花生基因工程

建立花生遗传转化和高效植株再生系统是花生基因工再生技术和基因转化体系的完善,已获得抗病、抗虫和提高品质的转基因花生植株,取得了突破性进展.农杆菌介导法和微弹介导法是花生基因工程的主要方法.     

高羊茅和其他羊茅植株再生与遗传转化研究进展

高羊茅、紫羊茅和草地羊茅均为很重要的多年生冷季型牧草与草坪草,生物技术在其品种改良中具有很大的应用潜力.30年来,三种羊茅的组织培养、胚性培养物的长期保存以及遗传转化等研究取得了较大进展,已建立起多种植株再生体系和遗传转化技术,但作为单子叶植物,这些草种的组织培养和转基因遗传改良也还存在一些问题.本文就以上几方面的内容进行了综述.     

高羊茅转基因研究进展

高羊茅为很重要的多年生冷季型草坪草,生物技术在其品种改良中具有很大的应用潜力。本文对高羊茅植株再生体系的建立及遗传转化方面的研究进展进行了综述。同时,对高羊茅转基因研究中存在的问题和前景作了讨论。     

高羊茅和其他羊茅植株再生与遗传转化研究进展

高羊茅、紫羊茅和草地羊茅均为很重要的多年生冷季型牧草与草坪草,生物技术在其品种改良中具有很大的应用潜力。30年来,三种羊茅的组织培养、胚性培养物的长期保存以及遗传转化等研究取得了较大进展,已建立起多种植株再生体系和遗传转化技术,但作为单子叶植物,这些草种的组织培养和转基因遗传改良也还存在一些问题。本文就以上几方面的内容进行了综述。     

甘蓝型油菜的遗传转化

甘蓝型油菜的各种外植体经遗传转化、组织培养后可以再生为转基因植株,但再生频率会因外植体的基因型、年龄、培养基添加成分和农杆菌共培养的不同而发生变化。转化方法包括农杆菌介导转化、基因枪法、花粉介导法、PEG介导法等,其应用前景非常广阔。甘蓝型油菜的遗传转化在其品质改良、抗逆性提高、雄性不育系的获得和一些特殊性状方面都取得了很大成就。简要介绍甘蓝型油菜的再生体系建立、转化方法及所取得的部分成就。     

基因枪在水稻遗传转化中的应用及其转化技术的优化

1983年Zambryski等人用根瘤农杆菌介导法进行烟草基因转移,获得了世界上首例转基因植株.随后,应用DNA直接导入技术如电击法(electroporation)和PEG介导法(PEG—mediated)成功地获得了转基因水稻植株.近年来,随着基因枪技术的建立和发展,水稻遗传转化成功的报道逐年增多.目前基因枪技术在植物遗传转化中的应用超过了根瘤农杆菌介导和其它转化方法的应用.这是因为基因枪转化技术不受植物种类的限制,不需要以原生质体作为转化的受体,可以将外源基因直接导入细胞、组织或器官,因而克服了根瘤农杆菌     

草坪草-高羊茅遗传育种研究进展

随着我国草坪业的快速发展 ,草坪草遗传育种工作越来越受到人们的关注。简要介绍了高羊茅的育种历史和现状 ,并对高羊茅植株再生体系的建立及遗传转化方面的研究进展进行了综述。此外 ,还提出了我国高羊茅育种的几点建议。     

霉酚酸产生菌原生质体转基因方法的建立

摘要:【目的】建立霉酚酸产生菌短密青霉菌的遗传转化体系。【方法】以腐草霉素抗性为选择标记,利用聚乙二醇介导原生质体融合,进行外源基因转化。【结果】聚乙二醇介导的短密青霉菌原生质体转化效率为每微克DNA 2－3个转化子;转化子的PCR检测结果显示外源基因已经整合到短密青霉菌基因组中,转化子抗性稳定。【结论】霉酚酸产生菌短密青霉菌转基因体系的建立为该菌进行分子生物学研究以及基因工程育种奠定了基础。     

PEG法介导转化诸葛菜下胚轴原生质体获得转基因植株

采用诸葛菜无菌苗的下胚轴组织为材料,分离原生质体,在原生质体培养基中作液体浅层暗培养,植板率为５％,植株再生频率为１００％。作者进而开展了遗传转化研究。为研究ＰＥＧ介导转化诸葛菜原生质体的影响因素,通过瞬间表达,实验了ＰＥＧ法转化子叶原生质体的过程,在此基础上将分离纯化后的原生质体与带ＨＰＴ基因的质粒ＤＮＡ（ｐＢＩ２２２）混合,ＨＰＴ基因作选择标记,ＰＥＧ介导转化;重新收集转化后的原生质体,以５×１０４／ｍｌ的密度在原生质体培养基中作浅层培养;培养１０—１５天后用２５ｍｇ／Ｌ的潮霉素（ｈｙｇｒｏｍｙｃｉｎ）进行筛选,一月后出现少量细胞团,转入含潮霉素５０ｍｇ／Ｌ的扩增培养基扩增愈伤组织,进而转入含５０—１００ｍｇ／Ｌ潮霉素的分化培养基诱导分化成苗,分化率为１００％,转入生根培养基中生根成完整植株。抗性植株再生率为４×１０（－５）。在获得再生转基因植株后,以再生植株叶片为材料,进行Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ分子杂交,证实外源基因已稳定整合到植物基因组中并表达,再生转基因植株频率为１０（－５）。国内外首次转化诸葛菜属植物原生质体获得成功。     

