大兴安岭兴安落叶松径向生长对气候响应的时空变化

根据兴安落叶松在大兴安岭山脉的分布特征,沿纬度设置了9个采样点,分析了兴安落叶松径向生长对气候因子响应的空间差异和时间动态。结果表明:总体上所有采样点的兴安落叶松径向生长与夏季(6—8月)标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)及降水量、2月SPEI及降水量呈正相关,与3月温度呈负相关。在空间上,南部年均温较高区域的兴安落叶松径向生长与2月SPEI呈显著正相关,在北部年均温较低的区域与3月温度呈显著负相关。在时间上,兴安落叶松生长-气候关系不稳定。随着温度升高,在年均温较高区域,夏季SPEI和降水量对树木生长的正效应以及夏季温度的负响应显著增强;在年均温较低区域,树木生长与3月温度负响应增强更明显。这表明气候变化改变了树木生长-气候关系,而且存在明显空间差异。在未来气候暖干化的背景下,大兴安岭兴安落叶松径向生长会受到抑制,在年均温较高且降水量较少的南部地区会因夏季水分亏缺和冬季干旱而衰退,温度较低的北部地区则可能因冬季干旱和冬季变暖而使生长受到抑制。     

玉龙雪山东坡不同海拔长苞冷杉径向生长与气候因子的关系

基于树木年代学方法,利用玉龙雪山东坡长苞冷杉树轮宽度资料,分别建立了3个海拔(低、中、高)长苞冷杉差值年表(RES),并利用响应分析与冗余分析(RDA)研究其径向生长与温度和降水的相关关系,分析影响玉龙雪山长苞冷杉径向生长的主要气候因子.结果表明: 玉龙雪山不同海拔长苞冷杉径向生长受气候变化的影响具有一致性,温度和降水共同作用于径向生长,这种一致性与玉龙雪山地形陡峭以及长苞冷杉的高海拔分布与浅根特性有关.不同海拔长苞冷杉径向生长均与当年7月和上年11月平均温以及当年1月降水量呈显著正相关,而与当年6月降水量呈显著负相关.响应分析与冗余分析的综合应用能够准确揭示环境梯度上树木生长与气候因子的关系.本研究可为该地区历史气候重建以及森林经营管理提供科学依据.     

蒜头果地理分布与水热关系分析

利用温度指数(WI)、湿润指数(HI)等气候因子,研究了蒜头果(Malana oleifera Chun et S.Lee)地理分布与气候因子的关系.结果表明,极端最高温、7月均温、年均温、≥10℃年积温和年均降水量是蒜头果分布的主要限制因子;由半峰宽(PWH)计算法确定蒜头果生长的最适温度为18.0～22.0℃,年降水量为1106.5～1 585.1 mm;水热组合较好的乐业地区是蒜头果的主要分布区.极端高温和干燥的气候可能是蒜头果分布区逐渐缩小并濒危的重要因素.     

甘肃省河东地区春玉米气候因子及气候生产潜力时空变化

根据甘肃河东地区15个气象站点1961-2010年的气象资料以及春玉米生育期资料,利用数理统计分析方法及GIS技术研究了该区50年春玉米生长季的气候因子变化特征及光合生产潜力、光温生产潜力、气候生产潜力的时空分布特征.结果表明:近50年来,河东地区春玉米生长季平均气温波动上升,平均增温0.36℃·10a-1,太阳辐射总量明显下降,降雨量波动下降;光合生产潜力下降,光温生产潜力上升,气候生产潜力略微增加;光合生产潜力从南到北逐渐增加,光温生产潜力中部低,北部、南部及东部高,气候生产潜力从东南向西北递减;该区太阳辐射的下降导致了光合生产潜力的下降,但温度的大幅升高,弥补了太阳辐射带来的负面效应;另外,由于该区降水呈下降趋势,且季节分配不均匀,在一定程度上影响了作物气候生产潜力.研究结果揭示了甘肃省河东地区春玉米气候因子及气候生产潜力时空变化.     

