梭梭不同种源间种子性状和幼苗生长性状与地理和气候因子的关系

对6个种源区梭梭[Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.)Bunge]的种子性状和幼苗生长性状进行比较,并对这些性状与地理气候因子的相关性进行了分析,通过聚类分析方法对不同种源进行了评价.结果显示,不同种源间梭梭种子性状和幼苗生长性状存在显著差异,种子的果翅长度、种子千粒重、单株种子质量和种子发芽率的变化范围分别为5.13～7.14 mm、2.21～3.75 g、2.49～53.17 g和24.45%～75.00%,幼苗株高、新生枝长度、幼苗地径和幼苗成活率的变化范围分别为16.67～56.67 cm、14.33～29.34 cm、4.04～8.06 mm和42.56%～84.45%.不同种源梭梭的种子及幼苗生长性状与地理分布有关;单株种子质量、种子发芽率、幼苗株高和幼苗成活率与经度极显著正相关,果翅长度、种子千粒重和幼苗株高与纬度极显著负相关,海拔仪与果翅长度有显著相关关系;单株种子质量、种子发芽率和幼苗成活率的直接影响因子为经度,果翅长度、种子千粒重和新生枝长度的直接影响因子为纬度.气候因子与种子性状紧密相关,而与幼苗生长性状的相关性较差,仅幼苗成活率与1月气温和相对湿度存在极显著相关性;1月气温对果翅长度、单株种子质量、种子发芽率、幼苗株高和新牛枝长度的直接作用最大;年降雨量对地径的直接作用最大,相对湿度对幼苗成活率的直接作用最强.通过聚类分析将6个梭梭种源分为3类,其中内蒙古磴口种源为优良梭梭种源,新疆乌苏种源为较差种源.     

花楸树种源间表型性状的地理变异分析

为揭示花楸树[ Sorbus pohuashanensis (Hance) Hedl.]表型性状的地理变异规律,对来源于山东、山西和河北的7个花楸树种源171个家系2年生幼苗的株高、地径、复叶长、复叶宽、叶柄长、小叶长、小叶宽、复叶长宽比和小叶长宽比9个表型性状进行了比较,并进行了方差分析、主成分分析(PCA)及聚类分析;在此基础上,分析了各种源株高和地径与主要地理-气候因子的相关性.结果表明:在种源间及种源内家系间 9个表型性状均有极显著差异;7个种源幼苗的平均株高和平均地径变幅分别为54.21～ 63.07 cm和8.12 ～8.45 mm;叶片各项指标的变幅相对较小,变幅最大的为叶柄长,为1.87 ～3.05 cm;9个性状在种源间的表型分化系数为12.98％～54.04％,其中小叶长的表型分化系数最大(54.04％),株高的表型分化系数最小(12.98％),种源间各性状的平均表型分化系数为34.38％.主成分分析结果表明:花楸树表型性状之间的差异主要表现在小叶长和宽,其次是复叶长和宽.通过聚类分析可将7个种源划分为2组,其中,山东崂山和泰山种源聚为I组;山西庞泉沟及河北白石山、驼梁山、雾灵山和塞罕坝5个种源聚为Ⅱ组.相关性分析结果表明:花楸树株高与纬度呈显著负相关、与降雨量呈显著正相关(P=0.05);地径则与经度、年均温和年降雨量呈显著正相关(P=0.05).研究结果显示:花楸树的各项表型性状在种源间以及种源内家系间存在丰富的变异、遗传分化显著,其中种源内家系间的变异是花楸树表型变异的主要来源.初步判断花楸树表型性状的变异为经纬向双重变异模式,其中纬度起主要作用.     

