中国彩蛾蜡蝉属分类研究(半翅目,蛾蜡蝉科)

综述了彩蛾蜡蝉属Cerynia St(a)l的分类研究历史,研究中国彩蛾蜡蝉属种类.记述中国彩蛾蜡蝉属4种,包括1新种--指突彩蛾蜡蝉C.digitula sp.nov..提供了分种检索表.新种模式标本保存在西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆.     

三种广翅蜡蝉前翅形态数值特征提取与分析

【目的】广翅蜡蝉科昆虫是果园、茶园和园艺植物上的重要害虫之一,对其种类进行自动判别是实现其种群自动监测的基础。本研究拟通过获取3种广翅蜡蝉前翅轮廓特征探讨在其种类和性别鉴定中的作用。【方法】采用图像处理与分析技术,对3种广翅蜡蝉前翅轮廓形态特征进行提取和分析,并使用SPSS v22.0对数据进行分析。【结果】同一种广翅蜡蝉左右翅在轮廓形态上无显著差异,雌雄间各参数在不同种类广翅蜡蝉中差异性不同,其中5个实际测量参数在雌雄间差异达到显著或极显著水平,只有透明广翅蜡蝉的周长不显著。除周长和雄虫圆形度外,其它各类参数在种间的差异达到显著或极显著水平。通过典型判别分析,认为所选用的3种广翅蜡蝉,通过其前翅轮廓特征可以进行种间判别,其原始判别和交叉验证判别的正确率均超过90%。【结论】通过提取前翅轮廓特征可以实现3种广翅蜡蝉种类的识别,为此类昆虫的自动鉴定和种群监测提供了重要的参考依据。     

辽东栎叶片昆虫取食形状多样性及其变化模式

取食辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)叶片的植食性昆虫有丰富的多样性和重要的生态功能,昆虫取食叶片留下的形状变化多,易观察,可以作为昆虫物种多样性监测的手段之一。研究北京西部东灵山地区辽东栎叶片被植食性昆虫取食状况,发现昆虫对辽东栎叶片的危害非常普遍,叶片被食频率约为90％,被食面积约5％,取食状可分为9类,其中以缘食和孔食为主,共记录20余种植性昆虫,其中蛾类幼虫和甲虫是主要取食种类,植食性昆虫集中出现在叶片发育的早期阶段（5－6月份）,7月份后,大多数幼虫发育成熟,取食叶片的面积减少。各取食状所涉及昆虫种类的组成不同,面积呈不同的季节变化模式,其中缘食状和孔食状之间有显著的正相关关系;辽东栎叶片在展叶初的叶面积最低,在7月底均达到最大值,然后呈下降趋势,单位面积重量也在展叶初最低,在6月底接近最大值,不同坡向的辽东栎林和叶片面积,单位面积重量及叶片被食面积均有显著差异,偏阳坡（东南坡） 高于偏阴坡（西北坡）。以上结果表明,辽东栎叶片维持了昆虫物种多样性,昆虫的生长发育与辽东栎的物候规律相互协调,昆虫种类的取食呈季节和空间变化。     

中国碧蛾蜡蝉属的分类研究(半翅目:蛾蜡蝉科)

综述了碧蛾蜡蝉属Geisha Kirkaldy的分类研究历史,研究了中国碧蛾蜡蝉属种类,同意莎碧蛾蜡蝉G．sauteri Jacobi是碧蛾蜡蝉G．distinctissima（Walker）的异名。记述了中国碧蛾蜡蝉属4种,包括2新种——二叉碧蛾蜡蝉G．bifurcata,sp．nov．,秦岭碧蛾蜡蝉G．qinlingensis,sp．nov．。提供了分种检索表。模式标本保存在西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆。     

中国妮蛾蜡蝉属分类研究(半翅目:蛾蜡蝉科)

综述了妮蛾蜡蝉属Neosalurnis Distant的分类研究历史,研究妮蛾蜡蝉属种类,同意网纹妮蛾蜡蝉Neosalurnis reticulates Distant是妮蛾蜡蝉Neosalurnis gracilis（Melichar））的异名。记述中国妮蛾蜡蝉属4种,包括1新种——大刺妮蛾蜡蝉N.magnispinata,sp．nov．,1新记录种——短刺妮蛾蜡蝉Neosalurnis bonenda Medler。提供了分种检索表。模式标本保存在西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆。     