气候变化背景下中国南方地区季节性干旱特征与适应Ⅰ.降水资源演变特征

基于中国南方地区15个省（市、自治区）262个气象台站1959-2008年的降水量资料,分析了季尺度降水量的趋势系数、降水变率、年际及年代际标准化降水距平的变化特征.结果表明：研究期间,中国南方地区降水变化趋势的季节差异较大,大部分地区春季和秋季降水量呈减少趋势,夏季和冬季降水量呈增多趋势,但西南部分地区略有不同;研究区域春旱发生可能性减小,夏旱、秋旱和冬旱发生的可能性增加;春旱更易发生在华南地区和西南地区,夏旱和秋旱发生可能性较高的地区为长江中下游地区和华南地区,冬旱发生可能性较高地区由华南地区扩大为华南和长江中下游地区.中国南方地区春季和秋季降水自20世纪80年代以来明显偏少,夏季和冬季降水在20世纪90年代以前偏少、20世纪90年代偏多、21世纪以来又偏少.中国南方各区域季节尺度降水量标准距平的年代变化基本一致,研究时段内秋季降水量呈减少趋势,夏季和冬季降水量呈增加趋势.     

西藏两个小湖高分辨率的花粉记录

西藏东南部封闭湖泊高分辨率的花粉记录反映,在１６ ｋａ ＢＰ以前花粉组合以藜科（Ｃｈｅｎｏｐｏｄｉａｃｅａｅ） 和蒿属（Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａ） 为主,花粉浓度很低,应为荒漠草原植被。当时气候寒冷干燥,１ 、７ 月份和年均温分别低于现在当地７ ～１０ ℃,０．５～１．５ ℃和４～６ ℃。年降水量仅２５０ ｍｍ 是现今当地年降水量的４０ ％ ;１２ ｋａ ＢＰ以后气温和降水逐渐增加,出现木本植物花粉,桦属（ Ｂｅｔｕｌａ） 和松属（ Ｐｉｎｕｓ）等,在９ ．２～５ ｋａ ＢＰ发育森林或森林草甸;８～６ ｋａ ＢＰ是研究区气候最适宜期,１、７ 月份气温均高于现在２～３ ℃,年降水量比现在当地高１００ ｍｍ 左右;５．５ ｋａ ＢＰ以后气温和降水呈非线性下降,主要发育草原植被,直至现在     

1961-2005年东北地区气温和降水变化趋势

利用东北地区96个气象站1961-2005年的日平均气温和日降水量资料,采用线性倾向率法,累积距平法,Mann-Kendall法和Morlet小波分析等方法,对东北地区近45年来的气候变化和突变现象进行了研究.结果表明:近45年来,东北地区年平均气温变化在2.45-5.72℃之间,年均温呈现显著上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.38 ℃/10 a(P＜0.01),1988-1989年间发生了由低温到高温的突变;东北地区四季平均气温均呈现增高的趋势,其中冬季气温增幅最大,气候倾向率达到0.53℃/10 a,夏季气温增幅最小,0.24 ℃/10 a.东北地区年均温和季节均温年代际变化亦呈现明显的增暖趋势,年均温,春季均温和冬季均温均在1981-1990年开始变暖,夏季均温和秋季均温在1991-2000年开始变暖.东北地区气温增暖幅度随纬度的升高而增大,大兴安岭北部和小兴安岭地区是增温最明显的地区,增暖幅度较小的地区为辽河平原,辽东半岛和长白山南部地区.东北地区年降水量变化在430.40-678.72 mm之间,降水量变化趋势不明显,整体呈现减少趋势,气候倾向率为-5.71 mm/10 a(P＞0.05),1981-1990年为降水最多的年代,1982-1983年间发生了降水量由少到多的突变.四季降水量变化呈现不同的趋势,其中春季和冬季降水量呈现增多的趋势,夏季和秋季降水量呈现减少的趋势.降水量减少较明显的地区为辽东半岛和长白山南段,降水量增多较明显的地区为大兴安岭北部和松嫩平原.Morlet小波分析结果表明,东北地区年平均气温存在11a的强显著周期,此外还有24 a和6a尺度的变化周期;东北地区年降水量存在16a的强显著周期和6 a的小尺度变化周期.通过以上分析,近45 a东北地区总体气候呈现明显暖干化趋势.     