不同种源刨花楠林下幼苗叶功能性状与地理环境的关系

研究9个种源地天然刨花楠林下幼苗主要叶功能性状差异及其与地理环境的关系,分析刨花楠林下幼苗对地理环境变化的响应与适应机制.结果表明: 不同种源间刨花楠林下幼苗主要叶功能性状种内变异系数较大(8.8%～28.2%),其中种源间比叶面积、叶相对含水率、叶组织密度和叶厚差异显著,表明刨花楠林下幼苗具有较强的叶片形态可塑性.叶组织密度与叶干物质含量、叶相对含水率均呈显著正相关,与比叶面积、叶厚则呈显著负相关;比叶面积与叶干物质含量、叶面积均呈显著负相关,反映刨花楠林下幼苗可通过叶片性状组合的调整和平衡以响应地理环境变化.影响刨花楠林下幼苗叶功能性状可塑性的主要环境因子为经度、纬度、>10 ℃年积温和年均温.叶厚随着经度的增加而降低,叶干物质含量和叶相对含水率则随着经度的增加而增加;叶组织密度与经度和年均温呈显著正相关,且经度对其影响大于年均温;叶面积与>10 ℃年积温和经度呈显著正相关,且前者对其影响大于后者.     

野生玫瑰种群表型变异

在野生玫瑰(Rosa rugosa)自然分布区内选取5个代表种群,选择24个表型性状作为研究对象,运用方差分析、多重比较、主成分分析、相关分析、聚类分析等方法,得出野生玫瑰种群表型变异程度和变异规律。结果显示:(1)24个表型性状在种群间和种群内均存在极显著差异,变异非常丰富;种群内变异(0.2718)大于种群间变异(0.1679),种群内变异是表型变异的主要来源,种群间平均表型分化系数(VST)为0.2952,分化水平相对较大;表型性状平均变异系数(CV)为18.48%(6.67—26.79%),叶片、果实、花、种子的变异系数依次为21.40%、17.42%、12.54%、6.67%;主成分分析表明叶片、果实的表型变异对种群变异起主要的贡献作用。(2)托叶长与年平均气温、7月平均气温呈显著正相关,与经、纬度呈显著负相关;果实横径与年降水量呈显著正相关;千粒重与经、纬度呈显著正相关,与7月平均气温呈显著负相关。(3)利用欧氏距离进行系统聚类分析,可以将5个种群划分为3类,表型性状主要依地理位置聚类。     

暴马丁香不同种源种子和幼苗的表型性状变异及其与地理-气候因子的相关性

为探究不同产地暴马丁香﹝Syringa reticulata subsp. amurensis ( Rupr.) P. S. Green et M. C. Chang〕种子和幼苗的表型性状变异规律及其与地理-气候因子的关系,以来源于黑龙江、河北、北京、内蒙古、青海和山西的10个种源(包括6个野生种源和4个栽培种源)的种子和幼苗为实验材料,对种子长和宽、种翅长和宽、百粒质量、发芽率、叶长和宽、叶长与叶宽的比值、叶柄长、株高和地径12个表型性状进行测量;在此基础上,进行了方差分析、变异系数分析、主成分分析、聚类分析及相关性分析。结果显示：暴马丁香不同种源间种子和幼苗的表型性状均有极显著差异(P=0.01),差异较大的表型性状为发芽率、百粒质量、种翅长和种翅宽。种源内和种源间各表型性状的变异系数(CV)均差异较大,种源内CV值为1.39%~45.56%,种源间CV值为6.45%~42.76%;其中,种源内种翅长和种翅宽的CV平均值较大,发芽率和百粒质量的CV平均值均较小,而种源间发芽率和百粒质量的CV值则较大。主成分分析结果表明：暴马丁香表型性状间的差异主要体现在种子长、种子宽和叶长,其次为株高、发芽率、地径、叶宽和种翅宽。根据聚类分析结果,供试的10个种源被划分为4类,其中,来源于北京和内蒙古及3个来源于河北的种源聚为Ⅰ类,来源于黑龙江哈尔滨的2个种源聚为Ⅱ类,来源于山西的2个种源聚为Ⅲ类,来源于青海的1个种源单独聚为Ⅳ类,聚类结果与各种源的地理分布有关。相关性分析结果表明：各表型性状间及表型性状与地理-气候因子间均存在不同的相关性,其中,种子发芽率与种子的其他5个表型性状均无显著相关性;经度和纬度与各表型性状均无显著相关性,而海拔、年均温和无霜期则是影响表型性状变异的主要因子。综合分析结果显示：暴马丁香各种源间存在明显的地理遗传分化,地理隔离和生态因子的大幅变化导致其种子和幼苗的表型性状变异丰富。根据研究结果,对暴马丁香的保护和利用提出了一些建议。     