桂西北喀斯特坡地典型生境不同植物叶片的碳同位素差异

通过测定7种典型植物的叶片δ13C值,比较了桂西北喀斯特坡地连片裸露石丛及其临近浅薄土层处植物叶片δ13C值及其季节性差异。结果表明:旱季(2008年11月、2009年3月)植物叶片δ13C值显著高于雨季(2009年7月)(P0.05);旱季和雨季菜豆树、铁线莲、黄荆的δ13C值无显著差异(P0.05),而盐肤木、红背山麻杆、蕨、肾蕨旱季显著高于雨季(P0.05);季节性降雨差异对乔木类菜豆树、藤本类的铁线莲以及根系较深灌木叶片δ13C值的影响较小,而对浅根系草本植物、浅根灌木影响较大;旱季和雨季2种生境下菜豆树叶片δ13C值差异均不大,旱季和雨季连片裸岩生境的红背山麻杆和黄荆叶片δ13C值与临近浅薄土层生境值的差异虽不显著(P0.05),但差异大于菜豆树,说明生境条件的差异对这2种灌木叶片δ13C值的影响较大。     

海南东寨港两种红树植物旱季和雨季的光合生理特征比较

植物光合生理生态特性是退化植物群落恢复、重建植物种选择的重要依据。为研究不同红树植物光合生理生态特性，该研究于2021年旱季的4—5月、雨季的7—9月利用LI-6400光合仪，测定红树植物秋茄和海莲的光合生理参数和主要生态因子，并采用通径分析方法分析主要生态因子对净光合速率的影响。结果表明：(1)秋茄旱季净光合速率日均值(8.43μmol^-2·s^-1)略低于雨季(8.67μmol^-2·s^-1),差异不显著；海莲旱季净光合速率日均值(7.03μmol^-2·s^-1)显著低于雨季(9.41μmol^-2·s^-1);旱季秋茄净光合速率日均值显著高于海莲，而雨季秋茄净光合速率日均值显著低于海莲。(2)旱季、雨季秋茄蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度等光合生理因子日均值变化幅度小于海莲，水分利用效率也低于海莲。(3)旱季、雨季两种红树植物均存在“光合午休”现象。旱季，秋茄属于非气孔限制，而海莲属于气孔限制...     

不同波长诱虫灯对红树林主要害虫的诱集作用

为了明确红树林几种主要害虫的最佳诱集波长,本文利用18种波长的太阳能自动诱虫灯在深圳福田红树林保护区虫害高发期进行野外诱集实验,分析了不同波长对3种主要红树林害虫的诱集作用。结果显示,灯诱昆虫共81种,优势种为海榄雌瘤斑螟Acrobasis sp.、八点广翅蜡蝉Ricania speculum(Walker)和毛颚小卷蛾Lasiognatha mormopa(Meyrick)。18种波长的诱虫灯中,368 nm(Y)对海榄雌瘤斑螟的诱集作用最强,日均诱集量为4.55头,340 nm波长对毛颚小卷蛾的诱集效果最好,日均诱集量达到5.45头,400 nm波长对八点广翅蜡蝉的诱集效果最佳,日均诱集量为2.64头。18种不同波长的诱虫灯对红树林3种主要害虫均有一定的诱集作用,对两种鳞翅目昆虫诱集作用较强的诱虫灯波长均集中在UV-A波段。     

西双版纳热带季节雨林林窗内幼树叶生长与虫食动态

 研究了西双版纳热带季节雨林6种乔木幼树在林窗中的叶生长与叶虫食动态。6种幼树叶生长主要在雨季(5～10月),在旱季雾凉期(11～2月)叶停止生长。阳性树种旱季干热期(3～4月)开始叶生长,顶极树种至5月雨季初才开始叶生长。表明雾凉期低温抑制两类树种叶生长,干热期水分不足抑制顶极树种叶生长。叶生长同步性(每两个月的叶生长量变异系数C．V．)顺序为：望天树(Shorea chinensis,1.42)>金钩花(Pseuduvaria indochinensis,1.41)>八宝树(Duabanga grandiflora, 1.02)>云南石梓(Gmelina arborea,0.98)>团花树(Anthocephalus chinensis,0.84)和铁刀木(Cassia siamea,0.84)。旱季造成一些种类幼树出现落叶高峰,严重叶虫食也导致云南石梓在7～8月出现落叶高峰。叶虫食主要出现在雨季,团花树和云南石梓在干热期叶生长能减少昆虫取食,但此时铁刀木叶同步生长却不能降低食叶昆虫危害。6种幼树叶生长量年进程与叶虫食量年进程间存在正相关,其中望天树、金钩花、八宝树和团花树分别达到显著(p<0.05)或极显著(p<0.01)水平。望天树和金钩花在雨季初叶同步生长能减轻叶虫食。食叶昆虫偏爱取食幼叶,6种幼树平均幼叶的虫食量占总虫食量的72.9％,幼叶虫食速率平均为成熟叶的4.3倍。     