西南干旱对哀牢山常绿阔叶林凋落物及叶面积指数的影响

为探讨2010年初西南干旱对这一地区原生植被林冠和凋落物量的影响,以及这一地区凋落物量和气候条件之间的关系,对比研究了哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林2010年和一般年份的凋落物特征以及各层的叶面积指数,并分析了凋落物量和气候因子之间的关系.2010年凋落物总量和往年相比无显著差异,但是叶凋落总量、旱季凋落物总量、旱季叶凋落量为历年来最高,其中旱季叶凋落物量比一般年份平均高35.2％ (0.81 t/hm2).而2010年附生苔蘚年凋落量为历年来最低.2010年最旱月的乔木层和灌木层叶面积指数和2005同期相比无显著差异,但是草本层叶面积指数却极显著低于2005年同期.因此,2010年初西南干旱尽管使哀牢山常绿阔叶林旱季落叶增加,但还没有到显著影响冠层叶面积指数的程度.而草本层和附生苔藓的生长则受到了干旱事件的显著影响.此外,哀牢山常绿阔叶林年总凋落量和年降水量显著正相关,而和年均温却不相关,表明该亚热带森林凋落物量主要由降水而非温度决定.     

中国南亚热带和北温带地区禾本科C3与C4草本植物花果期差异研究

为揭示不同地区禾本科C₃与C₄植物花果期受气候因子的影响,以广东省和内蒙古自治区分别代表南亚热带和北温带地区,从植物志中分别获得两地395和265种禾本科草本植物的3个花果期特征(始花期、末花果期和生殖期长),比较开花物候的差异,并通过一般线性模型探究其与气候因子(年均温与年均降水量)的相关性。结果表明,南亚热带与北温带地区C₃植物的始花期均比C₄植物早。两地C₄共有种在南亚热带地区具有更早的始花期、更晚的末花果期和更长的生殖期,而C₃共有种的末花果期在两地无显著差异,但在南亚热带地区始花期更早,生殖期更长。随年均温升高,北温带地区禾本科植物的始花期提前,而南亚热带地区则延后;随年均降水量升高,两地禾本科植物始花期与末花果期均延迟;禾本科植物生殖期长与年均温和年均降水量均不存在相关性。跨地区分析表明,末花果期、生殖期长与年均温和年均降水量均正相关,而与始花期不相关。禾本科C₃植物比C₄植物对地区间气候差异响应更敏...     

红河流域“通道-阻隔”作用下2000-2014年植被EVI变化趋势与驱动力

红河流域地表生态、水热分布格局等受到"通道-阻隔"作用的显著影响,以MODIS EVI数据作为植被定量研究指标,结合全国1：100万植被类型图、红河流域内部以及周边气象数据和研究区的DEM数据,利用趋势分析和相关性分析法,探讨在"通道-阻隔"作用的影响下流域内2000-2014年植被EVI时空变化趋势及其驱动力,重点研究了植被EVI变化对气候因子的响应规律。结果表明：（1）2000-2014年间,红河流域生长季植被EVI整体上以-0.15%/a的年际变化率呈波动减少趋势,空间异质性明显。EVI呈减少趋势区域主要集中在绿春县中部和金平县西南部;EVI呈增加趋势区域集中分布在墨江县、文山县,麻栗坡中部、广南-富宁南部区域、红河-元江一带以及藤条江西南部地区。（2）通过对生长季EVI指数与四个不同时间序列的月平均气温和月累积降水量的相关分析可知,生长季EVI指数与同期气温相关性较好;与降水量呈现明显的滞后性,滞后时间约为1个月。（3）相关分析表明,整体上红河流域生长季植被EVI与气温呈负相关关系,与降水呈正相关关系。在0.05显著性检验水平下,红河流域生长季植被EVI变化受气候影响的区域占3.11%,气温以负向驱动型为主,面积约占1.26%,降水以正向驱动型为主,面积约占0.46%,气温降水联合驱动以弱驱动为主,面积约占1.39%;大部分地区表现为受非气候因子驱动。     