模拟干旱胁迫下六个种源梓树种子萌发特性及地理变异研究

该研究采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫,测定了发芽率、发芽势和胚根长度等指标,运用相关性分析、聚类分析和隶属函数法综合评价梓树六个种源种子萌发期的抗旱性大小,初步筛选出抗旱性较强的种源。结果表明:随着溶液水势的降低,六个种源种子的发芽率、发芽势、相对发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数表现为持续下降趋势;除河南洛阳种源的胚根、胚轴长度以及甘肃正宁种源的胚根长度外,其余种源胚根、胚轴长度均表现为逐渐下降趋势;溶液水势为-1.0 MPa时,河南洛阳种源失活,其余种源各指标趋于一致。将各种源种子发芽特性与原产地地理环境因子进行相关分析表明,种子活力指数与经度、纬度呈显著正相关(0.903和0.871),经度、纬度较大的种源活力更强、抗旱性更佳;年均气温越高,种子发芽率和活力均降低;年降雨量与种子的发芽率和活力指数呈中偏弱的负相关,但与胚根和胚轴的生长呈中等正相关;温度和降雨量对梓树种子的抗旱性有一定影响,主要体现在年均温和年降雨量越低,种子的发芽率也越低;初步发现处于干旱和寒冷等相对恶劣环境下的梓树种源表现为以提高种子发芽率和降低种子胚生长活性的调节机制来适应不良环境。运用聚类分析及隶属函...     

秋茄种源引种深圳湾后幼苗生理生态研究

将海南琼山,廉江高桥,福建龙海及深圳福田本地的秋茄胚轴,培育在深圳福田相同生境中,一年以后,幼苗的形态生长呈现极显著差异性,琼山和福田本地秋茄种源生长最好,龙海种源生长最差,生理生态指标值如含水量,叶绿素总量,过氧化氢酶活性,游离脯氨酸含量,电导率等,以本地种源最高,而植株分枝数,叶片数量及光合速率,蒸腾速率,气孔导度等指标值,以琼山种源最高,龙海和高桥种源的较低,应用坐标综合评定法,初步认为福田本地秋茄是最优种源。     

中国马褂木不同种源苗期生长规律研究

对中国马褂木6个种源(云南金平、浙江安吉、福建武夷山、贵州黎平、广西全州、江西庐山)一年生实生苗的苗高生长规律进行研究。结果表明:(1)各种源在苗高生长上存在着极显著的差异。(2)利用logistic曲线拟合其苗高生长方程,发现各种源苗高生长均呈现明显的"慢—快—慢"的"S"型生长节律。(3)利用有序样本聚类分析将苗木生长划分为幼苗期、生长前期、速生期、生长后期4个阶段,福建武夷山种源最早进入速生期,且持续时间最长,江西庐山种源最晚进入速生期,且持续时间最短。速生期苗高净生长量占总生长量最大的是浙江安吉种源,达56.05%;第二是福建武夷山;最小的是江西庐山种源,只有34.29%。(4)依据苗高和地径两个性状的聚类分析把6个种源分成三大类,第一类是全州种源,苗高生长表现最好;第二类是金平、安吉、武夷山、黎平种源;第三类是庐山种源。     

Growth pattern of Liriodendron chinense seedlings from different provenances

对中国马褂木6个种源(云南金平、浙江安吉、福建武夷山、贵州黎平、广西全州、江西庐山)一年生实生苗的苗高生长规律进行研究.结果表明:(1)各种源在苗高生长上存在着极显著的差异.(2)利用logistic曲线拟合其苗高生长方程,发现各种源苗高生长均呈现明显的“慢—快—慢”的“S”型生长节律.(3)利用有序样本聚类分析将苗木生长划分为幼苗期、生长前期、速生期、生长后期4个阶段,福建武夷山种源最早进入速生期,且持续时间最长,江西庐山种源最晚进入速生期,且持续时间最短.速生期苗高净生长量占总生长量最大的是浙江安吉种源,达56.05％;第二是福建武夷山;最小的是江西庐山种源,只有34.29％.(4)依据苗高和地径两个性状的聚类分析把6个种源分成三大类,第一类是全州种源,苗高生长表现最好;第二类是金平、安吉、武夷山、黎平种源;第三类是庐山种源.     

