北部湾海域小型底栖动物丰度和生物量

根据2008年10月4日至8日北部湾海域生态环境综合调查资料,对北部湾海域小型底栖动物的类群组成、丰度和生物量分布进行了分析研究,结果表明,研究海域的小型底栖动物平均丰度约为399.09±452.20 had·10cm^-2,平均生物量约为359.56±324.45μg·10cm^-2;按丰度来讲,分选出的14个类群中,自由生活海洋线虫的丰度为最优势,约占总丰度的92.69%,其次为底栖桡足类和多毛类,分别约占总丰度的3.28%和2.47%;线虫、多毛类和桡足类分别约占总生物量的41.16%、38.34%和6.76%。研究海域的钦州、防城港市沿岸海区小型底栖动物平均丰度相对较高,其平均丰度约为614.98±799.63 ind·10cm^-2;涠洲岛周边海区和北海南部近岸海区平均丰度分别约为481.68±240.03 ind·10cm^-2和278.14±126.38 ind·10cm^-2;对照海区的小型底栖动物平均丰度约仅有197.37±116.72 ind·10cm^-2。根据各站位小型底栖生物的种类组成及其丰度进行了多样性分析,各站位丰富度指数介于0.466～1.516之间,均匀度指数介于0.203～1.13之间,Shannon-Weiner指数(H')介于0.141～0.783之间。根据类群组成及其丰度进行组平均法聚类分析,把研究海区各站位分成了3个不同的底栖生物群落。研究海区线虫和桡足类丰度的比率变化范围在5.02～223.83之间。     

夏秋季南黄海冷水团小型底栖动物类群组成与分布

为研究黄海冷水团对小型底栖动物的影响,分别于2013年6和11月,搭载"东方红2号"科学考察船对南黄海冷水团海域8个站位的小型底栖动物的类群组成、丰度、生物量及其与环境因子的关系进行研究.结果表明:2个航次的小型底栖动物平均丰度分别为900.8和758.4 ind·10 cm-2,平均生物量分别为886.9和615.7μg·10 cm-2.方差分析表明,两个季节8个站位间小型底栖动物的丰度和生物量均无显著差异.两个航次共鉴定出17个小型底栖动物类群,其中自由生活海洋线虫为最优势的类群,在两个航次中分别占总丰度的88.5%和94.0%.其他数量上较重要的类群还有底栖桡足类、多毛类、动吻类和介形类等.两个航次中分别有92.5%和95.4%的小型底栖动物分布在0~5 cm的表层沉积物内,线虫和桡足类分布在0~2 cm的比例分别为59.1%和78.2%.对小型底栖动物丰度和生物量、线虫和桡足类丰度与其沉积环境因子的相关分析表明,小型底栖动物的丰度和生物量与底层水温度和粉砂-粘土含量呈负相关,主要类群线虫的丰度也显示出同样的结果,另一主要类群桡足类的丰度与底层水温度、粉砂-粘土含量呈负相关,与中值粒径呈正相关.小型底栖动物群落类群组成与环境因子的BIOENV相关分析表明,小型底栖动物群落受底层水温度、底层水盐度、沉积物含水量、沉积物叶绿素a和脱镁叶绿酸含量的综合影响.     

深圳湾福田红树林湿地小型底栖动物群落结构及海洋线虫新纪录种

于2018年冬季在福田红树林湿地设置4个采样断面进行沉积物样品采集,对小型底栖动物的类群组成、丰度及自由生活海洋线虫的优势属等进行分析。结果表明:共鉴定出4个以上的小型底栖动物类群,分别为海洋线虫、桡足类、多毛类、寡毛类和其他未鉴定类群,海洋线虫为最优势类群,占小型底栖动物丰度的97.28%;小型底栖动物平均丰度为(490.73±465.09) ind·10 cm-2;共鉴定出海洋线虫隶属于30属17科,其优势属(优势度≥5%) Paracanthonchus、Megadesmolaimus、Subsphaerolaimus、Terschellingia、Spinonema、Pseudochromadora和Pseudolella;发现新纪录种—大亚囊咽线虫Subsphaerolaimus major Nguyen&Gagarin,2009,并对其进行了测量及描述,并比较了其与模式种的主要差异。     

