鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂的研究进展

鼠李糖脂是一种重要的生物表面活性剂。综述了鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂的化学结构、特性、生理学功能及其发酵生产,特别讨论了利用廉价原料——工农业的废物,如植物油废渣等来生产鼠李糖脂,其不仅可降低生产成本,还能减少工农业废渣对环境的污染,降低其处理费用。     

鼠李糖脂对微生物降解石油烃废水的影响

目的:研究鼠李糖脂对微生物降解石油烃废水的影响.方法:通过测定生物量和观察菌株表面来研究鼠李糖脂对菌株的影响;通过正交实验设计,确定石油烃降解率影响因素.通过石油烃降解率的测定,探讨鼠李糖脂与H2O2深度氧化协同作用对微生物降解石油烃的影响.结果:菌株对石油烃的降解率达53%,在相同条件下,添加鼠李糖脂的石油烃降解率提高了12%-20%.添加鼠李糖脂后菌株的生物量明显增多,菌株细胞表面疏水.正交设计表明,影响石油烃降解的主导因子是培养温度,其次是培养时间和鼠李糖脂的添加量.正交设计得到最佳组合为A3B2C1,即培养时间为7d;温度为35℃,鼠李糖脂浓度为60mg/L.3个因素的最佳组合下,石油烃降解率为82%.加入200 mg/L的H2O2时,降解率从82%提高到97%.结论:鼠李糖脂能促进菌株的生长.鼠李糖脂与H2O2深度氧化协同作用有助于微生物对石油烃类污染物降解效率的提高.     

蔗糖酯和鼠李糖脂对水果贮藏保鲜的作用

蔗糖脂肪酸酯和生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂经复配后的保鲜剂对苹果、梨和芦柑具有明显降低腐烂率、干耗率和呼吸速率及延长贮藏期的作用,果实的硬度也较好。     

鼠李糖脂粗提物对植物病原真菌的抑菌作用

生物表面活性剂对植物真菌病害的防控效应受到广泛关注.鼠李糖脂是由铜绿假单胞菌合成的一种阴离子生物表面活性剂,作为植物病原真菌抑制剂的开发潜力较大,但目前对其抑菌谱和抑菌能力还缺乏全面的评价.本研究收集了 29种常见的植物病原真菌,依据真菌Ainsworth系统分类法评价不同分类地位的病原真菌对鼠李糖脂抑制作用的敏感性....     

废弃食用油脂生物合成鼠李糖脂研究进展

碳源的成本过高限制了鼠李糖脂的工业化生产及应用,废弃食用油脂作为一种廉价易得的碳源,越来越多的研究者开始关注用它发酵生产鼠李糖脂.废弃食用油脂的种类、投加量对鼠李糖脂的产量、结构、性质均会产生影响,目前研究中用废弃食用油脂作碳源,鼠李糖脂产量最高可达24.61g/L、表面张力最低达到24mN/m、产物CMC最低可达40.19mg/L.此外,本文还总结了菌株、氮源、微量元素、pH、溶氧及培养方式等因素对废弃食用油脂生产鼠李糖脂的影响,并展望了利用废弃食用油脂生产鼠李糖脂实现产业化的重点研究方向.     

产鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂大肠杆菌的构建与优化

目前鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂主要由条件致病的铜绿假单胞菌生产获得,从而影响工业应用。为了开发一种相对安全的鼠李糖脂生产菌,将带有不同强度组成型合成启动子的鼠李糖基转移酶基因(Rhamnosyltransferase gene,rhl AB)以单、中、高3种拷贝数分别在大肠杆菌ATCC 8739中异源表达,实现了不同产量的鼠李糖脂异源合成。对rhl AB基因和rha BDAC基因簇(TDP-L-鼠李糖合成的基因簇)进一步利用合成启动子进行组合调控,筛选获得了最优生产鼠李糖脂工程菌——大肠杆菌TIB-RAB226。对大肠杆菌TIB-RAB226进行发酵温度优化,鼠李糖脂产量达到124.3 mg/L,是优化前的1.17倍。通过分批补料发酵,12h时鼠李糖脂产量达到209.2 mg/L。对发酵产物进行高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术分析,共检出相对含量变化的5类质核比不同的鼠李糖脂同系物。本研究可为异源合成产鼠李糖脂提供重要参考。     