Airborne pollen parameters and their relationship with meteorological variables in NE Iberian Peninsula

The present study explores the role of the meteorological variability in the pollen production and the timing of the airborne pollen season by analysis of the correlation between precipitation, insolation and temperature and the main standardised airborne pollen parameters of 22 taxa collected at 6 localities in Catalonia (NE Spain). The pollen parameters included in the study were: Annual Pollen Integral and the Start, End and Length of the Main Pollen Season. Considering that the Main Pollen Season of most of the taxa in Catalonia lasts from spring to summer or autumn, correlations between the pollen parameters and winter (from December to March) values of meteorological variables were calculated. Correlations between Monthly Pollen Integral and monthly values of the meteorological variables were also calculated. The results obtained report the synchronism registered in the variations of pollen concentration with precipitation (negative), insolation (positive) and temperature (positive). Temperature was the meteorological variable that showed a greater influence in the pollen production and the timing of the pollen season, being insolation the least one. The Start of the Main Pollen Season was the pollen parameter more correlated with the meteorological variables, especially with winter temperatures.     

西藏扎布耶盐湖地区现代花粉雨的初步研究

从扎布耶盐湖和藏南地区采集的２１块表土花粉分析结果,提供了花粉与植被,花粉与亚环境之间的定性关系,在扎耶盐湖,ａ泉水沼泽,以莎草科花粉占优势。ｂ．盐盘,藜科和麻黄属花粉含量高。ｃ．山坡,分布变色锦鸡儿灌丛,表土花粉以蒿属和藜科为优势。ｄ．河流沙滩,以蒿属和禾本科花粉为主,ｅ．常年盐湖,以蒿属占优势,松属、云杉属、冷杉属、铁杉属、桦属和桤木属等乔木植物花表土中普遍存在。以松粉百分含量最高（平均２６．     

未来气候变化对云南烤烟种植气候适宜性的影响

云南烤烟种植的气候适宜性分布将受到气候变化的深刻影响.根据云南烤烟种植气候适宜性的3个决定因子(7月平均气温、7—8月日照时数、4—9月降水量),利用1981—2060年的气候模拟数据及1986—2005年的气象台站实测数据,分析了1986—2005年及RCP 4.5和RCP8.5气候情景下2021—2040年、2041—2060年云南烤烟种植气候适宜性分布的变化.结果表明: 未来气候情景下,云南烤烟种植气候适宜分布呈现北抬东扩的趋势,未来云南烤烟可种植区域将呈逐渐增加的趋势,且2041—2060年增幅大于2021—2040年、RCP8.5情景的增幅大于RCP4.5情景,其中,烤烟的最适宜区域、次适宜区域增幅均较大,适宜区域则变化不大.未来云南中北部烟区的昆明、曲靖、大理、楚雄、丽江最适宜区面积与可种植面积增幅较大,文山、红河、普洱、西双版纳等南部烟区最适宜区面积与可种植面积减幅较大.     