象山港国华宁海电厂附近海域小型底栖动物的群落结构

于2008年夏季(6月)和冬季(12月),在象山港国华宁海电厂沿排水口右侧、从近到远相隔500m设立三个断面A、B、C,并对小型底栖动物丰度及其群落结构变化进行调查研究,结果表明:共鉴定出10个小型底栖动物类群,平均丰度达9407.9inds/10cm².从类群上看,自由生活海洋线虫占总丰度的62.3%,介形类占第二位,为19.3%.ANOSIM分析结果显示小型底栖动物季节间的丰度存在明显差异(p<0.05),夏季平均丰度(8055.3±1282.9inds/10cm²)比冬季(2141.1±614.2inds/10cm²)约高出3倍.冬季不同断面间的丰度无显著差异,但夏季断面间差异显著(p<0.05),尤其在排水口附近的A断面丰度最低,为1002.8inds/10cm².SIMPER分析结果显示海洋线虫、介形类、腹足类、涡虫、桡足类是各断面之间非相似的关键类群,这些类群的迁移指示电厂温排水已导致排水口附近海域小型底栖群落结构不稳定,不仅水平分布有差异,垂直分布也明显不同.     

污水排海对小型底栖生物丰度和生物量的影响

为了解污水排海对小型底栖生物丰度和生物量的影响,于2011年4、8、10、12月对青岛汇泉湾第一海水浴场中潮带一个排污口附近不同距离站位的小型底栖生物进行了春、夏、秋、冬4个季度的采样调查.结果表明： 研究区域小型底栖生物年平均丰度为(1859.9±705.1) ind·10 cm^-2,最高值出现在距离排污口20和40 m的站位S₂和S₃,分别为(2444.9±1220.5)和(2492.2±1839.9) ind·10 cm^-2,最低值出现在距离排污口0 m的站位S₁,为(327.9±183.2) ind·10 cm^-2.小型底栖生物的年平均生物量为(1513.4±372.7) μg·10 cm^-2.小型底栖生物在丰度和生物量上呈现明显的季节变化,最高值出现在春季,最低值出现在夏季.共鉴定出11个小型底栖生物类群,包括线虫、桡足类、多毛类、寡毛类、缓步动物、海螨、涡虫、介形类、等足类、甲壳类幼体及其他类.自由生活海洋线虫是最优势的类群,占总丰度的83.1%,其次为底栖桡足类,占12.8%.在垂直分布上,小型底栖生物在0~2 cm表层分布最多,向深层呈现递减趋势,冬季部分向下迁移.Pearson相关分析表明,小型底栖生物丰度和生物量与沉积物中值粒径和有机质含量呈极显著负相关.此外,旅游等人为扰动也是影响小型底栖生物数量及分布的因素.与历史资料中的同类研究结果进行了比较,并探讨了线虫与桡足类丰度的比值
在有机质污染监测中的适用性.     

渤海小型底栖动物丰度的分布格局

在渤海的 2 2个站位 ,分 3个航次采集未受扰动的沉积物样品 ,进行了小型底栖动物类群的丰度、分布格局及其与沉积环境因子间相互关系的研究。结果表明 ,1 997年航次 ,5个站位小型底栖动物的平均丰度为 2 2 74± 1 0 3 9ind./1 0 cm2 ;1 998年和 1 999年航次 ,小型底栖动物的丰度分别为 869± 5 0 9ind./1 0 cm2和 63 2± 3 99ind./1 0 cm2 ,其中 ,小型底栖动物和自由生活海洋线虫丰度的高值主要出现在渤海中东部和海峡口的站位 ,底栖桡足类的丰度在海峡口的 A4、E5、D5站和辽东湾湾口的几个站位较高。在小型底栖动物中 ,线虫是数量上占绝对优势的类群 ,桡足类位于第 2位 ,处在第 3位的类群在两个航次中有所不同 ,在 1 998年航次 ,双壳类幼体的数量位于第 3位 ;1 999年航次 ,多毛类的数量位于第 3位。对小型底栖动物丰度与其沉积环境因子的分析表明 ,水深与小型底栖动物丰度、自由生活海洋线虫丰度和桡足类丰度的相关性为极显著 ;沉积物的中值粒径与桡足类的丰度和小型底栖动物总丰度呈负相关 ,前者为极显著 ,后者为显著 ;砂、粉砂和粘土含量影响三者的丰度变动 ,其中与桡足类丰度的相关性为极显著或显著。沉积物中的叶绿素 a、脱镁叶绿酸 a、含水量和有机质含量与三者丰度的关系不很明显。     

