松嫩草原典型群落植硅体固碳与植硅体类型关系研究

探讨植硅体固碳能力与植硅体形态间关系,可以更精确估算群落植硅体固碳量,同时为植硅体固碳机制解释提供依据。本文在松嫩草原选取28个群落样方进行研究,按优势植物分为禾本科、莎草科、菊科三种群落类型,采用植硅体碳含量来指示植硅体自身的固碳潜力,植硅体碳占干物质含量指示群落长时间固碳能力(以下简称群落固碳能力),植硅体百分含量与固碳有关指标间的相关性来指示不同植硅体类型的固碳贡献量。研究发现:与非短细胞植硅体相比,短细胞植硅体的百分含量与植硅体碳含量、植硅体碳占干物质含量间的相关性更显著,因而其对植硅体固碳的贡献相对更大。究其原因,本文认为这可能主要与松嫩草原的短细胞植硅体的产量大以及短细胞植硅体的形成过程有关。     

毛竹林植硅体碳封存速率估算的最佳鲜叶采样时间

本研究测定了毛竹林1年中不同月份现存鲜叶和凋落物的植硅体碳含量,通过比较不同月份鲜叶植硅体碳封存速率与全年凋落物植硅体碳封存速率,估算毛竹林植硅体碳封存速率的最佳鲜叶采样时间.结果表明: 毛竹鲜叶中植硅体和植硅体碳含量分别为23.45～101.07 g·kg^-1和0.73～1.98 g·kg^-1,且不同月份间差异显著;不同月份毛竹鲜叶植硅体碳封存速率为0.75～7.68 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,最大值和最小值分别出现在12月和4月,且差异显著;2月和12月毛竹鲜叶植硅体碳封存速率与全年凋落物植硅体碳封存速率之间无显著差异,可将2月和12月作为估算毛竹林植硅体碳封存速率的最佳采样月份.     

绿竹和麻竹地上部植硅体碳封存潜力

可以在土壤中稳定存在数千年甚至上万年之久的植硅体碳(phytolith-occluded organic carbon,PhytOC)是陆地植物生态系统长期碳封存的重要机制之一。选取福建南靖地区绿竹(Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro)Keng f.)和麻竹(Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro)两种重要丛生竹为研究对象,采集其竹叶、竹枝和竹秆样品,用微波消解法提取植硅体,采用碱溶法测定植硅体中碳含量,以比较两种丛生竹的植硅体碳封存潜力和封存速率。结果表明:绿竹和麻竹林地上部不同器官中Si含量变幅分别为4.95—37.53 g/kg和2.01—34.05 g/kg,植硅体含量变幅分别为3.35—100.80 g/kg和1.57—84.06 g/kg,两者地上部不同器官中的含量大小顺序均为叶枝秆。绿竹和麻竹林地上部不同器官干物质中的植硅体碳含量变幅分别为0.51—2.85 g/kg和0.17—2.22 g/kg。绿竹和麻竹林地上部PhytOC储量变幅分别为5.1—13.9 kg/hm~2和1.2—6.3 kg/hm~2。绿竹和麻竹地上植株不同器官中的最高PhytOC储量分别为枝和叶。绿竹和麻竹地上部PhytOC总储量分别为24.3 kg/hm~2和11.1 kg/hm~2。绿竹和麻竹林地上部PhytOC封存速率分别为0.051—0.131 t-e-CO_2hm~(-2)a~(-1)和0.0099—0.0139 t-e-CO_2hm~(-2)a~(-1),以绿竹和麻竹的最高PhytOC封存速率计算,我国绿竹林和麻竹林的地上植株部每年可分别封存1965.29 t CO_2和1520.11 t CO_2。     

