雅鲁藏布江拉萨裸裂尻鱼种群资源状况及其渔业管理对策

拉萨裸裂尻鱼为我国特有种,由于过度捕捞和生物入侵,其种群生存受到极大威胁.2008年8月至2009年8月在西藏雅鲁藏布江谢通门至尼木江段共采集拉萨裸裂尻鱼694尾,利用单位补充量模型对其种群资源利用状况及渔业管理对策进行了研究.结果表明:雌性和雄性拉萨裸裂尻鱼年总瞬时死亡率(Z)分别为0.81和0.78年^-1,雌雄种群自然死亡率(M)分别在0.17~0.27和0.21~0.33年^-1,雌雄鱼的当前捕捞死亡率(Fcur)分别在0.54~0.64和0.45~0.57年^-1.拉萨裸裂尻鱼雌鱼种群繁殖潜力比为10.1%~17.9%,全部显著低于下限参考点(F25%),雄鱼种群繁殖潜力比为28.3%~43.6%,仅有22.3%的比例高于目标参考点(F40%).表明在现有的渔业管理政策下,拉萨裸裂尻鱼资源已被过度开发.通过模拟14个不同的渔业管理政策,评估起捕年龄和禁渔期对拉萨裸裂尻鱼的保护效果,结果表明,将其起捕年龄设置为不小于10龄或禁渔期至少设置为2-6月,可实现对其资源的有效养护.     

雅鲁藏布江中游双须叶须鱼群体繁殖力与繁殖策略研究

双须叶须鱼Ptychobarbus dipogon隶属裂腹鱼亚科, 叶须鱼属, 是西藏特有经济鱼类, 研究通过对其繁殖力和繁殖策略的研究, 旨在为双须叶须鱼的科学保护和合理开发提供理论依据。于2013年2月至3月以及2014年2月中旬至6月中旬, 在雅鲁藏布江中游区段采集到1030尾双须叶须鱼, 雄鱼体长主要集中在325—400 mm, 雌鱼体长主要集中在375 mm以上, 其中Ⅳ期、Ⅴ期的雌鱼65尾, 体长为320—500 mm, 体重为411.6—1328.0 g。采用SL50%的方法, 雌鱼初次性成熟体长为360.90 mm, 初次性成熟年龄为13.0龄; 雄鱼初次性成熟体长为354.53 mm, 初次性成熟年龄为13.5龄。从不同月份不同性腺发育期所占比例, 不同月份的性体指数变化以及不同月份卵径分布图, 可以看出双须叶须鱼属于同步产卵类型, 集中在2—4月份。双须叶须鱼平均绝对繁殖力为3487粒, 平均相对体长繁殖力为7.2粒/mm, 平均相对体重繁殖力为4.3粒/g, 绝对繁殖力与体长、体重呈正相关, 与年龄无显著相关性。群体性比为1.23 鲶1。综上所述, 双须叶须鱼是繁殖力较低、性成熟较晚和繁殖期较短的鱼类, 我们针对其繁殖特性提出了一些保护性建议。     

雅鲁藏布江中游双须叶须鱼群体繁殖力与繁殖策略研究（英文）

双须叶须鱼Ptychobarbus dipogon隶属裂腹鱼亚科,叶须鱼属,是西藏特有经济鱼类,研究通过对其繁殖力和繁殖策略的研究,旨在为双须叶须鱼的科学保护和合理开发提供理论依据。于2013年2月至3月以及2014年2月中旬至6月中旬,在雅鲁藏布江中游区段采集到1030尾双须叶须鱼,雄鱼体长主要集中在325—400 mm,雌鱼体长主要集中在375 mm以上,其中Ⅳ期、Ⅴ期的雌鱼65尾,体长为320—500 mm,体重为411.6—1328.0 g。采用SL50%的方法,雌鱼初次性成熟体长为360.90 mm,初次性成熟年龄为13.0龄;雄鱼初次性成熟体长为354.53 mm,初次性成熟年龄为13.5龄。从不同月份不同性腺发育期所占比例,不同月份的性体指数变化以及不同月份卵径分布图,可以看出双须叶须鱼属于同步产卵类型,集中在2—4月份。双须叶须鱼平均绝对繁殖力为3487粒,平均相对体长繁殖力为7.2粒/mm,平均相对体重繁殖力为4.3粒/g,绝对繁殖力与体长、体重呈正相关,与年龄无显著相关性。群体性比为1.23鲶1。综上所述,双须叶须鱼是繁殖力较低、性成熟较晚和繁殖期较短的鱼类,我们针对其繁殖特性提出了一些保护性建议。     