夏季南黄海冷水团及其周边海域小型底栖动物类群组成与分布

对2011年6月南黄海冷水团及其周边海域23个站位的小型底栖动物类群组成、丰度、生物量和空间分布及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明,调查海域共鉴定出小型底栖动物20个类群,平均丰度为(1194±873)个/10 cm~2,平均生物量为(881±669)μg干重/10 cm~2,其中自由生活海洋线虫是绝对优势类群,占小型底栖动物总丰度的89.7%,其次为底栖桡足类(5.5%)、甲壳类幼体(1.8%)、多毛类(1.2%);对生物量的贡献上依次为海洋线虫(49.0%)、多毛类(22.9%)、桡足类(13.9%)、介形类(7.8%)、涡虫(2.0%)。在垂直分布上,79.1%的小型底栖动物分布在沉积物0—2 cm的表层,16.4%分布在2—5 cm的次表层,4.5%的小型底栖动物分布在5—8 cm的下层。与环境因子的相关性分析表明,小型底栖动物的总丰度和总生物量与沉积物叶绿素a含量显著正相关;小型底栖动物的生物量和沉积物中部分重金属(Pb、Cu、Fe、Ni、Co)含量呈显著负相关,但与Cd含量呈极显著正相关。BIOENV分析结果表明,沉积物含水量、有机质含量和分选系数组合最能解释小型底栖动物类群组成分布差异。根据小型底栖动物的类群组成可将研究海域划分为3个区域,包括:冷水团中央区域,冷水团边缘区和近岸区,其中冷水团边缘区丰度和生物量最高,冷水团区域次之,近岸区最低;整个冷水团海域小型底栖动物丰度和生物量分别是非冷水团海域的2.3倍和2.1倍。     

南黄海冬季小型底栖生物丰度和生物量

分别于2003年1月和2004年1月在南黄海广大陆架浅海水域进行小型底栖生物调查.结果表明,两个航次的小型底栖生物平均丰度分别为 (954.20±269.47) ind·10 cm^-2和(1 186.12±486.07) ind·10 cm^-2;平均生物量分别为(954.38±403.93)μg·10 cm^-2和(1 120.72±487.21) μg·10 cm^-2.两个航次小型底栖生物丰度值、生物量和生产力均无显著变化(P>0.05).共鉴定出20个小型底栖生物类群,按丰度,自由生活海洋线虫为最优势类群,两个航次的优势度分别为87%和90%,其他优势类群依次为桡足类、多毛类和动吻类;按生物量依次为线虫34%～38%,多毛类25%～33%,介形类9%～22%,桡足类8%.96.64%的小型生物分布在0～5 cm的表层沉积物内,线虫和桡足类分布在0～2 cm的比例分别为72.48%和89.46%.小型底栖生物的生物量与沉积物砂含量(%)、粉砂含量(%)和叶绿素a含量呈显著相关.代表性站位的种类组成和多样性分析显示了沿岸、黄海冷水团和东、黄海交汇区3个不同的底栖生物群落.     