生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病菌的体外抗菌活性

【背景】甘蔗黑穗病是一种主要的甘蔗病害,易造成甘蔗严重减产;鼠李糖脂是一种生物表面活性剂,可作为多种植物真菌病害的抑菌剂。【目的】研究生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病菌的体外抗菌活性及初步的抗菌机理。【方法】采用甘蔗黑穗病冬孢子萌发试验研究鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病冬孢子的抗菌作用。采用菌丝生长速率法和菌丝干重法对鼠李糖脂的体外抑菌试验进行检测;通过菌丝电导率的变化研究鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病菌细胞膜通透性的影响。【结果】鼠李糖脂能显著抑制甘蔗黑穗病菌孢子萌发,其中2.0 g/L鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病冬孢子萌发的抑制效果最好,抑制率达45.03%。鼠李糖脂能显著抑制甘蔗黑穗病菌双核菌丝体、单胞菌a和单胞菌b的生长。鼠李糖脂能使甘蔗黑穗病单胞菌细胞膜透性增加,与对照相比,2.0 g/L鼠李糖脂处理甘蔗黑穗病双核菌丝体0.5min后电导率升高了约9倍,处理单胞菌a30min后电导率提高了94.23%;0.1g/L鼠李糖脂处理甘蔗黑穗病单胞菌b30min后电导率升高了54.49%,随着浓度的增加,各处理电导率升高显著。【结论】鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病菌有良好的抗菌作用,有望为甘蔗黑穗病的防治提供新方法。     

基于糖显色法测定鼠李糖脂的比例、含量

目的:确定微生物培养液中鼠李糖脂的组成、含量和鼠李糖脂在电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)中的离子化效率.方法:用薄层色谱分离并结合ESI-MS分析培养液中的糖脂产物、测定样品中单鼠李糖脂和双鼠李糖脂比例及离子化强度.结果:根据苯酚-硫酸法和蒽酮光度法中糖及糖脂与吸光度的定量关系[A=0.0103X+0.0465(X为鼠李糖量,μg),A=0.0043X+0.0446(X为鼠李糖脂量,μg)],用化学计量方法确定了糖脂含量84.8%,其中单鼠李糖脂的质量分数0.344,双鼠李糖脂的质量分数0.656,并基于电喷雾质谱中的离子强度和测定的浓度计算了鼠李糖脂的离子化效率,双鼠李糖脂的钠离子化效率仅为单鼠李糖脂钠离子化效率的50%.结论:可用于定量分析单双糖脂及评价鼠李糖脂的生产.     

鼠李糖脂的表面化学和生物合成及其在垃圾堆肥中的应用展望

鼠李糖脂是生物表面活性剂中一类非常重要而应用广泛的微生物发酵产物,在环境污染修复中需求量越来越多。针对近十年来国内外对鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂的研究,较系统地总结了其化学结构、性质、生物合成机理及产量调节方法,及大规模生产鼠李糖脂的基础研究工作,并对其在城市生活垃圾堆肥中的应用做了展望。     

鼠李糖脂快速定量分析方法及其影响因素研究

为探寻简单、快速的由铜绿假单胞菌生产鼠李糖脂的定量分析方法,对比分析了葸酮—硫酸法、L-半胱氨酸-硫酸法、苯酚硫酸法及其影响因素。结果显示,蒽酮硫酸法优于其它两种方法,并得出了其最佳测试条件。发酵液中剩余的葡萄糖、上清液对鼠李糖脂定量分析的影响可以忽略,菌体和中层杂质对鼠李糖脂的定量分析有一定程度的影响。因而,分析时要去除菌体。而中层杂质对定量分析的影响可以通过制备含中层杂质的鼠李糖溶液标准曲线而消除。     

Biodegradation of oily sludge in Kuwait soil

Soil microorganisms were not inhibited by mixing oily sludge in soil up to 8.7% (w/w) oil (15% sludge). Adding NH ₄ ⁺ and phosphate increased microbial activity. Microbial activity was also affected by seasonal variation. Thermotolerant microorganisms were more predominant during the summer. After 29 months, 72%, 84%, and 83% of the soil was degraded in fertilized soils dosed with 2.9, 5.8 and 8.7% oil, respectively.     

Screening of herbaceous plants for peat-enhanced rehabilitation of contaminated soil with oily sludge

A batch pot experiment using nine herbaceous species were conducted for peat enhanced rehabilitation of contaminated soil with oily sludge in the initial contents of 0%, 1.3%, 7.4%, and 12.2%, respectively. The results showed that petroleum hydrocarbons removal, plant growth indices and enzyme activities varied depending on plant species and oil contents. Cotton, ryegrass and tall fescue were effective in the rehabilitation of oily sludge contaminated soils. The total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal ranged from 30.0% to 40.0% after 170 days of treatment. Plant biomass was shown to be the preferred indicator for screening phytoremediation plant because it was closely correlated with TPH removal and enzyme activities. Peat-enhanced plant rehabilitation could be a good strategy for the treatment of oily sludge contaminated saline soils.     