长期不同施肥模式对南方双季稻田生态系统净碳汇效应和经济收益的影响

施肥措施与稻田生态系统净碳汇效应、经济收益的关系密切。本研究以长期(35年)定位施肥试验田为平台,分析了单独施用化肥(MF)、秸秆还田+化肥(RF)、30%有机肥+70%化肥(OM)和无肥对照(CK)4种不同施肥模式对我国南方双季稻田耕层土壤固碳速率、碳密度、年碳汇平衡和经济收益的影响。研究表明: 不同施肥处理双季稻田耕层土壤碳库变化范围为216.02～866.74 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,OM处理土壤碳年变化量显著高于MF、RF和CK处理;双季稻田土壤固碳速率为51.5～650.7 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,表土碳密度为55.64～78.42 t·hm^-2,各施肥处理高低顺序均为OM>RF>MF>CK。各施肥处理双季稻田生态系统水稻的碳吸收为4.42～9.32 t C·hm^-2·a^-1,其高低顺序为OM>RF>MF>CK;与MF处理相比,OM和RF处理稻田土壤净碳汇量分别提高了27.6%和13.6%。各施肥处理双季稻田生态系统的碳成本物质投入变化范围为1.49～2.17 t C·hm^-2·a^-1,年经济收益变化范围为1.30×10³～7.83×10³元·hm^-2·a^-1,其高低顺序为RF>OM>MF>CK;OM、RF和MF处理双季稻田生态系统经济效益的净收益均显著高于CK处理。总之,长期施用有机肥、秸秆还田配施化肥措施均有利于增加双季稻田土壤固碳速率、碳汇效应和经济收益,是提高南方双季稻田土壤有机碳贮量的施肥模式。     

热带、亚热带典型森林-土壤系统植硅体碳演变规律

分别选取中国亚热带毛竹林、马尾松林、青冈林、杉木林和热带青梅林、芭蕉林、橡胶林、马占相思林8种森林类型,采集其鲜叶、凋落叶以及0～10和10～30 cm土层土壤,通过微波消解法提取其中的植硅体,并采用碱溶法测定植硅体中碳含量.结果表明: 4种亚热带森林类型鲜叶、凋落叶和0～10 cm土层中植硅体碳含量均以马尾松林(230.24、229.17、20.87 g·kg^-1)最高,毛竹林(30.55、37.37、3.38 g·kg^-1)最低,10～30 cm土层则以青冈林(18.54 g·kg^-1)最高,毛竹林(2.90 g·kg^-1)最低.热带森林鲜叶中植硅体碳含量以马占相思林(377.66 g·kg^-1)最高,青梅林(46.83 g·kg^-1)最低,凋落叶中则是橡胶林(218.23 g·kg^-1)最高,芭蕉林(27.66 g·kg^-1)最低,而0～10和10～30 cm土层土壤中均以马占相思林(23.84、24.90 g·kg^-1)最高,芭蕉林(3.89、3.93 g·kg^-1)最低.与0～10 cm表层土相比,杉木林、青冈林、马尾松林、毛竹林、橡胶林、马占相思林、芭蕉林和青梅林鲜叶植硅体碳含量分别下降97.4%、94.9%、90.9%、88.9%、95.9%、93.7%、93.3%和63.7%.青冈林、芭蕉林和马占相思林鲜叶植硅体碳含量显著高于凋落叶,而毛竹林、马尾松林、杉木林、青梅林和橡胶林之间无显著差异.8种森林类型土壤植硅体碳含量均显著低于鲜叶和凋落叶,表明植硅体在通过凋落物释放到土壤的过程中是不稳定的.     

深圳福田红树林植被碳储量和净初级生产力

红树林是滨海湿地“蓝碳”的主要类型之一.准确和定位评估不同植物群落的固碳能力,对于红树林保育管理和恢复造林具有指导作用.本研究对深圳福田红树林4种代表性群落(白骨壤群落、秋茄群落、海桑群落、无瓣海桑群落)的各个植被碳库组分(乔木植物生物量碳库、林下灌丛碳库、呼吸根碳库、枯立木碳库、枯倒木碳库和枯枝落叶层碳库等)进行调查,计算各群落的植被碳储量,并通过生长增量-凋落物产量法计算得到各群落的净初级生产力.结果表明: 白骨壤群落、秋茄群落、海桑群落和无瓣海桑群落的植被碳储量分别为28.7、127.6、100.1、73.6 t C·hm^-2,各群落的净初级生产力分别为8.75、7.67、9.60、11.87 t C·hm^-2·a^-1.位于深圳市中心的福田红树林,每年固定大气CO₂高达4000 t.本研究结果将为红树林“蓝碳”碳汇功能的评估提供理论指导,并为我国红树林碳汇林建设提供依据.     