植物遗传转化新技术和新方法

目前通过遗传转化技术获得了许多植物的转基因植株,一些重要农作物转基因新品种已进入产业化阶段,展现出极好的应用前景。但随着研究的不断深入,在如何提高遗传转化效率和转基因安全性等方面,一些新的技术和方法不断出现并得到应用,如胚状体再生系统、叶绿体转化系统、超声波辅助农杆菌介导法、位点特异重组MATvector系统、正选择系统以及新的转基因分子检测方法,使遗传转化技术向高效、安全方向发展,新一代的转基因植物也将会更适应人们和生态环境的需求。     

草坪植物遗传转化的研究进展

从草坪植物组织培养与植株再生体系的建立、转基因的研究现状以及转基因育种的应用前景和存在的问题入手,综述了近年来草坪植物遗传转化的研究进展,并对草坪植物遗传转化的几种主要方法作了较为详细的阐述。     

草坪草生物技术研究进展

草坪草转基因方法主要有原生质体融合法,基因枪法和农杆菌介导法。抗生素（潮霉素,G418)和除草剂（bialaphos,ppt)都可用于草坪草也可能存在生态风险性。     

Genetic transformation of sugar beet: evolution of theoretical and experimental approaches

The review is dedicated to several aspects of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) biotechnology: in vitro cultivation, callus induction, plant regeneration and genetic transformation. Media composition, methods of plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis and protoplast culture are analysed. The use of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and gold particle bombardment is the base for modern genetic transformation methods.     

亚麻生物技术研究进展

简要综述了近几年有关亚麻应用和基础研究的进展,重点介绍了亚麻组织细胞的再生、体细胞发生、原生质体分离培养、细胞悬浮培养、花药培养,以及亚麻转基因技术的研究成果,讨论了目前在亚麻研究中出现的问题。     

利用植物悬浮培养细胞进行蛋白质快速定位分析的方法

稳定遗传表达分析是一种植物中常用的整体解析基因的方式。有多种转化方式可供选择,也可根据所需要的获得的转基因植物材料选择受体材料。但是由于稳定遗传转化周期较长且大部分材料不适合于进行荧光观察,所以在一些基因的研究中逐渐被瞬时表达分析系统。虽然瞬时表达分析用时短,但是转化效率受到多方面的限制,转化材料无法保存。目前由于植物悬浮培养细胞材料均一,增殖迅速并且可以满足大批量研究需求逐渐成为植物研究中的热点材料。以此同时,在亚细胞定位方面,悬浮培养细胞还是良好的应用材料。采用农杆菌介导法进行植物悬浮培养细胞的转化中方法较为成熟,但是获得纯净的转基因细胞系的转化周期较长。在本研究中针对上述问题我们建立了一种转化时间短,转化效率高的植物悬浮培养细胞稳定遗传转化体系。同时将这个体系应用到基因的亚细胞定位当中进行蛋白质快速定位分析。     

Genetic transformation technology: Status and problems

Summary Transfer of genes from heterologous species provides the means of selectively introducing new traits into crop plants and expanding the gene pool beyond what has been available to traditional breeding systems. With the recent advances in genetic engineering of plants, it is now feasible to introduce into crop plants, genes that have previously been inaccessible to the conventional plant breeder, or which did not exist in the crop of interest. This holds a tremendous potential for the genetic enhancement of important food crops. However, the availability of efficient transformation methods to introduce foreign DNA can be a substantial barrier to the application of recombinant DNA methods in some crop plants. Despite significant advances over the past decades, development of efficient transformation methods can take many years of painstaking research. The major components for the development of transgenic plants include the development of reliable tissue culture regeneration systems, preparation of gene constructs and efficient transformation techniques for the introduction of genes into the crop plants, recovery and multiplication of transgenic plants, molecular and genetic characterization of transgenic plants for stable and efficient gene expression, transfer of genes to elite cultivars by conventional breeding methods if required, and the evaluation of transgenic plants for their effectiveness in alleviating the biotic and abiotic stresses without being an environmental biohazard. Amongst these, protocols for the introduction of genes, including the efficient regeneration of shoots in tissue cultures, and transformation methods can be major bottlenecks to the application of genetic transformation technology. Some of the key constraints in transformation procedures and possible solutions for safe development and deployment of transgenic plants for crop improvement are discussed.     