短枝木麻黄种群苗期表型多样性评价

以来源于大洋洲原生种源区、亚洲原生种源区、亚洲引种次生区以及非洲引种次生区4个区域的20个种源短枝木麻黄种子和当年生幼苗为材料,通过种子千粒重以及幼苗苗高、地径、一级侧枝粗度、一级侧枝长度等7个性状对短枝木麻黄表型多样性进行了研究,以探讨种群苗期表型遗传差异,为短枝木麻黄早期遗传选择和遗传改良提供基本资料。结果表明:(1)短枝木麻黄种子千粒重在区域间和区域内种源间差异极显著,且千粒重具有显著的地理变异模式,随经度的增大而降低。(2)当年生幼苗苗高、地径在不同区域间及区域内种源间均存在极显著差异,其中泰国干东港种源幼苗生长最好(苗高76.6cm,地径4.64mm),而种源汤加的幼苗生长最差(苗高28.3cm,地径2.58mm)。(3)当年生幼苗一级侧枝粗度、一级侧枝长度、二级侧枝长度、每小枝节数和齿叶数在不同区域间及区域内种源间均存在极显著差异,其中齿叶数在区域间的变异系数最大(82.15%)。(4)通径分析表明,一级侧枝长度对苗高具有显著的正向影响作用,而一级侧枝粗度和二级侧枝长度对地径具有显著正向影响作用,它们可作为短枝木麻黄优良新品种筛选的参考因子。     

不同种源鹅掌楸苗木叶解剖性状的遗传多样性

以5个鹅掌楸种源的1年生苗木成熟叶片为材料,对叶表皮、叶片横切面及主脉横切面的16个解剖性状进行观察和变异性分析。结果表明:鹅掌楸叶解剖性状在种源间及种源内存在极丰富的变异,除下表皮密度在种源间差异不显著外,其余性状在种源间及种源内(包括下表皮密度)均存在极显著差异。种源间的平均表型分化系数为27.5%,说明鹅掌楸叶片结构的主要性状存在于种源内的变异(72.5%)远大于种源间的变异。鹅掌楸叶的解剖性状与地理生态因子的相关分析表明,其种源间的变异呈现梯度规律性,表皮各性状与经度、年均温呈负相关关系,叶片和主脉横切面各性状与经度、纬度大部分呈正相关关系,而与年降水量、年均温大都呈负相关关系。用种源间欧式距离进行UPGMA聚类,可将5个种源的鹅掌楸划分为3个类群。     

Promotion of Hypocotyl Elongation in Watermelc Seedlings by 6-Benzyladenine

Hypocotyl elongation under white fluorescent light was aboutdoubled in dwarf watermelon (Citrullus lanatus0 (Thunb.) Matsu.and Nakai) seedlings treated with 0.1 to 0.3 µg apicaland 3 x 10–6 to 10.3 M root applications of 6-benzyladenine(BA). BA-enhancement of growth occurred primarily during thefirst 48 h after treatment. Increased hypocotyl length in BA-treatedseedlings was attributed more to longer cells than to an increasein cell number. Early hypocotyl growth of normal seedlings wasalso significantly enhanced by BA although final hypocotyl lengthwas not substantially affected. Benzyladenine caused expansion of cotyledons and, at higherdoses, lateral expansion of hypocotyls. BA-induced increasesin fresh weight of cotyledons and hypocotyls were accompaniedby an increase in dry weight of hypocotyls at the expense ofroots which had less dry matter than untreated seedlings.     