Pollen analysis of modern tree bark samples from the Manendragarh Forest Range of the Koriya district,Chhattisgarh, India

Pollen from modern tree bark samples collected in the Manendragarh Forest Range, Koriya District, Chhattisgarh, India, was investigated with the objective to understand the pollen rain in and around the study area, using modern tree bark samples as a new tool. The palyno-assemblages revealed the dominance of non-arboreals (herbs) over arboreals (trees and shrubs). Trees constitute an average of 17.23% pollen in the total pollen rain, whereas the average contribution of shrubs is only 0.33%. The non-arboreals have an average of 82.44% pollen in the total pollen rain. This bias in the form of representation of trees and shrubs, despite their ample presence in the forest, could be due to the differences in pollen production, dispersal and preservation of taxa, which depends on plant species and climatic conditions.     

滇南热带季雨林的一些问题讨论

通过分析云南南部的水、热条件及植被分布,讨论了季雨林植被类型及其特征,认为云南南部的季雨林是介于热带雨林与萨王纳之间的,在干季基本上是落叶的一种森林植被类型,符合Schimper (1903)定义的热带季雨林植被,并考虑它是一种生态学意义上的经向地带性植被,与该地区的纬向地带性植被热带季节雨林一起共同构成云南南部的水平地带性植被。在云南南部的石灰岩山坡分布的过去被认为是季雨林的森林植被,尽管也受到季节性干旱的影响而不同程度地具有落叶成分,但它在群落外貌上与典型的季雨林不相同,在植物区系组成上也明显不同于该地区非石灰岩山地的季风常绿阔叶林,在分布上亦是在石灰岩低山沟谷的热带季节性雨林水平地带性植被带之上,根据其生态外貌、植物区系组成和生境特点,我们建议用“热带季节性湿润林”来称呼这类石灰岩山地森林类型,在性质上属东南亚热带北缘石灰岩山地垂直带上的一种植被类型。     

A comparison between modern pollen spectra of moss cushions and Cundill pollen traps

Pollen spectra of 23 Cundill pollen traps from 23 different sampling sites in Southwest Turkey are compared with the corresponding pollen spectra of moss cushions from the same sites. The Cundill pollen traps represent the modern pollen rain data from one year whereas the moss cushions represent the pollen rain of several years. The comparative study reveals some main differences between the two pollen entrapment media. The one-year entrapment medium (pollen trap) appears to be more sensitive for local (releve area 10x10 m) and regional (100-500 m, or a few kilometres for Olea europaea) vegetation. Pollen spectra of moss cushions are dominated by high pine pollen percentage values and hardly sense fine vegetation structures. The conclusion of this comparative modern pollen study allows to interpret fossil sediment spectra from the Near East in a more critical way. It is concluded that one should preferably sample rapidly deposited sediments for palynological analyses, as the resulting highresolution pollen diagrams will be most informative about the former vegetation patterns.     

Tropical Forests of Xishuangbanna,China1

Lowland tropical forests once covered a large fraction of tropical southern China, but currently have an extent of ca 633,800 ha, mostly in Xishuangbanna of southern Yunnan. The Xishuangbanna region has a typical monsoon climate with a mean annual temperature ranging between 15.1°C and 21.7°C, and precipitation between 1200 and 2500 mm. There is a pronounced dry season between November and April with frequent occurrence of heavy fog. Rainfall during the wet season between May and October accounts for over 80 percent of total annual precipitation. Water deposition from fog accounts for over one‐third of total water input during the dry season in the forests, suggesting an important role that fog may play in pushing up the northern limit of tropical rain forest in Southeast Asia.     

Holocene vegetation and climate change from near Lake Pedder, south-west Tasmania, Australia