Biodegradation of heavy oily sludge by a two-step inoculation composting process using synergistic effect of indigenous isolated bacteria

The impact of two-step inoculation of indigenous strains and their synergistic effect in the scaling-up of petroleum hydrocarbons biodegradation from a mineral-based medium (MBM) to a two-phase composting process were investigated. After isolating the strains KA3 and KA4 from heavy oily sludge (HOS), their emulsification index (E₂₄), bacterial adhesion to hydrocarbon (BATH), and oil degradation efficiency were evaluated in the MBM. Then, they were inoculated twice into the composting bioreactors lasted for the primary 8 weeks as the first phase (FP) and subsequent 8 weeks as the second phase (SP). The results indicated that the consortium of the two strains degraded 16-61% of crude oil (1-5% concentration) in the MBM. In the composting reactors, removals of 20 g kg⁻¹ initial concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) were found to be 63.95, 61.00, and 89.35% for the strains KA3, KA4, and their consortium, respectively. The computed biodegradation constants indicated the synergistic effect of the two strains and the effectiveness of the second-step inoculation. The study demonstrated the successful scaling-up of HOS biodegradation from MBM to the two-phase composting process through two-step inoculation of the isolated strains.     

Effects of cyclodextrins, humic substances, and rhamnolipids on the washing of a historically contaminated soil and on the aerobic bioremediation of the resulting effluents

Nontoxic and biodegradable pollutant-mobilizing agents, instead of chemical surfactants, were tested in the washing of an actual-site chloroaromatic-contaminated soil. A soil historically contaminated by chlorinated anilines and benzenes, thiophenes and several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was subjected to washing by suspending it (15% w/v) in water or in water with 1.0% (w/v) beta-clodextrin (beta-CD), hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD), rhamnolipid (RL), dissolved humic substances (HS), or Triton X-100 (TX) in shaken batch reactors for 24 hr. The resulting wastewaters were amended with nutrients and treated aerobically in shaken reactors for 65 days. The biogenic agents markedly enhanced (by 237%, beta-CD; 265%, HP-beta-CD; 400%, RL; 566%, HS) the capability of water of eluting organic pollutants from the soil. TX enhanced the overall pollutant removal by about 660%; however, a lower depletion of the initial soil ecotoxicity, along with a more extensive impact on the soil organic matter, was observed. Furthermore, TX adversely affected the bioremediation of the resulting effluent by apparently inducing a premature decrease of specialized bacterial biomass. By contrast, the biogenic agents, and in particular HS and RL, sustained the biodegradation and dechlorination of pollutants by apparently enhancing the availability of specialized bacteria in the reactors. Thus, the biogenic agents proposed here seem to be promising nontoxic and nonaggressive soil washing agents for the integrated physicochemical (washing) and biological (aerobic posttreatment) restoration of poorly bioremediable (chloro) organics-contaminated soils.     

Comparison of bioremediation strategies for soil impacted with petrochemical oily sludge

Different bioremediation techniques (natural attenuation, biostimulation and bioaugmentation) in contaminated soils with two oily sludge concentrations (1.5% and 6.0%) in open and closed microcosms systems were assessed during 90 days. The results showed that the highest biodegradation rates were obtained in contaminated soils with 6% in closed microcosms. Addition of microbial consortium and nutrients in different concentrations demonstrated higher biodegradation rate of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) than those of the natural attenuation treatment. Soils treated in closed microcosms showed highest removal rate (84.1 ± 0.9%) when contaminated at 6% and bacterial consortium and nutrients in low amounts were added. In open microcosms, the soil contaminated at 6% using biostimulation with the highest amounts of nutrients (C:N:P of 100:10:1) presented the highest degradation rate (78.7 ± 1.3%). These results demonstrate that the application of microbial consortium and nutrients favored biodegradation of TPH present in oily sludge, indicating their potential applications for treatment of the soils impacted with this important hazardous waste.     