危害广西红树林的四种蓑蛾的发生和传播规律初探

通过对广西北海、山口、钦州、防城港4个红树林集中分布区蓑蛾发生情况进行调查,研究了不同蓑蛾发生规律、行为习性、耐水淹等特性。结果表明:小蓑蛾Acanthopsyche subferalbata Hampson的发生范围最广,褐蓑蛾Mahasena colona Sonan的发生范围最小;桐花树遭受蓑蛾危害最严重,木榄和红海榄的蓑蛾危害较轻,野外未发现蓑蛾危害老鼠勒和海漆;蓑蛾发生程度钦州>防城港>北海>山口,种群呈现以钦州为中心向东西2个海岸带扩散的规律。选择性取食试验、水淹试验和耐饥饿试验表明,蓑蛾属于杂食性昆虫,可取食多种红树植物,易在不同红树植物之间传播;4种蓑蛾耐水淹能力依次为:蜡彩蓑蛾Chalia larminati Heylaerts>小蓑蛾>白囊蓑蛾Chalioides kondonis Mats>褐蓑蛾,耐水淹能力与分布范围基本呈正相关;耐饥饿能力依次为:蜡彩蓑蛾>小蓑蛾>白囊蓑蛾>褐蓑蛾;4种蓑蛾初孵幼虫的爬行速度依次为:白囊蓑蛾>褐蓑蛾>蜡彩蓑蛾>小蓑蛾。     

青藏高原高寒草甸门源草原毛虫取食偏好及其与植物C、N含量的关系

草食性昆虫对不同植物物种的取食存在偏好,这种取食偏好可能受其自身对蛋白质和碳水化合物的需求及二者平衡的调节。以青藏高原高寒矮嵩草草甸31种常见植物及门源草原毛虫为对象,通过饲喂实验,研究了草食性昆虫对不同物种和不同功能群植物的取食偏好,及其与植物叶片C、N含量和C∶N之间的关系。在31种植物中,门源草原毛虫对19种植物进行了取食,尤其对矮嵩草、红棕薹草、藏异燕麦和垂穗披碱草四种植物表现出强烈的取食偏好,而对另外12种植物未进行任何取食。在物种水平上,门源草原毛虫取食量与植物叶片N含量呈显著负相关,与叶片C∶N呈正相关。从功能群水平上看,门源草原毛虫对莎草类的取食偏好最大,而对豆科植物取食偏好最低;相应地,莎草类植物叶片N含量最低、C∶N最高,而豆科植物叶片N含量最高、C∶N最低。因此,即使在土壤有效氮匮乏、植物生长受氮素限制的高寒草甸生态系统,植物体内N含量的增加也可能不利于草食性昆虫的取食。门源草原毛虫对优势植物矮嵩草和垂穗披碱草的取食对高寒矮嵩草草甸物种共存和生物多样性维持可能具有重要的作用。     

5种红树林植物叶片SPAD值比较

以5种红树林植物为研究材料,分析测试其叶片相对叶绿素含量(SPAD值),并比较红树林树种、样区对其叶片SPAD值的影响。结果表明,各样区、各树种以及单株之间SPAD值均存差异,对不同样区进行多重比较,可将其分为7类,5个红树林树种在叶绿素含量上差异较明显。各树种中以秋茄Kandelia obvolata最大(70.4),其次是红海榄Rhizophora stylosa (65.9)和木榄Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (62.9),白骨壤Avicennia marina为51.9,最小为桐花树Aegiceras corniculatum(48.6),树种平均为60.5。试验分析表明,树种因子效应极显著(P<0.01),强于样区因子效应,说明红树林树种是影响其叶片SPAD值的重要因子,同时也表明不同的立地环境条件对叶绿素含量存在影响。5种红树林植物叶片SPAD值均与其树高、基径生长性状存在显著正相关。     

Seasonal and diel variations in the activity of canopy insect herbivores differ between deciduous and evergreen plant species in a tropical dry forest