长江口近岸水域棘头梅童鱼资源现状的评估

为了评估长江口近岸水域棘头梅童鱼的资源状况,利用2012—2013年底拖网调查数据,基于体长频率分布的方法研究了长江口近岸棘头梅童鱼的生长和种群参数.采用FiSATⅡ软件中的ELEFAN模块计算了长江口棘头梅童鱼的Von Bertalanffy生长参数,结合Pauly经验公式估算其自然死亡系数,并建立Beverton-Holt动态综合模型预测其资源变化趋势.结果表明: 2012—2013年共采集到棘头梅童鱼样本4201尾,体长范围18~155 mm,其生长系数(K)和极限体长(L_∞)分别为1.1和162.75 mm,种群总死亡系数(Z)、自然死亡系数(M)和捕捞死亡系数(F)分别为4.040、1.683和2.357.当前长江口近岸水域棘头梅童鱼的资源开发率(E)为0.583,大于F_opt (0.5),年平均资源数量为1.33亿尾,对应的资源量为576.02 t.目前长江口水域棘头梅童鱼资源已处于过度捕捞状态.
     

北大西洋大青鲨种群统计分析

大青鲨是金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中最主要的兼捕鱼种,在海洋食物网中属于顶端物种,在海洋生态系统中处于重要地位.由于数据限制,传统的资源评估方法很难准确描述大青鲨的资源动态.本研究基于大青鲨的生活史参数,应用种群统计分析法评估大青鲨的种群参数和资源状态,并探讨了内禀增长率为0时对应的临界捕捞死亡系数F_c与开捕年龄t_c的关系.结果表明： 未开发状态下,大青鲨存活率为0.719～0.820;大青鲨的内在瞬时增长率(r₀)为0.250～0.381,种群倍增时间(t_x2)为1.819～2.773年,种群的净繁殖力(R₀)为6.600～22.255,世代间期时间(G)为8.498～〖JP2〗10.162年,种群资源状态良好.生活史参数的敏感性检验显示,大青鲨初始年龄的自然死亡系数、种群性成熟年龄及寿命的不确定性对种群统计参数的意义影响不大;临界捕捞死亡系数伴随开捕年龄的增大而增大,当t_c≥5时,F_c值与t_c无显著相关关系.     

雅鲁藏布江下游弧唇裂腹鱼的年龄结构与生长特性

研究以采自雅鲁藏布江下游墨脱段的928尾弧唇裂腹鱼(Schizothorax curvilabiatus)为研究对象, 对耳石、脊椎骨和鳃盖骨三种年龄材料的准确性进行比较, 并对其种群年龄结构和生长特性进行研究。结果表明, 耳石是鉴定弧唇裂腹鱼最适合的年龄材料。弧唇裂腹鱼体长为48—508 mm, 体重为1.8—1898.9 g。体长体重关系式为W =2.279×10–5 SL 2.931。雌鱼最大年龄43龄, 雄鱼最大年龄23龄。von Bertalanffy生长方程为雌性: L_t= 590.2[1–e–0.096(t–0.282)], W_t=3016.8[1–e–0.096(t–0.282)]2.931; 雄性: L_t=575.3[1–e–0.090(t+0.011)], W_t=2798.9[1–e–0.090(t+0.011)]2.931。弧唇裂腹鱼雌性和雄性的拐点年龄分别为11.5龄和11.9龄。研究结果表明弧唇裂腹鱼生长缓慢、寿命较长, 为典型的K-对策选择者。随着雅鲁藏布江下游河流环境受到的人为干扰逐渐加大, 应从控制捕捞、栖息地保护和加强人工繁育等方面保护弧唇裂腹鱼的种群资源。     

