草坪草生物技术研究进展

草坪草转基因方法主要有原生质体融合法,基因枪法和农杆菌介导法。抗生素（潮霉素,G418)和除草剂（bialaphos,ppt)都可用于草坪草也可能存在生态风险性。     

草坪草-高羊茅遗传育种研究进展

随着我国草坪业的快速发展 ,草坪草遗传育种工作越来越受到人们的关注。简要介绍了高羊茅的育种历史和现状 ,并对高羊茅植株再生体系的建立及遗传转化方面的研究进展进行了综述。此外 ,还提出了我国高羊茅育种的几点建议。     

枸杞生物技术研究进展

综述了国内外枸杞生物技术研究进展,包括了枸杞无性植株的再生、胚培养在育种中的应用;单倍体和多倍体,单细胞和原生质体培养技术;体细胞突变体筛选以及遗传转化再生植株的研究进展。     

结缕草生物技术研究进展

结缕草属植物具有耐干旱、耐盐和耐践踏等优良特性。最近的研究表明,基因转移与重组技术在结缕草遗传改良中具有巨大应用潜力;结缕草遗传连锁图谱构建取得重要进展;基因克隆和基因资源研究正在展开。结合当前有关结缕草生物技术研究现状,综述了结缕草基因工程和基因资源方面的研究进展,讨论了存在的问题并展望其前景。     

结缕草生物技术研究进展

结缕草属植物具有耐干旱、耐盐和耐践踏等优良特性。最近的研究表明,基因转移与重组技术在结缕草遗传改良中具有巨大应用潜力;结缕草遗传连锁图谱构建取得重要进展;基因克隆和基因资源研究正在展开。结合当前有关结缕草生物技术研究现状,综述了结缕草基因工程和基因资源方面的研究进展,讨论了存在的问题并展望其前景。     

草坪草育种研究进展 (综述)

介绍草坪草传统育种和转基因育种的历史与现状,概述草坪转基因育种的操作过程,对植物特别是草坪草转基因过程中存在的一些问题如基因丢失,基因沉默,基因流引起的转基因安全性等进行评述。     

水仙花生物技术研究进展(综述)

综述近年来水仙花生物技术的研究进展,包括水仙花离体植株再生、相关基因克隆与遗传转化及其在快繁、脱毒、遗传改良、种质资源保存以及次生代谢物质生产等方面的应用,并探讨该领域存在的问题。     

草坪草离体再生培养的研究现状及发展前景

草坪业是近年来我国兴起的一个新产业.草坪草的品质直接关系到草坪的质量和寿命.为了适应当前草坪业的需要,科学工作者不断寻求各种途径选育新品种.离体再生培养无疑是其中十分有效的手段之一.主要阐述了草坪草离体再生培养的研究意义和现状,并展望了离体再生培养应用于草坪草新品种选育的美好前景.     