夏、秋季渤海小型底栖动物类群组成及分布特征

分别于2011年6月和11月,搭载"东方红2号"科学调查船在渤海海域(37.0°—40.0°N,118.0°—122.0°E)进行了小型底栖动物的取样,对小型底栖动物类群组成、丰度、生物量、空间分布及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明:研究海域小型底栖动物分布不均匀,表现为黄河口附近及近岸海域小型底栖动物丰度显著低于其他海域。小型底栖动物6月平均丰度高于11月,分别为(1012.7±519.1)个/10 cm~2和(829.5±385.8)个/10 cm~2, 6月平均生物量低于11月,分别为(570.8±307.6)μg干重/10 cm~2和(661.3±310.9)μg干重/10 cm~2。两个航次共鉴定出18个小型底栖动物类群,其中自由生活海洋线虫为最优势类群,分别占小型底栖动物总丰度的95.0%和90.3%,占小型底栖动物总生物量的67.4%和45.3%。其他数量上较重要的类群还有底栖桡足类、多毛类、动吻类和双壳类等。其中,多毛类丰度具有显著的季节差异,其11月丰度高于6月。两个航次分别有93.6%(6月)和91.1%(9月)的小型底栖动物分布在0—5 cm的表层沉积物内,没有表现季节性垂直迁移。对小型底栖动物生物数据与环境因子的相关分析结果显示,小型底栖动物的丰度与沉积物中值粒径、含水率呈显著负相关,与有机质含量呈极显著负相关,表明这三个因子是决定研究海域小型底栖动物分布的重要因素。小型底栖动物群落组成与环境因子的BIOENV相关分析表明,水深、有机质含量的组合能够最好地解释小型底栖动物群落结构的差异。与渤海海域30年来的小型底栖动物研究比较发现,在过去30年里,渤海小型底栖动物(包括海洋线虫)丰度逐渐增加,而其中的底栖桡足类丰度却在逐渐减少。沉积环境的变化以及人类干扰是引起渤海海域小型底栖动物丰度变化的重要因素。     

长江口及其陆架春季小型底栖生物丰度和生物量

2007年4—5月对长江口及其陆架海域小型底栖生物进行了调查。结果表明:调查海域有18个类群小型底栖生物,平均丰度为(1117.19±820.36)个/10 cm2,平均生物量为(754.87±546.37)(μg.干重)/10 cm2,其中线虫是绝对优势类群,占小型底栖生物总丰度的95.42%,占总生物量的55.35%。其他优势类群分别是桡足类、多毛类和动吻类。垂直分布研究表明:小型底栖生物丰度随着深度的增加而减少,其数量的65%分布于0—2 cm层,其中线虫分布于0—2 cm层的数量约占64%;桡足类集中分布于0—2 cm层,占该类总量的88%以上;多毛类分布于0—2 cm层的数量约占61%。各区块小型底栖生物总丰度从高到低依次为东海陆架深水区长江口近岸杭州湾。与环境因子相关分析表明:盐度与小型底栖生物丰度,线虫丰度成显著的正相关,与多毛类,桡足类丰度以及小型底栖生物生物量呈极显著的正相关。近底溶解氧与小型底栖生物丰度,多毛类,线虫丰度以及小型底栖生物生物量呈显著的负相关,与桡足类丰度呈极显著的负相关。调查海域沉积物的中值粒径,粘土粉砂含量与小型底栖生物丰度,多毛类,线虫丰度以及小型底栖生物生物量的相关性不显著。位沉积物叶绿素a和脱镁叶绿素含量与小型底栖生物丰度,线虫丰度、多毛类丰度,桡足类丰度相关不显著;沉积物中异养细菌含量与多毛类丰度呈显著负相关。     

Composition,distribution and biomass of meiobenthos in the Oosterschelde estuary (SW Netherlands)

Meiofauna composition, abundance, biomass, distribution and diversity were investigated for 31 stations in summer. The sampling covered the whole Oosterschelde and comparisons between the subtidal — intertidal and between the western-central — eastern compartment were made.Meiofauna had a community density ranging between 200 and 17 500 ind 10 cm^–2, corresponding to a dry weight of 0.2 and 8.4 gm^–2. Abundance ranged between 130 and 17 200 ind 10 cm^–2 for nematodes and between 10 and 1600 ind 10 cm^–2 for copepods. Dry weight biomass of these taxa was between 0.5–7.0 gm^–2 and 0.008–0.3 gm^–2 for nematodes and copepods respectively.The meiofauna was strongly dominated by the nematodes (36–99%), who's abundance, biomass and diversity were significantly higher intertidally than subtidally and significantly higher in the eastern part than in the western part. High numbers were positively correlated with the percentage silt and negatively with the median grain size of the sand fraction. The abundance and diversity of the copepods were highest in the subtidal, but their biomass showed an inverse trend being highest on the tidal flats.The taxa diversity of the meiofauna community and species diversity of both the nematodes and the copepods were higher in subtidal stations than on tidal flats. In the subtidal, the meiofauna and copepod diversity decreased from west to east, whereas nematode diversity increased.The vertical profile clearly reflected the sediment characteristics and could be explained by local hydrodynamic conditions.Seasonal variation was pronounced for the different taxa with peak abundance in spring, summer or autumn and minimum abundance in winter.Changes in tidal amplitude and current velocity enhanced by the storm-surge barrier will alter the meiofauna community structure. As a result meiofauna will become more important in terms of density and biomass, mainly due to increasing numbers of nematodes, increasing bioturbation, nutrient mineralisation and sustaining bacterial growth. A general decrease in meiofauna diversity is predicted. The number of copepods is expected to decrease and interstitial species will be replaced by epibenthic species, the latter being more important in terms of biomass and as food for the epibenthic macrofauna and fishes.     