西藏两种裂腹鱼鱼肉质构特征比较分析（英文）

巨须裂腹鱼Schizothorax macropogon和双须叶须鱼Ptychobarbus dipogon是雅鲁藏布江特有的重要经济鱼类,具有多种人体必需脂肪酸,营养价值高,但其组织结构和内部性状可直接影响口感。为明确西藏2种裂腹鱼鱼肉的质构特征差异,保护西藏裂腹鱼资源及其合理开发利用,采用质地多面剖析法(TPA)分析了西藏雅鲁藏布江日喀则江段和林芝江段的2种裂腹鱼(巨须裂腹鱼、双须叶须鱼)的12项鱼肉质构特征指标,主成分分析(PCA)表明雅鲁藏布江林芝江段双须叶须鱼鱼肉质构特征较日喀则江段2种裂腹鱼及林芝江段巨须裂腹鱼存在较大差异。析因分析表明可将雅鲁藏布江2种裂腹鱼鱼肉质构特征归纳为硬度、克服鱼肉表面与接触物吸引力及收缩性等3大类4个主成分指标,前4个主成分累计方差贡献率达81.472%,可将这3大类4个主成分指标作为雅鲁藏布江裂腹鱼鱼肉质构特征的主要判定参数。研究为后续合理开发利用雅鲁藏布江不同江段的裂腹鱼类提供科学数据。     

西藏两种裂腹鱼鱼肉质构特征比较分析

巨须裂腹鱼Schizothorax macropogon和双须叶须鱼Ptychobarbus dipogon是雅鲁藏布江特有的重要经济鱼类, 具有多种人体必需脂肪酸, 营养价值高, 但其组织结构和内部性状可直接影响口感。为明确西藏2种裂腹鱼鱼肉的质构特征差异, 保护西藏裂腹鱼资源及其合理开发利用, 采用质地多面剖析法(TPA)分析了西藏雅鲁藏布江日喀则江段和林芝江段的2种裂腹鱼(巨须裂腹鱼、双须叶须鱼)的12项鱼肉质构特征指标, 主成分分析(PCA)表明雅鲁藏布江林芝江段双须叶须鱼鱼肉质构特征较日喀则江段2种裂腹鱼及林芝江段巨须裂腹鱼存在较大差异。析因分析表明可将雅鲁藏布江2种裂腹鱼鱼肉质构特征归纳为硬度、克服鱼肉表面与接触物吸引力及收缩性等3大类4个主成分指标, 前4个主成分累计方差贡献率达81.472%, 可将这3大类4个主成分指标作为雅鲁藏布江裂腹鱼鱼肉质构特征的主要判定参数。研究为后续合理开发利用雅鲁藏布江不同江段的裂腹鱼类提供科学数据。     

南渡江上游海南半鲿生物学参数估算

为研究海南半鲿(Hemibagrus hainanensis Tchang 1935)种群生物学及资源动态特征, 2019年1—12月于南渡江上游采集358尾海南半鲿,其体长范围为42—289 mm,体质量范围为1.14—282.79 g。利用FiSATⅡ软件中ELEFAN I法估算南渡江上游海南半鲿种群参数,其资源变动趋势则通过Beverton-Holt动态综合模型进行评估。结果显示:von Bertalanffy生长方程所描述的各参数值分别为L∞=304.5 mm、K=0.49、t0=–0.29,体质量的生长拐点为t=1.95,即TL=202.9 mm。利用Pauly经验公式和长度变换渔获曲线法分别估算出:自然死亡系数(M)为1.05,总死亡系数(Z)为1.22,捕捞死亡系数(F)为0.17及资源开发率(E)为0.14,表明其资源未处在过度捕捞状态。研究结果填补了南渡江上游海南半鲿的种群生长特性及动态特征基础资料的空白,为其种群资源恢复和保护策略的制定提供理论依据。     

