建龙岩新罗区特钢厂污水灌溉区为例

从福建龙岩新罗区特钢厂污灌区农田采集土壤,测定土壤基本理化性质及脲酶、纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性和Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn含量,探讨重金属污染和土壤性质对土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明:4种全量或有效态重金属与土壤脲酶、纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性呈显著正相关,与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著或极显著负相关;土壤pH与碱性磷酸酶活性呈极显著正相关,粉粒含量与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著负相关.经通径分析,重金属污染刺激了脲酶、多酚氧化酶和纤维素酶活性,但对碱性磷酸酶活性的影响较小.有效态Cu、Cd、Pb、zn对过氧化氢酶活性的直接影响并不大,但通过间接途径抑制了过氧化氢酶活性.土壤理化性质对5种土壤酶活性的影响较大,碱解氮直接抑制了脲酶活性;全磷直接刺激了碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性,并通过有效磷刺激了纤维素酶活性;有效磷直接刺激了纤维素酶活性,直接抑制了碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性;全钾直接抑制了碱性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性;速效钾通过有效磷刺激了纤维素酶活性;土壤颗粒组成明显影响多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性.5种酶活性与土壤Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn含量之间的关系不明确,因此其活性不是指示土壤Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn污染的良好指标.     

Effect of Compost and Biochar on Heavy Metals Phytostabilization by the Halophytic Plant Old Man Saltbush [Atriplex Nummularia Lindl]

Remediation of soils is vital to mitigate the negative effects of heavy metals in ecosystems. There is little information available about the metals’ phytostabilization potential of old man saltbush plants [Atriplex nummularia]. A pot experiment in a randomized complete block design was conducted to study the accumulation of heavy metals by old man saltbush plants, as affected by the application of compost and biochar. The cultivation of A. nummularia is an effective tool in immobilizing metals in the contaminated soils. The cultivation of metal-contaminated soil with A. nummularia reduced the availability of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb by 20%, 4%, 21%, and 28%, respectively, in comparison to the non-cultivated soil. Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb concentrations in the aboveground parts of old man saltbush plants were 70–100, 50–80, 4–5, and 50–90 mg/kg of dry biomass. The higher Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb concentrations were accumulated in the roots, and the lower concentrations were transferred to the shoots of old man saltbush plants. Compost reduced the concentration of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb in the shoots by 10%, 19%, 20%, and 6%, respectively, compared to the control soil. Biochar reduced the concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Pb in the shoots by 30%, 38%, and 44%, respectively, compared to the control. Compost had a lower effect in reducing the metals uptake as biochar. Biochar reduced the uptake of Zn, Cu, and Pb in the shoots of the tested plant by 22%, 23%, and 41%, respectively, in comparison to compost. Based on the obtained results, old man saltbush has good characteristics to be a promising candidate for phytostabilization strategies of metal-contaminated soils. Moreover, biochar is a good tool to enhance metals’ phytostablization.     

Effects of biochar addition on dynamics of soil respiration and temperature sensitivity in a Phyllostachys edulis forest

Aims Recent studies have shown that artificial addition of biochar is an effective way to mitigate atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. However, it is still unclear how biochar addition influences soil respiration in Phyllostachys edulis forests of subtropical China. Our objectives were to examine the effects of biochar addition on the dynamics of soil respiration, soil temperature, soil moisture, and the cumulative soil carbon emission, and to determine the relationships of soil respiration with soil temperature and moisture.Methods We conducted a two-year biochar addition experiment in a subtropical P. edulis forest from 2014.05 to 2016.04. The study site is located in the Miaoshanwu Nature Reserve in Fuyang district of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, in southern China. The biochar addition treatments included: control (CK, no biochar addition), low rate of biochar addition (LB, 5 t·hm^-2), medium rate of biochar addition (MB, 10 t·hm^-2), and high rate of biochar addition (HB, 20 t·hm^-2). Soil respiration was measured by using a LI-8100 soil CO₂ efflux system.Important findings Soil respiration was significantly reduced by biochar addition, and exhibited an apparent seasonal pattern, with the maximum occurring in June or July (except LB in one of the replicated stand) and the minimum in January or February. There were significant differences in soil respiration between the CK and the treatments. Annual mean soil respiration rate in the CK, LB, MB and HB were 3.32, 2.66, 3.04 and 3.24 μmol·m^-2·s^-1, respectively. Compared with CK, soil respiration rate was 2.33%-54.72% lower in the LB, 1.28%-44.21% lower in the MB, and 0.09%-39.22% lower in the HB. The soil moisture content was increased by 0.97%-75.58% in LB, 0.87%-48.18% in MB, and 0.68%-74.73% in HB, respectively, compared with CK. Soil respiration exhibited a significant exponential relationship with soil temperature and a significant linear relationship with combination of soil temperature and moisture at the depth of 5 cm; no significant relationship was found between soil respiration and soil moisture alone. The temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) value was reduced in LB and HB. Annual accumulative soil carbon emission in the LB, MB and HB was reduced by 7.98%-35.09%, 1.48%-20.63%, and -4.71%-7.68%, respectively. Biochar addition significantly reduced soil carbon emission and soil temperature sensitivity, highlighting its role in mitigating climate change.     