草坪蒸散研究进展

草坪蒸散量是指导草坪合理灌溉的重要指标。自20世纪中叶以来,以节水为目的的草坪蒸散研究越来越受到人们的重视。草坪蒸散研究的内容主要包括相互关联的3个方面：草坪蒸散率的测定与比较,草坪蒸散机制的研究和草坪节水灌溉的研究。草坪蒸散率在不同草种间存在不同程度的差异。暖季型草坪草和冷季型草坪草相比普遍具有较低的草坪蒸散率。暖季型草坪草的夏季日平均最大蒸散率为3.0-9.0mm,而冷季型草坪草的为3.6-12.6mm。密度大,生长缓慢的杂交狗牙根、结缕草、野牛草和假俭草的耗水量很低,细羊茅的耗水量中等,而草地早熟禾、高羊茅、1年生早熟禾和匍匐剪股颖的耗水量很大。同种草坪草的不同品种的草坪蒸散率存在差异。有些草种内品种间差异的程度高达64％,不亚于种间。冷季型草坪草品种的蒸散率与留茬量显著相关,但环境因子对品种的蒸散率影响很大,品种的蒸散特性不稳定。与冷季型草坪草相比,暖季型草坪草的种内品种间蒸散率的差异和谐较小。草坪的冠层是草坪蒸散的一个主要外部条件,具有较低蒸散率的草坪往往具备高冠层阻力和低叶面积。土壤水分不受限制时,不同的暖季型草坪草种间的草坪蒸散率与叶片背面的气孔密度显著负相关。但在种内品种间没有表现出相关性。冷季型草坪草种间和种内的叶片气孔数目和草坪的蒸散率不相关。草坪的作物系数是确定最适灌溉量的关键参数,线性梯度灌溉系统比小型蒸渗仪提供的草坪作物系数更接近于实际。当草坪的质量维持在可接受的水平时,以彭曼公式推测的苜蓿的潜在蒸散量为参照蒸散量,高羊茅草坪的作物系数为0.60-0.80,草地早熟禾草坪的作物系数为0.50-0.80。基于草坪冠层温度的作物水分胁迫系数（CWSI）是确定灌溉时机的比较合理的指标。CWSI在不同的季节和不同的草种间表现不稳定,并且这种方法的节水效果也表现不一,还处于发展阶段。草坪蒸散的研究在我国几乎处于空白状态,开展我国的草坪蒸散研究,寻求适合的草坪节水途径已势在必行。     

我国暖季型草坪草锈病的研究进展

锈病是暖季型草坪草上的一种重要病害,可明显降低暖季型草坪草的观赏价值和使用价值.综述了目前我国暖季型草坪草锈病的病原物、症状及发生情况、发病规律以及防治方面的研究进展,对目前我国暖季型草坪草锈病研究中存在的问题加以分析,并对暖季型草坪草锈病研究前景加以展望.     

高羊茅转基因研究进展

高羊茅为很重要的多年生冷季型草坪草,生物技术在其品种改良中具有很大的应用潜力。本文对高羊茅植株再生体系的建立及遗传转化方面的研究进展进行了综述。同时,对高羊茅转基因研究中存在的问题和前景作了讨论。     

人参的遗传改良*

遗传改良是人参育种的重要手段之一,而遗传转化和再生体系的建立是开展人参遗传改良工作的前提和基础。人参植株再生可以通过器官发生和体细胞胚发生,间接体细胞胚发生是人参植株再生的主要途径,从不同外植体,不同碳源,体细胞胚优化和无激素再生等方面进行了综述。在人参遗传转化方面,发根农杆菌和根癌农杆菌对人参的遗传转化均已成功,人参皂苷合成途径中的关键酶基因和抗除草剂基因也已陆续导入人参,得到了遗传改良的转化人参。发根培养系统可用于大量生产人参皂苷,讨论了rolC基因对人参发根诱导的作用,发根植株再生能力及生物反应器培养,最后指出了人参基因工程研究中存在的问题。     

月季的植株再生及遗传转化研究进展

本文对近20年月季植株再生和转基因研究进展进行了较为系统的回顾和总结.月季通过器官和体细胞胚发生途径都能再生植株,但遗传转化主要是利用体细胞胚发生途径.通过农杆菌介导法和基因枪法,外源基因如报告基因、抗病基因和改变花色的基因等已转化成功.文章还对今后月季转基因研究的方向进行了讨论.     

蓖麻生物工程研究进展

蓖麻是一种高蓄能植物和工业原料植物,具有很大的开发利用价值。本文从组织培养和遗传转化两个方面并结合本实验室的工作综述了蓖麻生物工程研究的最新进展。在蓖麻组织培养方面,不同的外植体中以成熟种子的胚轴最适宜,而在不同激素中以TDZ诱导丛生芽的效率最高,并以此为基础建立了蓖麻离体再生体系。在遗传转化方面,不同的转化方法中以农杆菌介导法最适合蓖麻转化。蓖麻胚轴对卡那霉素不敏感,潮霉素是蓖麻转化的适宜筛选剂。文中指出了蓖麻生物工程研究中存在的问题,并对应用生物技术培育蓖麻新品种和促进蓖麻生产的可能性进行了讨论。     

Development of highly regenerable callus lines and biolistic transformation of turf-type common bermudagrass [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cynodon dactylon</Emphasis> (L.) Pers.]