洪泽湖大银鱼和太湖新银鱼的生长、死亡参数及资源利用状况

2015年7月至2016年6月采用银鱼拖网对洪泽湖大银鱼和太湖新银鱼进行周年逐月采样, 确定单位水体面积(1 km2)捕捞渔获量, 估算种群生长和死亡相关参数; 利用平衡产量模型评估获得最高单位补充量渔产量时的最适开捕时间, 并设定为优化的管理方案; 构建单位补充量产卵群体生物量(Spawner biomass per-recruitment; SBR)模型, 评估洪泽湖银鱼资源在当前和优化管理方案下的捕捞利用状况, 为其资源管理提供指导。研究结果表明, 大银鱼体长和体重分别为29.0—182.6 mm和0.10—34.79 g, 世代周期中存在2个快速生长阶段, 即4—6月和8—11月; 最适生长方程为von Bertalanffy方程, L_t=173.35×[1–e–1.972(t–0.092)]; 捕捞死亡系数和自然死亡系数分别为8.583/year和3.292/year。太湖新银鱼体长和体重分别为20.4—82.7 mm和0.04—3.40 g, 整个世代周期持续生长, 最适生长方程为Logistic方程, L_t=66.82/[1+e–5.386(t–0.124)]; 捕捞死亡系数和自然死亡系数分别为7.006/year和1.146/year。平衡产量模型结果显示, 当大银鱼开捕年龄为0.593 year, 太湖新银鱼开捕年龄为0.420 year时, 即将银鱼开捕时间由现行的8月9日, 推迟20d, 并取消现行的5月一周捕捞, 可以获得最大总渔产量。SBR模型评估结果显示, 在当前管理模式下, 大银鱼SBR残存量相当于未开发状态的20.23%, 优化管理方式后可达到36.72%, 能有效缓解大银鱼的捕捞压力; 在优化管理方式后, 大湖新银鱼的SBR残存量从现行管理方式下相当于未开发状态的7.50%, 提升至12.86%, 但仍低于20%。     

瓯江口凤鲚生长、死亡和最适开捕体长

根据2015、2018—2020年瓯江口水域渔业资源监测调查资料, 对1359尾凤鲚的体长、全长和体重等生物学信息进行测定, 利用体长频率分布估算凤鲚种群生长、死亡参数等。结果表明, 瓯江口凤鲚体长为5.2—21.9 cm; 体长和体重的关系式W=0.0035×L_3.0783。用ELEFAN技术拟合的von Bertalanffy生长方程的各参数为L_∞=26.60 cm, k=0.47及t₀=–0.55 a; Z=2.30, M=1.00, F=1.30, E=0.567, 表明资源处于过度开发状态; 凤鲚的首次捕捞体长L_c=15.35 cm, 对应首次捕捞平均年龄为1.28 a, 小于临界年龄(1.36 a)和体重生长的拐点年龄(1.85 a),表明当前渔业主要捕捞对象为幼鱼和补充群体, 无法保证资源的有效补充。在瓯江口凤鲚目前的资源状态下, 应努力降低捕捞死亡率, 并加强对凤鲚栖息环境的保护, 而对目前以小型化和低龄化为主的凤鲚群体, 以控制开捕体长为主, 根据Beverton-Holt动态模型...     

Reproductive biology and population variables of the Brazilian sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon lalandii (Müller & Henle, 1839) captured in coastal waters of south-eastern Brazil

Throughout 1 year, from October 2003 to September 2004, 88 visits to the landing site of a small urban fishery (APREBAN) in Rio de Janeiro city were conducted and 816 specimens of Rhizoprionodon lalandii were analysed. The sample, mostly females, was composed of two cohorts: young-of-the-year were abundant in spring and summer and adults predominated in autumn and winter. Gravid females were most abundant from April to June, whereas post-partum females composed most of the catch in August to September. Adult males were present all year although were more abundant between February and July. No neonates were captured during the study and most embryos collected measured slightly below the reported total length ( L _T) at time of birth ( L ₀) for the species, suggesting that parturition may occur slightly outside the main fishing grounds or that neonates were not captured in commercial gillnets set at this time of the year. The mean L _T at maturity ( L _T50) for males was 578 mm and females matured between 620 and 660 mm, although a precise estimate of L _T50 for females could not be determined. The total length ( L _T) and total mass ( M _T) relationship     was calculated for both sexes and showed no significant differences. The mean condition factor increased steadily from February to July followed by a steep decrease in values relative to females in August and September, suggesting a pupping season. The present study area can be classified as a coastal juvenile habitat and a probable mating ground for R. lalandii .     