2007年10月南海北部浮游纤毛虫的丰度和生物量

报道2007年10月南海北部海域(21°25.47′N 17°24.95′N,109°28.86′E 113°13.01′E)纤毛虫丰度和生物量的水平分布及砂壳纤毛虫的种丰富度。包括了13个断面的82个站位,Rosette采水器采水,水深低于15 m的站位采0,5 m和10 m;小于30 m站位,采0,10 m和底层;大于30 m的站位,采0,10,30 m和底层。纤毛虫丰度为0 5757 ind./L,平均(848±776)ind./L。无壳纤毛虫占绝对优势,其丰度占纤毛虫总丰度的比例平均为(91.9±9)%;纤毛虫生物量为0 12.09μg C/L,平均是(1.2±1.54)μg C/L,无壳纤毛虫的生物量平均为(0.94±1.27)μg C/L,占纤毛虫总生物量的78.6%。共发现砂壳纤毛虫16个属,49种,拟铃虫最多,具有一定的季节性。纤毛虫水体(40 m到表层)丰度为6.4×1069.1×107ind./m2,平均是(3.6×106±1.4×106)ind./m2;水体生物量3.6 195.8 mg C/m2,平均(48.1±33.7)mg C/m2。纤毛虫多分布于近岸浅水区(高温低盐,高Chl a),最大丰度要高于我国其他海区,不是Chl a最高的地方纤毛虫的丰度也最大,纤毛虫丰度最大时Chl a偏低。     

Benthic seasonality in an intertidal mud flat at Kerguelen Islands (Austral ocean). The relationships between meiofaunal abundance and their potential microbial food

Summary Samples were taken weekly for one year at an intertidal mudflat at the Halage des Swains, Morbihan Sound, Kerguelen Islands, for meiofauna, their suspected microbial food (bacteria and diatoms) and associated chemical and physical factors. Organic carbon and nitrogen content, bacterial abundance and biomass, pigment content and daily primary production, were significantly correlated (Spearman rank) to the temperature. Meiofauna exhibited very high abundances (up to 14 000 ind./10 cm^–2) without seasonal trend but with distinct short term oscillations of population densities. No direct correlation occurred between meiofauna (85.9% nematodes and 10.8% copepods) and temperature. Total meiofauna abundance was positively correlated to bacterial biomass in the oxidized layer, to organic content below redox potential discontinuity layer, and negatively correlated to the hourly primary production. The data suggest that nematodes are correlated to bacterial biomass and organic content in the sediment. Effect of ambient temperature on development time of nematofauna could be described by a Belehradek function. Even though some correlations existed, this study shows that peaks of meiofaunal abundance are not correlated to potential food abundance variability. Thus, the limitation of meiofauna community and its annual pattern is reasonably governed by the development time and reproductive strategy of the few co-dominant species of the main taxa.     

