缺血后适应对局灶性脑缺血/再灌注大鼠caspase-3表达的影响

目的：探讨缺血后适应对大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤后caspase-3表达的影响。方法：大脑中动脉线拴法复制大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤动物模型。将30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组（n=10）：假手术组（sham组）、缺血/再灌注（I/R）组和缺血后适应（IP）组。利用原位缺口末端标记法观察神经细胞凋亡的变化。应用Western blot检测大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤后caspase-3蛋白表达水平的变化。结果：大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后凋亡细胞数量和caspase-3蛋白表达水平均显著升高,而缺血后适应组凋亡细胞数量和caspase-3蛋白表达水平均显著低于缺血/再灌注组（P〈0.01）。结论：缺血后适应可抑制大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后细胞凋亡的发生,此作用可能与下调caspase-3蛋白表达有关。     

缺血后适应对局灶性脑缺血/再灌注大鼠p38表达的影响

目的：探讨缺血后适应对大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤后p38表达的影响。方法：将30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组（n=10）：假手术组（sham组）、缺血/再灌注（I/R）组和缺血后适应（IP）组。利用TUNEL法观察神经细胞凋亡的变化,应用Westernblot检测大鼠局灶性脑I/R损伤后p38蛋白表达水平的变化。结果：大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后凋亡细胞数量和p38蛋白表达水平均显著升高,而IP组凋亡细胞数量和p38蛋白表达水平均显著低于IR组（P〈0.01）。结论：缺血后适应可抑制大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后细胞凋亡的发生,此作用可能与下调p38蛋白表达有关。     

产前应激对成年子代大鼠缺血性卒中后细胞凋亡的影响

目的:研究产前应激对雄性子代大鼠大脑中动脉缺血/再灌注后神经功能的影响。方法:SD孕鼠随机进行产前应激处理(孕期每日3次限制活动)和无产前应激处理,并对其雄性子代大鼠采用线栓法制备大脑中动脉局灶性脑缺血(MCAO)模型,共分为假手术组、产前应激+假手术组、MCAO模型组、产前应激+MCAO组(n=10)。于再灌注24 h后进行神经功能评分,并检测脑梗死面积、神经细胞凋亡情况和凋亡相关蛋白表达。结果:产前应激+MCAO组子代大鼠神经功能评分、脑梗死面积百分比、TUNEL阳性细胞、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3(Caspase3)和活化的Caspase 3蛋白表达均较MCAO组显著增加(P0.05),而B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl-2)蛋白表达较MCAO组减少(P0.05)。结论:产前应激可能通过促进子代大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后神经细胞凋亡,加重神经功能缺损。     

三七总皂苷对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后脑组织的凋亡抑制作用

目的:探讨三七总皂苷(PNS)对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后大脑皮层细胞的凋亡抑制作用.方法:采用大脑中动脉栓塞再通法建立脑缺血再灌注模型,将大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组和三七总皂苷治疗组;根据再灌注时间不同分为再灌注10h、12 h、24h组,缺血时间为90 min.大鼠脑缺血再灌注10h、12h和24h不同时间点进行神经功能评分,采用原位末端标记法检测神经细胞凋亡情况,同时用免疫组化法检测抑制凋亡蛋白XIAP和促凋亡蛋白Smac阳性细胞数.结果:缺血再灌注组神经细胞凋亡数明显增加,XIAP蛋白的表达呈先高后低的变化(P＜0.05),Smac蛋白的表达明显上升(P＜0.05);PNS治疗组能明显减少脑皮层组织神经细胞凋亡数(P＜0.05),增加XIAP蛋白表达(P＜0.05),减少Smac蛋白表达(P＜0.05).结论:PNS可能通过促进抑制凋亡蛋白XIAP的表达和抑制促凋亡蛋白Smac的表达,减少脑组织缺血再灌注损伤后的神经细胞凋亡,进而对再灌注后脑组织具有抑制脑细胞凋亡的作用.     

MK801对大鼠肢体缺血/再灌注致脑组织发生细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨肢体缺血/再灌注(LI/R)后,脑组织损伤的发生及MK801的影响。方法:采用文献[4]方法复制大鼠肢体缺血再灌损伤模型,给予MK801处理,观察各组动物脑组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化,TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡情况,免疫组化和Western印迹法检测凋亡相关因子Bcl-2、细胞色素C(cytoC)、Caspase-3表达的变化。结果:大鼠LI/R后,脑组织中MDA含量升高,中脑红核区有大量胞浆呈棕色的Bcl-2、cytoC、Caspase-3蛋白阳性细胞分布,且细胞凋亡明显增加。MK801干预组与LI/R组相比MDA含量显著下降,Bcl-2、cytoC、Caspase-3蛋白表达降低,差异显著,且细胞凋亡相应降低。结论:凋亡相关因素Bcl-2、cytoC、Caspase-3变化介导的细胞凋亡参与大鼠LI/R后所致脑损伤过程。减弱谷氨酸兴奋性毒性作用及氧自由基损伤、影响凋亡相关基因表达可能是MK801脑保护的机制之一。     

活血通络方对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后Cyto-C和caspase表达的干预

目的:探讨活血通络方通过线粒体途径抗大鼠脑缺血再灌注后神经元凋亡机制.方法:将大鼠随机分成假手术组、模型组、活血通络组,大脑中动脉栓塞再通法建立脑缺血再灌注模型.大鼠脑缺血再灌注6、12、24和48h不同时间点进行神经功能评分,并用原位末端标记法检测凋亡神经元,用免疫组化法检测Cyto-C、caspase-9、caspase-3阳性细胞数.结果:活血通络方对再灌注各时间点神经功能评分有不同程度的改善,能减少神经元凋亡指数和Cyto-C、caspase-9、caspase-3的表达(P＜0.01～0.05).结论:Cyto-C、caspase-9和caspase-3在脑缺血再灌注损伤中发挥重要作用,活血通络方能减轻缺血再灌注所致神经元凋亡,保护神经功能,其机理与抑制细胞凋亡线粒体通路有关.     