Effects of commercial fishing on the population structure of spawning southern calamary (Sepioteuthis australis)

This study explored population dynamics of Sepioteuthis australis on a fine temporal scale before, during, and after a 3-month commercial fishing closure on the summer inshore spawning grounds of Great Oyster Bay, Tasmania, Australia. An abrupt change in male size (mantle length) and population sex ratio after the re-opening of the commercial fishery suggests that fishing alters the population structure on the spawning beds from a ‘natural’ structure which is highly biased towards males, to a more even ratio of males to females. Although jigs are taking a representative sample of the squid population using the spawning beds at any one time, the fishery is apparently still effectively selective for males, potentially as a function of differential spawning movements of the two sexes. Increased fishing pressure over the past 5 years had been correlated with a change towards a highly male-biased sex ratio on the spawning beds; however the current study suggests that increased fishing pressure in recent years may not have reduced the proportion of females. Instead, the inter-annual change in sex ratio may reflect changes in the degree of protection from fishing, with progressively longer closures allowing time for more males to accumulate on the beds and therefore, for the proportion of males to increase (as opposed to a decrease of females). As fishing is selective for males, fishing throughout the spawning season could potentially modify the process of sexual selection and the mating behaviors of the individuals within the spawning population, highlighting the need for closures over this crucial period. Additionally, examinations and comparisons of squid population structure need to be interpreted in light of fishing pressure and broader movement patterns.     

Bio‐economic analysis of the Mar Menor (Murcia,SE Spain) small‐scale lagoon fishery

An integrated fisheries management tool based on a bio‐economic model was applied to the demersal fishery in the Mar Menor coastal lagoon in SE Spain, with the objective of exploring solutions to ensure the sustainability of this activity. The hypothesis is that excess harvesting in recent years by fishers trying to offset growing production costs has led to the inefficient use of lagoon fishery resources. The authors established the basic bio‐economic conditions of the fishery in 2012 by means of field sampling and personal interviews with producers, and analyzed the response of several biological and economic indicators (target species biomass and yield, fleet profits) to a management scenario based on limiting the fishing season of one of the main types of fishing gear (fish traps, locally known as ‘paranzas’). Results show that a reduction in fishing mortality of two overexploited species (Sparus aurata and Lithognathus mormyrus) will help recover the biomass of these stocks by more than 40% as well as increase the economic value of the fishery, with profits increasing by 17% over a 4‐year period.     

Nowcasting Intraseasonal Recreational Fishing Harvest with Internet Search Volume

Estimates of recreational fishing harvest are often unavailable until after a fishing season has ended. This lag in information complicates efforts to stay within the quota. The simplest way to monitor quota within the season is to use harvest information from the previous year. This works well when fishery conditions are stable, but is inaccurate when fishery conditions are changing. We develop regression-based models to “nowcast” intraseasonal recreational fishing harvest in the presence of changing fishery conditions. Our basic model accounts for seasonality, changes in the fishing season, and important events in the fishery. Our extended model uses Google Trends data on the internet search volume relevant to the fishery of interest. We demonstrate the model with the Gulf of Mexico red snapper fishery where the recreational sector has exceeded the quota nearly every year since 2007. Our results confirm that data for the previous year works well to predict intraseasonal harvest for a year (2012) where fishery conditions are consistent with historic patterns. However, for a year (2013) of unprecedented harvest and management activity our regression model using search volume for the term “red snapper season” generates intraseasonal nowcasts that are 27% more accurate than the basic model without the internet search information and 29% more accurate than the prediction based on the previous year. Reliable nowcasts of intraseasonal harvest could make in-season (or in-year) management feasible and increase the likelihood of staying within quota. Our nowcasting approach using internet search volume might have the potential to improve quota management in other fisheries where conditions change year-to-year.     