人工含油废水对秋茄幼苗生长的影响

在玻璃网室中建立秋茄模拟湿地,分别用不同浓度的人工含油废水进行为期一年的每周两次定期排放,对照组(ＣＬ)用盐度１５‰的人工海水。人工含油废水对秋茄幼苗生长的影响如下:２００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１、４００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１和８００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１组的部分植株出现叶尖卷曲、叶缘有褐色斑点、叶片失绿等受害症状,８００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１组植株的受害症状出现的时间最早而且个体数最多;较高浓度的含油废水导致秋茄幼苗个体死亡,２００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１、４００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１和８００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１组的存活率依次为９５．９%、８５．２%和５９．２%。５０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１含油废水对秋茄幼苗的生长有促进作用,表现为生物量、茎高和茎径的年增长量极显著高于对照组;１００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１和２００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１含油废水对秋茄幼苗的生长无明显不良影响,表现为２００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１组生物量、茎高和茎径的年增长量与对照组比无显著差异,１００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１组植株仅茎高年增长量显著高于对照组;较高浓度的含油废水则使秋茄幼苗生长受到显著抑制,表现为４００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１组生物量和茎高的年增长量显著或极显著低于对照组,８００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１组生物量、茎高和茎径的年增长量显著或极显著低于对照组。表明秋茄幼苗对低浓度含油废水有一定的     

Impact of enzymatic pre-hydrolysis on batch activated sludge systems dealing with oily wastewaters

Dairy wastewater containing different oil and grease contents was treated in batch activated sludge systems with and without (control) an enzymatic pre-hydrolysis stage [with 0.2% (w/v) of fermented babassu cake containing Penicillium restrictum lipases]. When the oil and grease concentration in the control bioreactor was increased (400, 600 and 800 mg l^–1), the COD removal efficiency fell (86%, 75% and 0%). However, in the reactor fed with pre-hydrolysed wastewater, COD removal efficiency was maintained (93%, 92% and 82%). At an oil and grease concentration of 800 mg l^–1, the control bioreactor presented final volatile suspended solids (VSS) values ten times greater (2225 mg l^–1) than those obtained for bioreactor fed with pre-hydrolysed wastewater (200 mg l^–1).     

Improving the biotreatment of hydrocarbons-contaminated soils by addition of activated sludge taken from the wastewater treatment facilities of an oil refinery

Addition of activated sludge taken from the wastewater treatment facilities ofan oil refinery to a soil contaminated with oily sludge stimulated hydrocarbonbiodegradation in microcosms, bioreactors and biopile. Microcosms containing50 g of soil to which 0.07 % (w/w) of activated sludge was added presented ahigher degradation of alkanes (80 % vs 24 %) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) (77 % vs 49 %) as compared to the one receiving only water, after 30days of incubation at room temperature. Addition of ammonium nitrate or sterilesludge filtrate instead of activated sludge resulted in a similar removal of PAHsbut not of alkanes suggesting that the nitrogen contained in the activated sludgeplays a major role in the degradation of PAHs while microorganisms of thesludge are active against alkanes. Addition of sludge also stimulated hydrocarbonbiodegradation in 10-kg bioreactors operated during 60 days and in a 50-m³ biopile operated during 126 days. This biopile treatment allowed the use of the soil for industrial purpose based on provincial regulation (``C' criteria). In contrast, the soil of the control biopile that received only water still exceeded C criteria for C₁₀–C₅₀ hydrocarbons, total PAHs, chrysene and benzo[a]anthracene.The stimulation effect of sludge was stronger on the 4-rings than on 2-rings PAHs.The soil of the biopile that received sludge was 4–5 times less toxic than the control. These results suggest that this particular type of activated sludge could be used to increase the efficiency of the treatment of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils in a biopile.     

Biodegradation potential of oily sludge by pure and mixed bacterial cultures

The biodegradation capacity of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons of petrochemical oily sludge in liquid medium by a bacterial consortium and five pure bacterial cultures was analyzed. Three bacteria isolated from petrochemical oily sludge, identified as Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila, Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus cibi, and two bacteria isolated from a soil contaminated by petrochemical waste, identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus demonstrated efficiency in oily sludge degradation when cultivated during 40 days. The bacterial consortium demonstrated an excellent oily sludge degradation capacity, reducing 90.7% of the aliphatic fraction and 51.8% of the aromatic fraction, as well as biosurfactant production capacity, achieving 39.4% reduction of surface tension of the culture medium and an emulsifying activity of 55.1%. The results indicated that the bacterial consortium has potential to be applied in bioremediation of petrochemical oily sludge contaminated environments, favoring the reduction of environmental passives and increasing industrial productivity.