黄河口潮间带大型底栖动物群落特征

2013年2月、5月和8月对黄河入海口附近潮间带的大型底栖动物进行了调查,调查工作涵盖3个季节2条断面的样品,分析了黄河口潮间带大型底栖动物的群落结构特征,包括群落种类组成、丰度和生物量、优势种、多样性,采用CLUSTER聚类分析了大型底栖动物的群落结构,并用AMBI和m-AMBI对底栖群落和环境质量进行了评估。本次调查共鉴定出大型底栖动物52种,其中,多毛纲动物24种,软体动物14种,甲壳动物12种,鱼类1种,纽虫1种。多毛纲动物为该海域底栖群落的主要成分,占据了群落总种数的46.15%。从季节来看,物种数春季最高(38种),夏季则处于最低水平(16种)。群落丰度和生物量均具有明显的季节变化,丰度在春季达到最高,为3 549.33 ind/m2,远高于冬季的256.67 ind/m2和夏季的100.67 ind/m2,其中扁玉螺(Neverita didyma)是丰度的主要贡献者,贡献了全年群落总丰度的75.44%。生物量春季最高,夏季次之,冬季最低。在全年尺度上,甲壳动物的日本大眼蟹(Macrophthalmusjaponicus)是生物量的主要贡献者,占据总生物量的49.86%。群落的季节变化也得到了群落CLUSTER分析与SIMPER分析结果的验证。这与黄河入海口附近底质不稳定,易受侵蚀、环境条件如盐度等具有明显季节差异,以及一定程度的人为扰动密切相关。AMBI和m-AMBI的分析结果显示,该区域环境质量状况较好,仅受到了轻微扰动影响。     

Meiofauna of silty sediments in the coastal area of the North Adriatic,with special reference to sampling methods

At five coastal silty sediment stations ranging in depth from 8 to 30 m, the abundance and composition of meiofauna were investigated. Three methods of sampling were used, i.e. Pfleger corer, Van Veen grab and SCUBA divers. Four samples per station were taken. The mean density of total meiofauna was 660 ± 109 ind. 10 cm². The main meiofauna group was Nematoda, the second abundant was Copepoda, and third was Kinorhyncha. Statistical tests showed significant differences in meiofaunal abundance between corer and grab samples, and between corer and divers samples.Differences in meiofauna abundance between stations were found.     

Horizontal and vertical distribution of meiofauna on sandy beaches of the North Sea (The Netherlands, Belgium, France)

Sandy intertidal zones were analysed for the presence of meiofauna. The material was collected on six macro-tidal sandy beaches along the North Sea (The Netherlands, France, Belgium), in order to analyse the vertical and horizontal meiofaunal distribution patterns. Eleven higher meiofauna taxa (one represented by larval stage—Copepoda nauplii) were recorded. The maximum total meiofauna abundance was observed on the Dutch beach (4,295±911 ind. 10 cm⁻²) in the Westerschelde estuary, while the lowest values (361±128 ind. 10 cm⁻²) were recorded in France at the Audresselles beach. Meiofauna of the different localities consisted mainly of nematodes, harpacticoids and turbellarians. Nematodes numerically dominated all sampled stations, comprising more than 45% of the total meiofauna density. Meiofauna was mainly concentrated at the sand surface with about 70% present in the uppermost 5 cm. Meiofauna occurred across the entire intertidal zone. A clear zonation pattern in the distribution of meiofauna taxa across the beaches was observed. The present work suggests that designation of exposed sandy beaches as physically controlled (McLachlan 1988) does not explain their biological variability.     

The meiobenthos of five mangrove vegetation types in Gazi Bay,Kenya

The vertical distribution of meiofauna in the sediments ofAvicennia marina,Bruguiera gymnorrhiza,Ceriops tagal,Rhizophora mucronata andSonneratia alba at Gazi Bay (Kenya), is described. Seventeen taxa were observed, with highest densities in the sediments ofBruguiera (6707 ind. 10 cm^–2), followed byRhizophora (3998 ind. 10 cm^–2),Avicennia (3442 ind. 10 cm^–2),Sonneratia (2889 ind. 10 cm^–2) andCeriops (1976 ind. 10 cm^–2). Nematodes accounted for up to 95% of total densities; other common taxa were copepods, turbellarians, oligochaetes, polychaetes, ostracods and rotifers. High densities occurred to about 20 cm depth in the sediment. EspeciallyCeriops sediments show still high densities of nematodes (342 ind. 10 cm^–2) and copepods (11 ind. 10 cm^–2) in the deepest layer (15–22 cm). Particle size and oxygen conditions were major factors influencing meiobenthic distribution;Uca burrows had a major impact on distribution and abundance of meiofauna.