Promotion of hypocotyl elongation in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) by indole-3-acetic acid

Elongation of excised loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) hypocotyls was promoted by indole-3-acetic acid and the fungal metabolite, fusicoccin. Gibberellic acid, kinetin, zeatin, or zeatin-riboside were either without effect or promoted elongation only slightly. The most auxin-responsive tissue was just below the cotyledonary node, and elongation was confined to sections excised from the upper 2 cm of the hypocotyl. Indole-3-acetic acid induced elongation rates in the hypocotyl sections equal to those of intact hypocotyls when the sections were excised from young seedlings. Elongation rates decreased in intact hypocotyls before the excised tissues lost responsiveness to the auxin. Hypocotyl elongation in loblolly pine is discussed in relation to hypocotyl elongation in angiosperm species.     

异速生长法计算秋茄红树林生物量

采用异速生长方法,建立树干基部多分枝型秋茄生物量与分枝直径的函数模型,根据该模型计算了浙江鳌江河口人工秋茄林生物量,并比较了我国不同地区秋茄林生物量差异。结果表明,秋茄生物量(W)与分枝直径(D)之间存在极显著的回归关系,叶片(WL)、树干(WS)、根系和分枝基部(WB)及植株总生物量(WT)与分枝直径(D)的异速生长方程分别为:WL=0.187D1.855(R2=0.612,P<0.0001);WS=0.267D1.906(R2=0.821,P<0.0001);WB=4.6D1.136(R2=0.644,P<0.0001);WT=3.614D1.446(R2=0.801,P<0.0001)。我国不同地区秋茄林地上生物量与林龄和纬度之间存在显著的回归关系:lg(地上生物量)=3.123+0.84×lg(林龄)-2.019×lg(纬度),(R2=0.431,F2,11=4.161,P=0.045)。秋茄种群生物量随着林龄的增加而增加,随着纬度的升高呈现降低趋势。浙江鳌江河口3年、5年和10年龄人工秋茄林生物量分别为7.13、11.32和24.35 t/hm2,其中5年龄秋茄林生物量仅为广东湛江同龄秋茄林(自然湿地生境)生物量的18%。然而,广东深圳的3年龄秋茄林(人工湿地生境)生物量仅为该研究中同龄秋茄林生物量的9.3%。此外,以≤11年龄的人工秋茄纯林为对象,建立了种群密度与种群植株平均生物量的关系:lg(平均单株地上生物量)=8.468-2.1×lg(种群密度),(R2=0.961,F=99.764,P=0.001),秋茄种群密度越小,平均植株生物量越大,平均单株生物量较符合Yoda提出的-3/2自疏定律为快,自疏指数为-2.1。因此,纬度和林龄是秋茄种群生物量的主要影响因子,生境类型、种群密度等因素对红树林种群或群落生物量的积累也至关重要。     

Changes in Wall Polysaccharides of Squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) Hypocotyls under Water Stress Condition: I. Wall Sugar Composition and Growth as Affected by Water Stress

Hypocotyl growth of dark-grown squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.)seedlings was greatly reduced by the addition of 60 mM polyethyleneglycol (PEG) to hydroponic solution (water stress). When PEGwas removed after one day, growth promptly recovered. The contents of hemicelluloses and cellulose in the wall increasedunder unstressed condition as hypocotyls grew but these increaseswere substantially reduced by water stress. The increases inwall polysaccharide contents recovered when the water stresswas relieved. The amounts per hypocotyl of cellulose and thatof uronic acid in pectin changed in parallel with the growth(r=0.95 and 0.98, respectively). The amounts of most of thesugar components of hemicelluloses also changed in parallelwith hypocotyl growth. Pectic and hemicellulosic galactose contentof unstressed hypocotyls increased to day 2 when the hypocotylgrew at a maximum growth rate, then decreased. In contrast,galactose content of stressed hypocotyls progressively increasedto the end of the experiment. The results indicated that water stress substantially reducednet increases in most of the polysaccharides of the hypocotylcell walls when it reduced the growth, but it did not affectsyntheses of some galactosic polysaccharides in pectin and hemicelluloseB. We assume that the syntheses of non-galactosic wall polysaccharidesare associated with hypocotyl growth and the synthesis of galactose-containingpolysaccharides with preservation of the potential of the cellwall to be loosened, since hypocotyl growth promptly and completelyrecovers when water stress is relieved. (Received December 15, 1986; Accepted June 8, 1987)     