High frequency plant regeneration from rice protoplasts by novel nurse culture methods

Summary Novel nurse culture methods have been developed for plant regeneration from protoplasts of rice (Oryza sativa). The nurse culture methods use the agarose-bead type culture in combination with actively growing nurse cells that are either in the liquid part of the culture or inside a culture plate insert placed in the centre of the dish. Protoplasts isolated from either primary seed calluses or suspension cultures of various callus origins, divided and formed colonies with a frequency of up to 10% depending on the protoplast source and the genotype. The presence of nurse cells was absolutely required for the induction of protoplast division. Plants were regenerated from protoplast-derived calluses of five tested cultivars with a frequency of 17%–50%. Close examination of the plant regeneration process suggested that plants are regenerated through somatic embryogenesis from protoplast-derived calluses. Over 300 protoplast-derived plants were transferred to either pots or the field and are being examined for karyotypic stability and various plant phenotypes.     

The ectopic expression of apple <Emphasis Type="Italic">MYB1</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">bHLH3</Emphasis> differentially activates anthocyanin biosynthesis in tobacco

Two direct DNA transfer methods, biolistic transformation and a protoplast transformation approach using the INRA-clone 717 1B4 (Populus tremula?×?P. alba), are applied to poplars and compared. Both the in vitro culture and the transformation parameters were optimized to receive a maximum quantity of transformed cells to achieve a stable transformation. For the first time, the stable integration of gfp and dsred in the poplar genome and their expression as visual reporter genes in regenerated plantlets can be shown. For biolistic transformation, stem segments cut lengthwise and incubated for 10 days on a callus induction medium revealed the highest number of transient Gfp- and dsRed signals. After optimization of the in vitro culture parameter, Gfp and dsRed-expressing transgenic poplars were regenerated, proven by PCR and Southern blot analysis. For protoplast transformation, the focus was initially on the development of a highly efficient protoplast isolation and plant regeneration system. Using an enzyme solution consisting of 1.0% cellulase R10 and 0.24% macerozyme, 1?×?10⁷ protoplasts were obtained from 1 g fresh weight leaves. Following incubation of the protoplasts in 600 mOsm culture medium, a high number of microcalli were obtained, from which plantlets were regenerated. The parameters for isolation and regeneration were then complemented by an efficient protoplast transformation protocol with 40% PEG₁₅₀₀. The results of this study confirm that both the biolistic and the protoplast transformation methods can be considered suitable for transferring cisgenes directly into poplar.     

Biotechnology Applications for Sugar Beet

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is an important industrial crop, being one of only two plant sources from which sucrose (i.e., sugar) can be economically produced. Despite its relatively short period of cultivation (ca. 200 years), its yield and quality parameters have been significantly improved by conventional breeding methods. However, during the last two decades or so, advanced in vitro culture and genetic transformation technologies have been incorporated with classical breeding programs, the main aim being the production of herbicide-and salt-tolerant, disease- and pest-resistant cultivars. Among the many applications of in vitro culture techniques, sugar beet has benefited the most from haploid plant production, protoplast culture, and somaclonal variation and in vitro cell selection. Several genetic transformation technologies have been developed, such as Agrobacterium-meditated, PEG-mediated, particle bombardment, electroporation, sonication and somatic hybridization, the first two being the most successful. Development of herbicide- and salt-tolerant, virus-, pest/nematode-, fungus/Cercospora- and insect-resistant sugar beet has been demonstrated. However, only herbicide-tolerant varieties have been approved for commercialization but not yet available in the marketplace; rhizomania-resistant varieties are being evaluated in field trials. Transgenic plants that convert sucrose into fructan, a polymer of fructose, were also developed. Initial attempts to increase sucrose yields produced promising results, but it still requires additional work. Despite marked progress in improving regeneration and transformation of sugar beet, genotype dependence and low regeneration and transformation frequencies are still serious restrictions for routine application of in vitro culture and, more importantly, transformation technologies. Selected food safety and environmental impact, as well as regulatory and public acceptance issues relating to transgenic sugar beet are also discussed.     

Plant cell and biotechnology studies in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Linum usitatissimum</Emphasis> – a review

The species Linum usitatissimum (flax/linseed) has been the focus of a great deal of both basic and applied research effort in plant cell and biotechnology studies in recent years. In this review we consider applications of the techniques of plant biotechnology in this species under several distinct headings. Plant cell and tissue regeneration strategies and applications are discussed, and the applications of the techniques of somatic embryogenesis, protoplast isolation, culture and fusion and cell suspension cultures in this species are described. A major area of study is the use of anther and microspore culture where clear advantages to breeding programmes could be applied. In addition, embryo and ovary culture studies have resulted in significant findings. The more recent technologies of gene transfer and expression by genetic transformation are reviewed, and a section on strategies for improvements in technological quality is also included. Finally we propose conclusions and future prospects for this ancient, but still highly relevant crop.