Reproductive biology of Psammobatis extenta

Psammobatis extenta collected from the commercial bottom trawl fishery operating in Puerto Quequén, Argentina, between 2000 and 2001, had a sex ratio of 1:1 (535 specimens). Both the largest male and female measured 313 mm total length ( L _T). The relationship between total body mass and L _T was significantly different between sexes; mature females weighed more than mature males for a given L _T. The size at which 50% of males were sexually mature was 262 mm L _T (83·6% of the maximum size), whereas 50% of females were mature at 249 mm L _T (80·0% of the maximum size). The gonadosomatic index in mature males and females was slightly higher during summer, but did not show significant variation over the sampling period. The hepatosomatic index of males and females was higher during the autumn and winter and followed a distinct seasonal pattern. Evidence suggested a continuous reproductive cycle during the year, with a maximum number of females carrying egg-cases in summer.     

Growth, mortality and reproduction of the blue tilapia Oreochromis aureus (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in the Aguamilpa Reservoir, Mexico

Tilapia production has increased in Aguamilpa Reservoir, in Nayarit, Mexico, in the last few years and represents a good economic activity for rural communities and the country. We determined growth parameters, mortality and reproductive aspects for 2413 specimens of blue tilapia Oreochromis aureus in this reservoir. Samples were taken monthly from July 2000 through June 2001, of which 1 371 were males and 1 042 were females. Standard length (SL) and total weight (TW) were measured in each organism. The SL/TW relationships through power models for sexes were determined. The growth parameters L infinity k, and t0 of the von Bertalanffy equation were estimated using frequency distribution of length through ELEFAN-I computer program. Finally the reproductive cycle and size of first maturity were established using morph chromatic maturity scale. The results suggested that the males and females had negative allometric growth (b < 3). Significant differences were found between SL/TW model for the sexes, suggesting separate models for males and females. Results indicate that there are no differences in growth rates between sexes; the proposed parameters were L infinity = 43.33 cm standard length, k = 0.36/year and t0 = -0.43 years. Natural and fishing mortality coefficients were 0.83/year and 1.10/year, respectively. The estimated exploitation rate (0.57/year) suggested that during the study period the fishery showed signs of overfishing. Blue tilapia reproduces year-round; the highest activity occurs from January through May and size of first maturity was 23 cm SL. We conclude that it is necessary to establish a minimum catch size in this reservoir based on the reproductive behavior of this species.     

Biology and fishery of the lobster Panulirus gracilis in Playa Lagarto, Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Panulirus gracilis is a high valuable lobster species with considerable captures along the tropical Pacific coast. In this study, I present some biological and fishery parameters described after a sample of 843 lobsters, landed in Playa Lagarto from November 2007 to October 2008. From landing records, a total of 74.9% of lobsters were below the minimum legal catch size (80 mm CL). Carapace lengths were in the range of 42.8 and 143.6 mm for males and 115 and 35.8 mm for females. The size structure showed a wide overlapping of population segments, and a trend to increase with depth, where lung diving and "hooka" diving operations take place. Sex ratio was 1.36 M:H. The relationship between weight and LC revealed that females are heavier than males of the same size, and this difference was significant (p < 0.05). The von Bertalanffy growth parameters for males and females respectively (K = 0.45-0.38, LC(infinity) = 166.9-121.7) showed accelerated growth compared to other species. Males observed a higher growth rate than females. Furthermore, natural mortality (M), total mortality (Z) and fishing mortality (F) was higher in males (0.49-2.34-1.92) than in females (0.47-1.82-1.42). Recruitment was continuous for both sexes during the year, with an elevated intensity of 18.5% in July. Under the current fishing regime the population could be at risk of collapse, as indicated by the high exploitation rate (E) 0.80