锡林浩特草原净生态系统碳交换量特征及源区分布

为探究草原生态系统固碳能力,利用锡林浩特国家气候观象台2018—2021年的涡动相关资料分析了锡林浩特草原生态系统CO₂通量的变化特征以及环境因子对CO₂通量的影响,并对通量源区分布进行了探讨。结果表明：研究区全年盛行西南风,生长季的源区面积大于非生长季,大气稳定条件下的源区面积大于不稳定条件;90%贡献率的源区最大长度接近400 m,与经典法则估算的长度一致。锡林浩特草原净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)具有明显的日变化和季节变化,生长季白天为碳汇,夜间为碳源,非生长季白天和夜间均为弱碳源。2018—2021年,年总NEE分别为-15.59、-46.28、-41.94和-78.14 g C·m^-2·a^-1,平均值为-45.49 g C·m^-2·a^-1,表明锡林浩特草原有较强的固碳能力。饱和水汽压差和光合有效辐射有助于草原生态系统吸收大气中CO₂;夜间,当温度高于0℃时,气温和土壤温度升高会促进植被呼吸作用释放CO₂。     

母岩与竹龄对毛竹竹叶中硅和植硅体碳含量的影响

在浙江省毛竹主产区,采集不同母岩类型(花岗岩、砂页岩、凝灰岩)和不同竹龄(1、3年生)的毛竹竹叶样品,研究了不同母岩和竹龄对毛竹叶片中硅与植硅体碳含量的影响,以及竹叶样品中硅和植硅体含量之间的相关关系.结果表明: 母岩、竹龄对毛竹竹叶中硅和植硅体含量均有显著影响,不同母岩土壤毛竹竹叶中硅含量表现为花岗岩(33.19 g·kg^-1)>砂页岩(32.64 g·kg^-1)>凝灰岩(24.51 g·kg^-1),植硅体含量表现为花岗岩(105.81 g·kg^-1)>砂页岩(93.50 g·kg^-1)>凝灰岩(59.40 g·kg^-1);3年生毛竹竹叶中硅与植硅体含量均显著高于1年生.母岩与竹龄对竹叶植硅体碳含量均无显著影响,而对竹叶干物质植硅体碳含量存在显著影响.3种母岩发育土壤上毛竹叶中硅与植硅体含量间呈显著正相关;但1年生竹叶中两者之间无显著相关性.要准确估算全国不同地域、不同土壤类型毛竹竹叶的植硅体含量时,需要考虑母岩、植物株龄的影响.     

氮添加对东北红豆杉幼苗生长发育及生理特征的影响

为探究氮添加对濒危植物东北红豆杉幼苗生长-防御权衡的影响,为该物种的保护工作提供理论依据,本研究以东北红豆杉4年生幼苗为对象,进行了3种氮源(硫酸铵、硝酸铵和硝酸钾)和4个施氮量(30、60、90、120 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)的氮添加实验。结果表明：(1)东北红豆杉幼苗的苗高增长量、地径增长量和总生物量随施氮量增加显著增加,施氮量超过90 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1后地径增长量和总生物量开始下降,施氮处理的幼苗根冠比显著低于对照组,但在不同施氮量下无显著差异;(2)净光合速率(P_n)和气孔导度在氮添加处理后显著提高,在施氮量为90 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1时达峰值,胞间CO₂浓度与P_n的变化方向相反,说明氮添加可以缓解植物的非气孔限制;(3)黄酮类化合物含量在施氮后呈现先增高后降低的趋势,施氮量30 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1为转折点;(...     