RCN1-regulated phosphatase activity and EIN2 modulate hypocotyl gravitropism by a mechanism that does not require ethylene signaling

The roots curl in naphthylphthalamic acid1 (rcn1) mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) has altered auxin transport, gravitropism, and ethylene response, providing an opportunity to analyze the interplay between ethylene and auxin in control of seedling growth. Roots of rcn1 seedlings were previously shown to have altered auxin transport, growth, and gravitropism, while rcn1 hypocotyl elongation exhibited enhanced ethylene response. We have characterized auxin transport and gravitropism phenotypes of rcn1 hypocotyls and have explored the roles of auxin and ethylene in controlling these phenotypes. As in roots, auxin transport is increased in etiolated rcn1 hypocotyls. Hypocotyl gravity response is accelerated, although overall elongation is reduced, in etiolated rcn1 hypocotyls. Etiolated, but not light grown, rcn1 seedlings also overproduce ethylene, and mutations conferring ethylene insensitivity restore normal hypocotyl elongation to rcn1. Auxin transport is unaffected by treatment with the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid in etiolated hypocotyls of wild-type and rcn1 seedlings. Surprisingly, the ethylene insensitive2-1 (ein2-1) and ein2-5 mutations dramatically reduce gravitropic bending in hypocotyls. However, the ethylene resistant1-3 (etr1-3) mutation does not significantly affect hypocotyl gravity response. Furthermore, neither the etr1 nor the ein2 mutation abrogates the accelerated gravitropism observed in rcn1 hypocotyls, indicating that both wild-type gravity response and enhanced gravity response in rcn1 do not require an intact ethylene-signaling pathway. We therefore conclude that the RCN1 protein affects overall hypocotyl elongation via negative regulation of ethylene synthesis in etiolated seedlings, and that RCN1 and EIN2 modulate hypocotyl gravitropism and ethylene responses through independent pathways.     

泉州湾互花米草入侵滩涂中人工种植秋茄幼苗的叶片营养元素动态特征

于福建泉州湾洛阳江河口湿地保护区内互花米草入侵红树林生态修复滩涂内,采集并测定了种植后第2年的红树植物秋茄(Kandelia obovata)生长周期内(2017年6月—2018年3月)的叶片C、N、P含量及地上生物量,以阐明2年生秋茄的C、N、P营养元素含量与化学计量比随时间动态特征及其控制因子,了解红树植物秋茄在互花米草入侵地区生长第2年的养分利用与元素限制条件。结果显示:2年生秋茄叶片全碳含量为363.12～425.75 g·kg^-1;叶全氮含量为17.37～18.22 g·kg^-1;叶全磷含量为1.33～4.06 g·kg^-1。秋茄叶片C∶N、C∶P、N∶P随季节时间变化均呈现先下降后上升的趋势。研究表明,泉州湾滨海湿地秋茄在第2年生长周期内对营养元素的利用效率较好,氮元素可能是泉州湾河口湿地2年生秋茄的主要限制元素。研究结果为利用秋茄替代互花米草的生态入侵综合治理及红树林的人工种植养护提供了科学依据。     

Hypocotyl growth of Pinus pinaster seedlings. Changes in α-cellulose, and in pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides

Lorences, E. P., Suárez, L. and Zarra, I. 1987. Hypocotyl growth of Pinus pinaster seedlings. Changes in a-cellulose, and in pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides.
The changes in pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides of hypocotyl cell walls during the growth of intact seedlings of Pinus pinaster Aiton were investigated, α -Cellulose and the water-soluble hemicellulose presented the most conspicuous changes during hypocotyl growth. The relative amount of the water-soluble hemicellulose decreased from day 7 to day 13 when hypocotyls were in the rapid growth phase, and stabilized when hypocotyl growth ceased. In this fraction, the relative amount of non-cellulosic glucose decreased dramatically during hypocotyl growth, while the relative amount of xylose increased. We suggest that these changes may be due to partial degradation of xyloglucan present in the water_:soluble hemicellulose fraction, accompanied by the synthesis of a xylan.