Aim To use surface pollen and vegetation relationships to aid the interpretation of a Holocene pollen record. Location South‐west Tasmania, Australia. Methods A survey was undertaken of surface‐pollen samples from the major regional vegetation types: alpine, rain forest and moorland. Relationships between vegetation type and surface‐pollen representation were analysed using twinspan classification and ordination. A core was retrieved from moorland vegetation, and interpretation of the fossil pollen sequence was aided using relationships detected in our surface‐pollen analysis. Results Regional vegetation types are reflected in the pollen rain of south‐west Tasmania, despite the over‐representation of important rain forest tree species in samples from non‐forest sites. twinspan classification of the surface‐pollen samples identified the following indicator pollen taxa for each vegetation type: Astelia alpina (alpine); Lagarostrobos franklinii (rain forest); Leptospermum and Melaleuca (moorland). Detrended correspondence analysis of the surface‐pollen samples clearly separates samples from each vegetation type. Correlation of the ordination axes with environmental data identified a dominant temperature/altitudinal gradient in the surface‐pollen data (R = 0.852/0.844). Application of the results of the surface‐pollen analysis to the fossil sequence revealed that fire‐promoted moorland has dominated the local environment around the core site for the entire Holocene. Changes in fossil pollen composition also suggest that temperatures increased through the Late Glacial to peak in the mid‐Holocene and declined thereafter, a trend consistent with other sites in the region. Main conclusions Pollen spectra can successfully be used to predict local vegetation in south‐west Tasmania. At least this part of inland south‐west Tasmania has remained forest‐free throughout the Holocene, conflicting with the dominant palaeoecological paradigm of a mid‐Holocene dominated by rain forest. A comparison with pollen records from moorland vegetation across the region suggests that fire‐promoted moorland has dominated the landscape since the Late Glacial. We suggest that burning by people through the Late Glacial (if not earlier) facilitated the spread of moorland throughout the region, greatly restricting the expansion of rain forest. The continued influence of fire throughout the Holocene in this perennially wet landscape argues for a revision of the dominant human‐occupation model that depicts an abandonment of the interior of south‐west Tasmania in the Late Glacial in response to the expansion of rain forest.     

Pollen-based biome reconstruction for southern Europe and Africa 18,000 yr bp

Pollen data from 18,000 ¹⁴C yr bp were compiled in order to reconstruct biome distributions at the last glacial maximum in southern Europe and Africa. Biome reconstructions were made using the objective biomization method applied to pollen counts using a complete list of dryland taxa wherever possible. Consistent and major differences from present‐day biomes are shown. Forest and xerophytic woods/scrub were replaced by steppe, both in the Mediterranean region and in southern Africa, except in south‐western Cape Province where fynbos (xerophytic scrub) persisted. Sites in the tropical highlands, characterized today by evergreen forest, were dominated by steppe and/or xerophytic vegetation (cf. today’s Ericaceous belt and Afroalpine grassland) at the last glacial maximum. Available data from the tropical lowlands are sparse but suggest that the modern tropical rain forest was largely replaced by tropical seasonal forest while the modern seasonal or dry forests were encroached on by savanna or steppe. Montane forest elements descended to lower elevations than today.     

西双版纳热带季节雨林内雾特征研究

 利用4年（1999～2002）的雾观测资料,对西双版纳热带季节雨林内雾特征进行了观测研究。结果表明,雾首先形成于最上林冠层,林下雾是由上层雾变浓、下沉而来。夜间,雾形成前,气温高于叶表温;雾形成后,气温则低于叶表温。热带雨林内各季节雾日数和雾日频率均高于无林地。热带雨林内平均全年雾日数可达258 d,其中雾季和干热季共占154 d（59.6%）,而雾季的雾日频率高达90%。雾日数的季节变化与各季节雨量呈明显的负相关。雾季,雾在23∶00左右生成,比干热季、雨季分别提前0.7、2.3 h,而消散时间则分别推迟0.8、2.2 h。雾生成和消散时间呈现出较明显的负相关。雾季雾的持续时间达12.2 h·d-1,比干热季、雨季分别长1.5、4.6 h·d-1。全年雾总持续时间占全年时间的39.7%,而雾季的相应值为50.8%。雾的形成不仅凝结了水汽进入森林（全年89.4 mm）,同时也对森林起到了一定的保温作用,这对热带雨林的生存和发展具有至关重要的作用。