亚热带杉木林土壤有机碳及其活性组分对氮磷添加的响应

通过野外氮、磷添加,分析N₀(0 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)、N₁(50 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)、N₂(100 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)、P(50 kg P·hm^-2·a^-1)、N₁P和N₂P等6种处理3年后对亚热带杉木人工林土壤有机碳(SOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和水溶性有机碳(WSOC)的影响.结果表明:氮、磷添加对0～20 cm土层SOC含量无显著影响.磷添加显著降低0～5 cm土层POC含量,与无磷处理相比,加磷处理POC含量降低26.1%.WSOC含量对氮、磷添加的响应主要表现在0～5 cm土层,低水平氮添加和磷添加显著提高WSOC含量.在0～5 cm土层,氮添加对POC/SOC值无显著影响,而与无磷添加相比,POC/SOC值在磷添加处理下显著降低15.9%.在5～10和10～20 cm土层,氮、磷添加处理对POC/SOC值无显著影响.在亚热带地区,森林土壤碳稳定性主要受磷含量的调控,短期磷添加易导致表层土壤活性有机碳分解,增加土壤碳稳定性.     

Phytolith‐occluded carbon sequestration potential in three major steppe types along a precipitation gradient in Northern China

Phytolith‐occluded carbon (PhytOC) is an important long‐term stable carbon fraction in grassland ecosystems and plays a promising role in global carbon sequestration. Determination of the PhytOC traits of different plants in major grassland types is crucial for precisely assessing their phytolith carbon sequestration potential. Precipitation is the predominant factor in controlling net primary productivity (NPP) and species composition of the semiarid steppe grasslands. We selected three representative steppe communities of the desert steppe, the dry typical steppe, and the wet typical steppe in Northern Grasslands of China along a precipitation gradient, to investigate their species composition, biomass production, and PhytOC content for quantifying its long‐term carbon sequestration potential. Our results showed that (a) the phytolith and PhytOC contents in plants differed significantly among species, with dominant grass and sedge species having relatively high contents, and the contents are significantly higher in the below‐ than the aboveground parts. (b) The phytolith contents of plant communities were 16.68, 17.94, and 15.85 g/kg in the above‐ and 86.44, 58.73, and 76.94 g/kg in the belowground biomass of the desert steppe, the dry typical steppe, and the wet typical steppe, respectively; and the PhytOC contents were 0.68, 0.48, and 0.59 g/kg in the above‐ and 1.11, 0.72, and 1.02 g/kg in the belowground biomass of the three steppe types. (c) Climatic factors affected phytolith and PhytOC production fluxes of steppe communities mainly through altering plant production, whereas their effects on phytolith and PhytOC contents were relatively small. Our study provides more evidence on the importance of incorporating belowground PhytOC production for estimating phytolith carbon sequestration potential and suggests it crucial to quantify belowground PhytOC production taking into account of plant perenniality and PhytOC deposition over multiple years.     

The production of phytolith‐occluded carbon in China's forests: implications to biogeochemical carbon sequestration

The persistent terrestrial carbon sink regulates long‐term climate change, but its size, location, and mechanisms remain uncertain. One of the most promising terrestrial biogeochemical carbon sequestration mechanisms is the occlusion of carbon within phytoliths, the silicified features that deposit within plant tissues. Using phytolith content–biogenic silica content transfer function obtained from our investigation, in combination with published silica content and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) data of leaf litter and herb layer in China's forests, we estimated the production of phytolith‐occluded carbon (PhytOC) in China's forests. The present annual phytolith carbon sink in China's forests is 1.7 ± 0.4 Tg CO₂ yr ^{? 1}, 30% of which is contributed by bamboo because the production flux of PhytOC through tree leaf litter for bamboo is 3–80 times higher than that of other forest types. As a result of national and international bamboo afforestation and reforestation, the potential of phytolith carbon sink for China's forests and world's bamboo can reach 6.8 ± 1.5 and 27.0 ± 6.1 Tg CO₂ yr^?1, respectively. Forest management practices such as bamboo afforestation and reforestation may significantly enhance the long‐term terrestrial carbon sink and contribute to mitigation of global climate warming.     