This study evaluated whether herbivorous insects can be expected to have particular adaptations to withstand the harsh dry season in tropical dry forests (TDFs). We specifically investigated a possible escape in space, with herbivorous insects moving to the few evergreen trees that occur in this ecosystem; and escape in time, with herbivores presenting an increased nocturnal rather than diurnal activity during the dry season. We determined the variation in the free-feeding herbivorous insects (sap-sucking and leaf chewing) between seasons (beginning and middle of both rainy and dry seasons), plant phenological groups (deciduous and evergreen trees) and diel period (diurnal and nocturnal) in a Brazilian TDF. We sampled a total of 5827 insect herbivores in 72 flight-interception traps. Contrary to our expectations, we found a greater herbivore diversity during the dry season, with low species overlap among seasons. In the dry season, evergreen trees supported greater richness and abundance of herbivores as compared to deciduous trees. Insects were also more active at night during the dry season, but no diel differences in insect abundance were detected during the rainy season. These results indicate that the strategies used by insect herbivores to withstand the severe climatic conditions of TDFs during the dry season include both small-scale escape in space and time, with evergreen trees playing a key role in maintaining resident insect herbivore populations in TDFs. Relatively more nocturnal activity during the dry season may be related to the avoidance of harsh climatic conditions during the day. We suggest that the few evergreen tree species occurring in the TDF landscape should be especially targeted for protection in this threatened ecosystem, given their importance for insect conservation.     

The abundance and trophic biology of Clarias albopunctatus Nichols & LaMonte, 1953 (Osteichthyes: Clariidae) in a tropical floodriver basin

The abundance, food and feeding biology of Clarias albopunctatus was studied over a period of 17 months in the lower River Anambra, Nigeria. The catfish was more abundant in late dry season (January–March) and early rainy season (April–June) than in other periods of the year in the small-sized Akwu pond than in other habitats. Feeding intensity was higher at night and at dawn (20.00–05.00 h) than during the day (08.00–17.00 h) in the 151–200 mm TL size class and during the rainy season (April–September). There was no sex-dependent variation in feeding intensity. Insects were the predominant food, followed by crustaceans. Of primary importance were Chironomidae (mainly Chironomus spp. and Tanypus sp.), Odonata nymphs, Dytiscus sp., mosquito larvae and pupae, Gyrinus sp., Daphnia sp., Ostracoda and Tilapia fry. Qualitative food composition and food richness were size, but not sex – or season-dependent. Diet breadth increased with catfish size and during the rainy season. The feeding behaviour of the catfish include foraging, shovelling and surface feeding. Abundant food and ability to switch to more available items enable C. albopunctatus to maintain its abundance in the River Anambra. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

广西的红树林

本文主要讨论广西沿海的红树林的植物种类成分、外貌、适应形态学特点、群落类型和演替规律,以及生产管理问题。 该地区的红树植物种类计有8科、12属、12种,以红树科植物占优势。群落类型有:白骨壤群落、桐花树群落、秋茄-桐花树群落、红海榄群落、木榄群落、木榄-桐花树群落、桐花树-海漆稀树群落和红海榄+秋茄-桐花树群落等。     

Nitrogen enrichment during decomposition of mangrove leaf litter in an east African coastal lagoon (Kenya): Relative importance of biological nitrogen fixation

In situ decomposition of senescent leaves of twoabundant mangrove species (Rhizophora mucronataLamarck and Ceriops tagal (Perr) C.B. Rob),enrichment of nitrogen and activity of dinitrogenfixing bacteria during decomposition were investigatedduring both rainy and dry seasons in a tropicalcoastal lagoon (Gazi, Kenya). Rates of leafdecomposition were higher for R. mucronata thanfor C. tagal and were highest, for both species,during rainy season. Rates of decomposition, expressedas percentage dry mass loss, over a decompositionperiod of 50 days was: C. tagal (rainy season),69%; C. tagal (dry season), 27%; R.mucronata (rainy season), 98%; and R.mucronata (dry season), 48%. High rainfall anddiurnal tidal inundation appear to enhance the leafdecomposition process. Maximum rates of nitrogenfixation were 380 nmol N₂ h^-1 g^-1 dw forC. tagal (rainy season), 78 nmolN₂ h^-1 g^-1 dw for C. tagal (dryseason), 390 nmol N₂ h^-1 g^-1 dw for R. mucronata (rainy season) and 189 nmolN₂ h^-1 g^-1 dw for R. mucronata (dry season). Although N₂ fixation rates werehighest during rainy season, total nitrogenimmobilised in the leaves was highest during the dryseason. Biological nitrogen fixation can account forbetween 13 to 21% of the maximum nitrogen immobilisedin the decaying mangrove leaves. Nitrogen fixation, asa source of allochthonous nitrogen, sustains anitrogen input to the mangrove ecosystem, which addssignificantly to the nitrogen input through leaflitterfall.     

