油松球果小卷蛾成虫的产卵选择

油松球果小卷蛾Gravitarmata margarotana(Heinemann)是广泛分布的一种松属球果和枝梢害虫,在我国北方油松良种基地主要危害油松球果。用油松和华山松球果做产卵选择试验,以及2树种球果浸提液对产卵影响的结果表明,油松球果对产卵雌虫具有更强的引诱作用;不同油松球果类型的着卵量结果表明,红色球果类型的着卵量显著高于绿色球果类型,并且同一颜色球果,有刺类型的着卵量多于无刺类型。球果挥发成分结果表明,油松球果挥发成分有6个组分,而华山松球果挥发成分只有5个组分,与油松球果相比,无β-非兰烯组分;油松不同株系类型球果挥发成分只表现出含量上的差异。     

落叶松（Larix gemelinii）苗挥发物两种收集方法的对比分析

采用预浓缩和固相微萃取(SPME)2种方法对2年生兴安落叶松苗挥发物成分进行采集并做GC-MS分析.结果表明,落叶松苗挥发物主要成分为萜烯类化合物,其中α-蒎烯、4(10)-侧柏烯、莰烯、β-蒎烯、D-柠檬烯和β-水芹烯所占比例较高;整株、针叶和树皮挥发物的组成和含量存在差异,针叶中饱和烷烃含量较高,树皮中倍半萜烯、醇、酮和酯类挥发物含量较高,并且这2种组织经SPME采集检测的挥发物中石竹烯和α-蛇麻烯含量增加幅度较大,它们可能在昆虫近距离寄主定位中起作用.对2种气体收集方法的分析比较,认为预浓缩结果接近落叶松挥发物组分和含量的自然特征,SPME受萃取头纤维特性的影响,对倍半萜稀类化合物吸附作用强,对烷烃吸附差,并且不同化合物的同时存在可能影响其吸附效率,导致检测量准确度下降,因此预浓缩法更适合植物挥发物定性和定量分析.     

植物挥发性物质对落叶松球果花蝇的驱避效果

为研究外源植物挥发性物质对落叶松球果花蝇（Strobilomyia spp.）对寄主定位的干扰作用,在哈尔滨市和大兴安岭加格达奇兴安落叶松（Larix gmelinii）种子园,用松节油、樟脑、丁香油进行了室内生测和林间喷施试验。在室内,球果花蝇对1％松节油的反应率为94.23％,与1％丁香油、3％松节油、20％丁香油相比差异显著;对1％樟脑的反应率为87.92％。球果花蝇对2％丁香油的反应率最低,仅为16.30％。在室内及林间,1％松节油及1％樟脑对球果花蝇都表现为驱避作用。1％松节油及其对照对球果花蝇的驱避效果最好,平均每果虫数较清水对照的3.51分别降低了2.85和2.66,使球果被害率降低了57.0％和46.2％,种子被害率分别降低了24.7％和27.7％。其次是1％脑及其对照,每果虫数较清水对照降低了1.83和1.44个,球果被害率分别降低了9.0％和30.7％,种子被害率分别下降了12.2％和26.9％。1％丁香油对花蝇在室内表现为诱引作用,在林间表现为驱避作用。在喷施3种挥发性物质及其对照后,各个处理的球果挥发性物质主要组分的总量都较清水对照增加,各处理的α-蒎烯相对含量较清水对照大幅度降低,降低幅度在13.56％-24.83％之间;各处理的β-罗勒烯都有不同程度的增加。β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、月桂烯、水芹烯的相对含量在各处理中升降不一。     

资源冷杉与元宝山冷杉针叶精油成分的比较

为比较极小种群野生植物资源冷杉(Abies ziyuanensis)和元宝山冷杉(A. yuanbaoshanensis)针叶精油化学组成成分,该文利用水蒸气蒸馏法提取资源冷杉和元宝山冷杉针叶精油,采用GC-MS分析确定其精油化学物质成分,并基于峰面积归一化法计算各组分相对含量。结果表明:分别从资源冷杉和元宝山冷杉针叶精油中鉴定出化学物质21种和22种,其中15种为两种冷杉共有成分;烯烃类物质是资源冷杉和元宝山冷杉针叶精油中含量最高的组分,占比分别为95.94%和95.02%。两种冷杉共有成分中β-蒎烯、1-石竹烯、莰烯、α-石竹烯和异松油烯具有较大开发利用价值;非共有成分方面,资源冷杉中α-松油醇和α-蒎烯以及元宝山冷杉中α-依兰油烯和叶醇均具有较大开发利用价值。以上结果为开发利用两种冷杉针叶精油提供了理论依据。     

珠兰花挥发成分的分离与鉴定

用改进的循环吹气吸附法捕集珠兰鲜花的顶空挥发物,溶剂冼脱后用 GC/Ms 分析,在两种毛细管色谱拄上(OV-101,PEG-20M)利用质谱和程序升温保留指数鉴定化合物。共鉴定了32种成分,包括11种单萜烯,11种倍半萜烯,7种含氧化合物。主要成分有顺-茉莉酮酸甲酯、顺-β-罗勒烯和β-蒎烯。     