The production of phytoliths in China's grasslands: implications to the biogeochemical sequestration of atmospheric CO2

Among the most promising approaches of long‐term atmospheric CO₂ sequestration is terrestrial biogeochemical carbon sequestration. One of the most promising terrestrial biogeochemical carbon sequestration mechanisms is the occlusion of carbon within phytoliths, the silicified features that deposit within plant tissues. Using phytolith content‐biogenic silica content transfer function obtained from our investigation, in combination with published silica content and above‐ground net primary productivity (ANPP) data of China's grasslands, we estimated the production of phytoliths and phytolith‐occluded carbon (PhytOC) in grasslands. The results show that the average above‐ground phytolith production rates of China's grasslands (10.9 10⁶ t yr^?1 or 1.45% of world grasslands) are much lower than those of other grasslands (e.g. North American nonwoody grasslands) mainly because of much lower ANPP. Assuming a median content of PhytOC of 1.5%, the average above‐ground PhytOC production rates of China's grasslands and world grasslands are estimated to be 0.6 10⁶ t CO₂ yr^?1 and 41.4 10⁶ t CO₂ yr^?1, respectively. The management of grasslands to maximize ANPP has the potential to result in considerable quantities of phytoliths and securely bio‐sequestered carbon.     

Carbon bio‐sequestration within the phytoliths of economic bamboo species

The rates of carbon bio‐sequestration within silica phytoliths of the leaf litter of 10 economically important bamboo species indicates that (a) there is considerable variation in the content of carbon occluded within the phytoliths (PhytOC) of the leaves between different bamboo species, (b) this variation does not appear to be directly related to the quantity of silica in the plant but rather the efficiency of carbon encapsulation by the silica. The PhytOC content of the species under the experimental conditions ranged from 1.6% to 4% of the leaf silica weight. The potential phytolith carbon bio‐sequestration rates in the leaf‐litter component for the bamboos ranged up to 0.7 tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO₂) equivalents (t‐e‐CO₂) ha^?1 yr^?1 for these species. Assuming a median phytolith carbon bio‐sequestration yield of 0.36 t‐e‐CO₂ ha^?1 yr^?1, the global potential for bio‐sequestration via phytolith carbon (from bamboo and/or other similar grass crops) is estimated to be ～1.5 billion t‐e‐CO₂ yr^?1, equivalent to 11% of the current increase in atmospheric CO₂. The data indicate that the management of vegetation such as bamboo forests to maximize the production of PhytOC has the potential to result in considerable quantities of securely bio‐sequestered carbon.     

Distribution of soil phytolith-occluded carbon in the Chinese Loess Plateau and its implications for silica–carbon cycles

Background and aims

Plants absorb and carry soluble silica from soils and then deposit SiO₂?·?nH₂O within themselves producing amorphous silica particles known as phytoliths. Trace amount of organic carbon is occluded during phytolith formation referred to as phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC). This carbon fraction has been recognized as an important way of carbon biosequestration. Previous studies have investigated the PhytOC contents of many crop plants and their contribution to global carbon sink. However, the PhytOC in soil is less focused. In this study, we investigated the distribution of soil PhytOC in the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP).

Methods

Twenty-six soil profiles were collected in the Chinese Loess Plateau. A wet oxidation method was used for phytolith extraction. Occluded carbon was determined by element analyzer.

Results

Our results showed that the soil PhytOC density (SPCD) ranged from 0.757 to 23.110 g/m² among different soil profiles. The SPCD of profiles in the Southern CLP was generally higher than that in the Northern CLP. It was estimated that 5.35 Mt of PhytOC was stored in the upper soil of the CLP. We also estimated the annual phytolith flux into the Yellow River from the CLP by soil erosion and about 2.5 Mt of phytoliths eroded and transported into rivers per year.

Conclusions

Our study indicated that PhytOC was one of the potential biosequestration way and phytoliths had an important influence on biogeochemical cycle of silica. Our results suggested that the soil PhytOC was mainly influenced by different plant communities.     