Abundance and Leaf Damage Caused by Gall‐Inducing Insects in a Mexican Tropical Dry Forest1

We evaluated the temporal and spatial patterns of abundance and the amount of damage caused by gall‐inducing insects (GII) in deciduous and riparian habitats in a seasonal tropical dry forest in Mexico. Plants occurring in these habitats differ in their phenology and moisture availability. Deciduous habitats are seasonal and xeric, while riparian habitats are aseasonal and mesic. We found 37 GII species and each one was associated with a specific plant species. In total, 19 species (51.3%) were present in deciduous habitats, 13 species (35.2%) in riparian habitats, and only 5 species (13.5%) occurred in both. Abundance and leaf damage by GII were greater in deciduous than in riparian habitats during the wet season. For each GII species that occurred in both habitats, host plant species supported greater abundance and leaf damage by GII in deciduous habitats during the wet season. These results indicate a greater association of GII species with host plants in deciduous than in riparian habitats during the wet season. In riparian habitats, 11 plant species (61.1%) had greater density of GII in the dry than in the wet season. Similarly, leaf damage by GII was significantly greater in the dry than in the wet season in riparian habitats for 12 plant species (66.7%). Dry forest plants of riparian habitats presented two peaks of leaf‐flushing: GII colonized leaves produced in the first peak at the beginning of the wet season, and accumulated or recolonized leaves in the second peak at the beginning of the dry season. The levels of leaf damage by GII detected in this study in the rainy season were considerably higher than those obtained for folivorous insects in other neotropical forests, suggesting that this GII guild might have an important impact on their host plant species in this tropical community.     

Feeding habits of the mochokid Synodontis punctifer Daget, 1964, in the Bandama River,Côte d'Ivoire

The feeding habits of Synodontis punctifer were investigated in the basin of the Bandama River. Fish specimens were collected using gill nets in the rainy season (May–July 2009) and in the dry season (November 2008 to March 2009 and August 2009). In this article, the importance of the different prey types was assessed using the corrected occurrence and weight percentage. These values were used to calculate the index of preponderance for each taxonomic category. One hundred and ten specimens of S. punctifer were examined, nine stomachs were found empty (8.18%). A total of 39 different prey species belonging to seven major groups Insects, Crustacea, Rotifera, Molluscs, Other invertebrates, Other organisms and Macrophytes were identified in the stomach contents. The results showed that Macrophytes were the primary food item and Insects the secondary prey item. Other preys were recorded occasionally. At the rainy season, the main foods of S. punctifer were Macrophytes and during the dry season this species ate Insects and Macrophytes. The food composition varied between localities. In the riverine localities, specimen fed on 38 prey types. Twenty‐seven prey categories were consumed in the lacustrine. In terms of diet overlap, Schoener coefficient values were above the 0.6 limit (α = 0.99), indicating some high overlap.     

Stable soil pH of thai mangroves in dry and rainy seasons and its relation to zonal distribution of mangroves

Soil characteristics of mangrove forests at Amphur Laemngob, Trat Province, east Thailand were investigated in both dry andrainy seasons. Sonneratia alba, Avicennia alba andRhizophora mucronata mainly grew as seaward mangroves.Rhizophora apiculata, Ceriops tagal, Excoecaria agallocha andBruguiera gymnorrhiza grew as meso mangroves in most cases.Lumnitzera racemosa was found as a landward mangrove. The salinity of the soil in which these 8 species grew was significantly higher in the dry season than in the rainy season. Soil pH did not change irrespective of the season. Each species seemed to grow at inherent soil pH. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Sonneratia alba andAvicennia marina were found both in Japan and Thailand. The soil pH of each mangrove species was similar in Japan and Thailand. The soil salinity of each mangrove species in Japan was similar to that in Thailand in the dry season. It was suggested that soil pH and salinity in the dry season are the important factors governing the zonal distribution of mangroves.