Toxicity of Cadmium and nickel in the context of applied activated carbon biochar for improvement in soil fertility

Toxicity induced by heavy metals deteriorates soil fertility status. It also adversely affects the growth and yield of crops. These heavy metals become part of the food chain when crops are cultivated in areas where heavy metals are beyond threshold limits. Cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) are considered the most notorious ones among different heavy metals. The high water solubility of Cd made it a potential toxin for plants and their consumers. Accumulation of Ni in plants, leaves, and fruits also deteriorates their quality and causes cancer in humans when such a Ni-contaminated diet is used regularly. Both Cd and Ni also compete with essential nutrients of plants, making the fertility status of soil poor. To overcome this problem, the use of activated carbon biochar can play a milestone role. In the recent past application of activated carbon biochar is gaining more and more attention. Biochar sorb the Cd and Ni and releases essential micronutrients that are part of its structure. Many micropores and high cation exchange capacity make it the most acceptable organic amendment to improve soil fertility and immobilize Cd and Ni. In addition to improving water and nutrients, soil better microbial proliferation enhances the soil rhizosphere ecosystem and nutrient cycling. This review has covered Cd and Ni harmful effects on crop yield and their immobilization by activated carbon biochar. The focus was made to elaborate on the positive effects of biochar on crop yield and soil health.     

不同密度樟子松人工林土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

以科尔沁沙地不同密度(490、750、1550、1930、2560株·hm^-2)樟子松人工林(栽植于1980年)为研究对象,分析林分密度对土壤碳、氮、磷浓度及其计量比的影响,研究林分密度与土壤养分状况的关系。结果表明:随着樟子松林密度增加,各土层(0~10、10~20和20~40 cm)土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷浓度和C∶N呈先增加后降低趋势,而土壤有效磷浓度呈先降低后增加趋势。土壤有机碳浓度在490株·hm^-2密度小于其他密度,而有效磷浓度大于其他密度;土壤C∶P和N∶P在2560株·hm^-2密度显著大于其他密度。各密度樟子松林土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和有效磷浓度在0~10 cm土层显著大于10~20和20~40cm土层,樟子松人工林土壤养分具有表聚性。通过典范对应分析发现,密度对樟子松林土壤养分影响的主要因子是土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷,且密度为1550株·hm^-2时土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和碱解氮浓度较高,而C∶P和N∶P较低。因此,当樟子松人工林密度为1550株·hm^-2时,土壤养分浓度较高,林木生长较好,为最佳经营密度。     

Effects of biochar amendments on speciation and bioavailability of heavy metals in coal-mine-contaminated soil

An incubation experiment was executed on applying biochar as a soil remediation amendment to discuss an effect of the various addition rates on the speciation and bioavailability of heavy metals in mining-contaminated soil. The result showed that the content of Cd in soil was 9.51 times higher than the Huainan soil background values. The contents of Cu, Zn and As were 2.97, 1.60 and 1.42 times the background values, respectively, and the total contents of all heavy metals were higher than the standard values of soil environment quality GB15618-1995 set by the China Ministry of Environmental Protection. Speciation analysis indicated that Cu and Cd were mainly associated with the reducible fraction, while Zn and As were dominated by the residual fraction. After biochar was added to contaminated soil, the residual fractions of heavy metals increased, while the acid-soluble fractions reduced. According to the results of CaCl₂ extraction experiment, CaCl₂-extractable concentrations of Cu, Zn, As, and Cd were observed with a biochar dosage rate of 10%, which were 57.26%, 51.37%, 6.94% and 42.04% lower than those of control soil samples, respectively, but there were no obvious changes of CaCl₂-extractable As.     

新疆棉田土壤质量综合评价方法

以新疆主要棉区为研究对象,测定了哈密、博乐、昌吉、奎屯、石河子、阿克苏及喀什棉田土壤耕层的pH、盐分、有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾及Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb 共计11个指标,综合分析土壤理化性质和重金属含量,采用土壤质量综合指数(SQI)对新疆主要棉区棉田土壤质量进行综合评价.结果表明: 新疆棉区棉田土壤呈碱性,pH均值为7.87,盐分含量均值为3.44 g·kg^-1,为轻度盐化土壤,有机质和全氮含量均偏低,速效磷、速效钾含量较为丰富,与第二次全国土壤普查数据相比,土壤pH、盐分含量、有机质和全氮均呈下降趋势,土壤速效磷明显增长,部分地区土壤速效钾呈现出不同程度的升高趋势;Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb 5种重金属含量分别为45.88、40.66、68.30、12.88、16.68 mg·kg^-1,均未超过国家二级标准,但与新疆土壤元素背景值相比,Cu、Zn、As均有累积现象.当重金属内梅罗综合污染指数(PN)小于0.5时,土壤理化性质越好,土壤综合质量越好.土壤有机质、全氮、Cu、Zn和As是影响新疆棉区棉田土壤质量的重要因素.新疆棉区棉田土壤质量总体属于中等水平,昌吉、奎屯质量最高,SQI为0.52,阿克苏质量最低,SQI为0.31,不同棉区土壤质量呈现为:北疆>东疆>南疆.