Phytolith occluded carbon and silica variability in wheat cultivars

Phytolith Occluded Carbon (PhytOC) has recently been demonstrated to be an important long-term terrestrial carbon fraction. The aim of this study was to examine the rates of silica accumulation and carbon bio-sequestered within the silica phytoliths of the leaf and stem material of wheat (Triticum sp.) cultivars. The phytolith content of 53 wheat cultivars sourced from 25 countries around the world and grown on a single trial site was first isolated and the PhytOC content then determined. The data shows that the phytolith occluded carbon content of the wheat cultivars ranged from 0.06% to 0.60% of dry leaf and stem biomass: a range of 1,000%. The data also demonstrates that it is the efficiency by which carbon is encapsulated within silica rather than the quantity of silica accumulated by the plant that is the most important factor in determining the relative PhytOC yields. The potential phytolith carbon bio-sequestration rates in the leaf and stem components of these wheat cultivars ranged up to 0.246 t-e-CO₂ ha^?1y^?1. These phytolith carbon bio-sequestration rates indicate a substantial potential (~50 million t-e-CO₂ y^?1) exists for increasing the rate of secure carbon bio-sequestration in wheat crops using existing cultivars.     

Do soil phytoliths accurately represent plant communities in a temperate region? A case study of Northeast China

Modern soil phytoliths can potentially provide analogues for phytolith assemblages from archaeological and palaeoecological contexts. To assess the reliability of soil phytoliths for representing different plant communities, we analysed phytoliths in surface soils and parent plants at 65 sites representing five types of regional vegetation in Northeast China. The results demonstrated that surface soil phytolith assemblages could clearly differentiate samples from herbaceous and woody communities, and samples from Poaceae and non-Poaceae communities could be separated statistically. In addition, woody communities could be differentiated into a broadleaf-Poaceae community, a broadleaf-non-Poaceae community and a conifer and broadleaf-non-Poaceae community, except for some overlapping samples. Soil phytolith assemblages are thus able to differentiate regional vegetation types into different plant community types. In the present study, soil phytoliths represented about 30% of the phytoliths present in the aboveground vegetation. In addition, soil phytoliths from different communities reflected the aboveground vegetation with slightly different degrees of accuracy, and in addition different morphotypes exhibited different degrees of representational bias. Some morphotypes (e.g. rondel, elongate psilate, lanceolate) overrepresented the abundance of the associated plant taxa; morphotypes such as tracheid, conical epidermal, stomata and others under-represented the original plant richness; and other morphotypes, e.g. saddle, trapeziform sinuate, scutiform, were in good agreement with the numbers of plant taxa in the plot inventory. Thus, any quantitative palaeovegetation reconstruction using phytoliths should begin with the calibration of soil phytolith assemblages. We conclude that our findings provide improved phytolith analogues for different plant communities, with applications in palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, and they also provide additional insights into the mechanisms of phytolith production and deposition.     

Occluded C in rice phytoliths: implications to biogeochemical carbon sequestration

Aims

Carbon (C) bio-sequestration within the phytoliths of plants, a mechanism of long-term biogeochemical C sequestration, may play a major role in the global C cycle and climate change. In this study, we explored the potential of C bio-sequestration within phytoliths produced in cultivated rice (Oryza sativa), a well known silicon accumulator.

Methods

The rice phytolith extraction was undertaken with microwave digestion procedures and the determination of occluded C in phytoliths was based on dissolution methods of phytolith-Si.

Results

Chemical analysis indicates that the phytolith-occluded C (PhytOC) contents of the different organs (leaf, stem, sheath and grains) on a dry weight basis in 5 rice cultivars range from 0.4 mg?g^?1 to 2.8 mg?g^?1, and the C content of phytoliths from grains is much lower than that of leaf, stem and sheath. The data also show that the PhytOC content of rice depends on both the content of phytoliths and the efficiency of C occlusion within phytoliths during rice growth. The biogeochemical C sequestration flux of phytoliths in 5 rice cultivars is approximately 0.03–0.13 Mg of carbon dioxide (CO₂) equivalents (Mg-e-CO₂) ha^?1?year^?1. From 1950 to 2010, about 2.37?×?10⁸?Mg of CO₂ equivalents might have been sequestrated within the rice phytoliths in China. Assuming a maximum phytoliths C bio-sequestration flux of 0.13 Mg-e-CO₂ ha^?1?year^?1, the global annual potential rate of CO₂ sequestrated in rice phytoliths would approximately be 1.94?×?10⁷?Mg.

Conclusions

Therefore rice crops may play a significant role in long-term C sequestration through the formation of PhytOC.