Common bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon, is a widely used warm-season turf and forage species in the temperate and tropical regions of the world. Improvement of bermudagrass via biotechnology depends on improved tissue culture responses, especially in plant regeneration, and a successful scheme to introduce useful transgenes. When the concentration of 6-benzylaminopurine was adjusted in the culture medium, yellowish, compact calluses were observed from young inflorescence tissue culture of var. J1224. Nine long-term, highly regenerable callus lines (including a suspension-cultured line) were subsequently established, of which six were used for biolistic transformation. Five independent transgenic events, with four producing green plants, were obtained following hygromycin B selection from one callus line. Three transgenic events displayed resistance to the herbicide glufosinate, and one of these showed -glucuronidase activity since the co-transformation vector used in the experiments contained both the gusA and bar genes.Abbreviations ABA Abscisic acid - BAP 6-Benzylaminopurine - 2,4-D 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - GA ₃ Gibberellic acid - GUS -Glucuronidase - hph Hygromycin phosphate transferase - hyg B Hygromycin B - NAA -Naphthaleneacetic acid - SEC Somatic embryo cluster Communicated by P. Ozias-Akins     

Plant regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of cotyledon explants of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.

The effect of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) alone or in combination with naphthaleneacetic acid or indoleacetic acid on the morphogenetic response of cotyledon explants of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. was tested. The best results were obtained with a medium containing 25 μm 6-BA, which yielded organogenic calli at a frequency of 81.8%. When these organogenic calli were transferred to elongation medium (basal medium supplemented with 0.5 μm 6-BA), 80% produced well-developed shoots. These shoots rooted normally when cultured on rooting medium containing indolebutyric acid at 2.5 or 5.0 μm. Plants grew to maturity under greenhouse conditions and gave normal fruits. Cotyledon explants were transformed by cocultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 carrying the binary vector pBI121 which bears the reporter gene β-glucuronidase (gus) and the marker gene neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII). Transformants were selected for growth capacity on medium with 100 mgl^–1 of kanamycin. On the basis of β-glucuronidase expression, the transformation frequency was 14.2%. Molecular characterization by polymerase chain reaction confirmed the presence of the two genes transferred (gus, nptII) in the transgenic plants. Sexual transmission of both genes was also confirmed by studying their expression in progenies from several transgenic plants. Received: 9 May 1996 / Revision received: 3 December 1996 / Accepted: 20 January 1997     

Consistent and stable expression of the nptII, uidA and bar genes in transgenic Pinus radiata after Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation using nurse cultures

An Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation protocol has been developed for embryogenic cell cultures of Pinus radiata. Transgenic lines were only produced when embryogenic tissue was placed on nurse tissue during the Agrobacterium co-cultivation and recovery stages of the procedure. Plantlets were regenerated via somatic embryogenesis from ten of the 11 transgenic lines tested and at least 20 of each line were planted in a GMO glasshouse. Expression of the nptII, uidA and bar genes in up to ten plants of each individual transgenic line was evaluated by molecular, biochemical and functional analysis. As expected, expression of the nptII gene varied among the ten lines, while within ten replicates of the same line, nptII expression appeared to be consistent, with the exception of one line, K3. Likewise, the level of GUS activity varied among transgenic lines, but was relatively consistent in plants derived from the same tissue, except for two lines, G4 and G5. Moreover, similar absolute values and pattern of gene expression of uidA was observed in the transgenic plants, for two consecutive years. Plantlets from eight lines survived a spray treatment with the equivalent of 2 kg/ha and 4 kg/ha of the commercial formulation Buster, whereas non-transformed controls died. Southern hybridisation analysis of embryogenic tissue and green needle tissue from putative transgenic lines demonstrated a relatively low number of gene insertions (from one to nine) of both the bar and nptII genes in the nine transgenic lines tested.