活血通络方对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后Cyto—C和caspase表达的干预

目的：探讨活血通络方通过线粒体途径抗大鼠脑缺血再灌注后神经元凋亡机制。方法：将大鼠随机分成假手术组、模型组、活血通络组,大脑中动脉栓塞再通法建立脑缺血再灌注模型。大鼠脑缺血再灌注6、12、24和48h不同时间点进行神经功能评分,并用原位末端标记法检测凋亡神经元,用免疫组化法检测Cyto-C、caspase-9、caspase-3阳性细胞数。结果：活血通络方对再灌注各时间点神经功能评分有不同程度的改善,能减少神经元凋亡指数和Cyto—C、caspase一9、caspase-3的表达（P〈0．01-4）．05）。结论：Cyto-C、caspase．9和caspase-3在脑缺血再灌注损伤中发挥重要作用,活血通络方能减轻缺血再灌注所致神经元凋亡,保护神经功能,其机理与抑制细胞凋亡线粒体通路有关。     

rhBNP通过抑制细胞凋亡减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤

为了研究重组人B型钠尿肽(recombinant human B-type natriuretic peptide, rhBNP)对减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的机制,本研究采用尾部静脉注射的方法对I/R大鼠成功建模,并设计注射生理盐水(I/R组)、rhBNP (I/R+rhBNP组)和假手术组CK组3个处理组,通过TUNEL法检测各处理组大鼠心肌细胞的凋亡情况。本实验还用生理和生化方法检测了心肌细胞中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxidedismutase, SOD)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)活性和含量的变化情况,用RT-PCR和免疫印迹方法检测了Bax/Bcl-2信号通路中基因和蛋白表达水平变化。结果表明,rhBNP可以提高I/R大鼠心肌细胞中SOD酶活性,同时使MDA含量降低,表明rhBNP能够保护心肌细胞,使细胞受损程度减小。与此同时本研究发现rhBNP处理后大鼠心肌细胞中Bax基因和蛋白的表达量显著下调,且Bcl-2基因和蛋白的表达显著上调,从而使I/R大鼠心肌细胞的凋亡数目减少,缩小心肌坏死的面积。本研究表明rhBNP可以通过调节Bax/Bcl-2信号通路、提高SOD酶活性使I/R大鼠心肌细胞内MDA含量减少,以及心肌细胞凋亡数目减少,从而有效地减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤,以达到保护心肌细胞的目的。     

线粒体分裂蛋白抑制剂在大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用及其机制

目的:观察线粒体分裂蛋白抑制剂在大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用,并初步探讨其在线粒体凋亡途径中的作用机制.方法:雄性Wistar大鼠48只,体重250～300 g,随机分为三组(n=16):假手术组(Sham组)、脑缺血再灌注组(I/R组)和mdivi-1预处理组(mdivi-1组),线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)模型,缺血2小时,再灌注24小时后应用流式细胞术检测神经元凋亡;Western blot法检测Cyt C蛋白的表达;RT-PCR法检测Cyt C mRNA的表达.结果:与Sham组比较,I/R组神经细胞凋亡率与CytC蛋白以及mRNA表达水平显著升高(P＜0.01).应用mdivi-1预处理后细胞凋亡率与CytC蛋白以及mRNA表达水平明显降低(P＜0.01).结论:线粒体分裂蛋白抑制剂可以明显减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤,其作用机制可能通过阻断线粒体-细胞色素C途径来抑制细胞凋亡.     

白藜芦醇通过介导eNOS表达促进局灶脑缺血/再灌注大鼠脑内血管再生

目的探讨eNOS在白藜芦醇促进局灶脑缺血/再灌注大鼠大脑缺血皮质区血管再生中的作用。方法 80只SD雄性大鼠随机分为假手术组(Sham组)、模型组(I/R组)、模型+白藜芦醇组(I/RB组)、模型+白藜芦醇+eNOS特异性拮抗剂L-NAME组(I/RBL组)。采用线栓法制备大鼠局灶脑缺血/再灌注模型,再灌注后2h后腹腔注射白藜芦醇,连续7d,以再灌注后24h、48h、7d为观察时相点。对I/R、I/RB和I/RBL组大鼠行改良神经功能缺损程度评分,HE染色观察大脑缺血皮质区病理结构变化,Western Blot检测eNOS蛋白表达,免疫组织化学检测VEGF、CD34表达情况,荧光定量PCR检测eNOS mRNA表达。结果 I/RB组再灌注后各时间点大鼠大脑缺血皮质区eNOS蛋白及mRNA、VEGF蛋白表达较I/R组明显升高,侧脑室注射L-NAME阻断eNOS作用后,I/RBL组eNOS、VEGF表达较I/RB组降低。同时,白藜芦醇可有效促进缺血后神经功能恢复、改善缺血损伤后脑组织病理变化,增加CD34~+微血管密度。结论白藜芦醇可能通过上调局灶脑缺血/再灌注大鼠大脑缺血皮质区eNOS和VEGF表达,促进脑微血管再生,发挥缺血损伤后脑保护作用。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.