不同采收期栽培宽叶羌活挥发性成分的研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取不同采收时间(5、6、7、8和9月)栽培宽叶羌活药材中的挥发油,测定其含量;通过GC-MS对挥发油成分进行了分析鉴定,并采用面积归一化法计算各组分的相对含量。实验结果表明,不同采收时间,栽培宽叶羌活挥发油含量存在差异,以8月份采收的药材挥发油含量最高;挥发油经GC-MS分析,共鉴定出39个化合物,有31种共有成分;对共有组分进行主成分分析显示,香桧烯、α-蒎烯、莰烯、β-蒎烯、γ-萜品烯、乙酸龙脑酯、α-红没药醇等15种成分可作为挥发油季节变化的特征组分。不同季节采集的羌活生药材,其挥发油含量和成分具有一定的差别,在一定程度上反映了其药用价值的微妙差异,可为羌活药材药理药用价值的进一步开发利用提供一定的参考。     

光果莸和粘叶莸挥发油烯烃部分化学成分的研究

利用毛细管气相色谱和毛细管气相色谱-质谱-计算机联用技术,对光果莸和粘叶莸挥发油的烯烃部分进行了分离和鉴定。十二个单萜烃为:α-(艹守)烯、α-蒎烯、莰烯、桧烯、β-蒎烯、香叶烯、α-松油烯、对繖花烃、柠檬烯、β-罗勒烯-y、β-水芹烯和萜品油烯;九个倍半萜烃为:α-荜橙茄烯、α-(王古)王巴烯、α-雪松烯、β-石竹烯、v-杜松烯、l-香木兰烯、α-葎草烯、β-红没药烯和δ-杜松烯。并测得了各化合物的含量。     

巨尾桉不同树龄及染虫状态桉叶油的成分分析

为了考察树龄、虫害与巨尾桉叶油成分的相互关系,更好的开发桉树资源,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取不同树龄(4~6年生)巨尾桉叶油,用GC-MS法对巨尾桉叶油主要化学成分进行鉴定,分析不同树龄和染虫状态的桉叶油成分变化规律。结果表明,随着树龄增加,桉叶油总量逐年增加;生长年限不同,桉叶油中物质的组成及相对含量存在差异。主要成分相对含量变化情况为:桉油醇、乙酸松油酯含量随树龄逐年上升;d-柠檬烯、α-蒎烯相对含量在4到5年达到峰值,5年后开始下降;莰烯、β-蒎烯和α-松油醇逐年下降。被云斑天牛感染的林地,桉油醇、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、莰烯呈相对下降趋势,而d-柠檬烯、α-松油醇、乙酸松油酯的含量上升。     

不同方法收集番茄叶挥发性物质的GC/MS指纹图谱比较

以番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum）叶为材料．分别采用溶媒萃取、水蒸气蒸馏、气体吸附法收集挥发性物质;气相色谱-质谱联用技术分离鉴定挥发组分。结果表明,3种收集方式共获得19种挥发性组分．其中的14种组分相同．且多为主要组分。水蒸气蒸馏法获得的挥发性物质总含量最高,为27．13μg FW;其次是气体吸附法．为23．38μg FW,溶媒萃取法获得的最少,仅为12．40μg FW。溶媒萃取法共获得15种挥发组分．含量最高的组分为β-水芹烯。水蒸气蒸馏法获得18种组分．含量最高的组分为（E）-2-己烯醛。气体吸附法获得17种组分．含量最高的组分为（E）-2-己烯醛。不同方法所获各组分的相对含量和绝对含量均不同．可根据研究目的综合分析运用。     

滨海前胡不同部位挥发油化学成分GC-MS分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法分别提取滨海前胡Peucedanum japonicum根、茎叶、花及果实中挥发油,使用GC-MS分析挥发油并鉴定其化学成分,比较不同部位挥发油的化学成分及含量差异。结果显示,从根、茎叶、花和果实挥发油中分别鉴定出58、36、40和45种化学成分, 分别占各部位挥发油总量的95.60%、98.03%、95.82%和95.36%。四个部位共鉴定出79个化学成分, 其中有相同化合物20种,主要成分为α-侧柏烯、α-蒎烯、β-月桂烯、β-蒎烯等。     

Phenology and anatomy of the reproductive phase of Abies pinsapo Boiss. (Pinaceae)

Phenology and anatomy of the reproductive phase of Abies pinsapo were studied. Male cones and female cones were differentiated in the autumn, and the dormant microsporangia contained pollen mother cells (PMCs) in the premeiotic stage. The male cones broke dormancy at the end of February when the pollen mother cells began meiosis. Pollen grains were shed at the five-celled stage at the end of April-early May. The female cones broke dormancy in mid-April. Anthesis took place at the end of April. No micropylar-pollination droplet was observed. After pollination the female cones developed quickly. The most important loss of cones occurred during the pollination period. The number of archegonia varied from one to three but two was most common. Fertilization took place at the end of June. The embryos developed during the summer, and seeds were dispersed in autumn. The results are discussed in relation to other conifers.     

Clasping structure in the double cone of the retina of the turtle (Gyoclemys reevesii)

Summary The double cone of the turtle retina was reconstructed three-dimensionally from electron micrographs of 400 serial sections. Cytoplasm of the accessory cone extends bilaterally to surround the principal cone incompletely. The cytoplasmic extensions are 0.1 m in width and 2 m in length at their longest portions. They arise at approximately the median portion of the ellipsoid (consisting of mitochondria) and terminate at the level of the outer limiting membrane. The possible function of these extensions as a clasping structure is discussed.     

Photoreceptors and cone patterns in the retina of the smelt Osmerus eperlanus (L.) (Osmeridae: Teleostei)

The outer retina of the smelt Osmerus eperlanus, a visually orientated plankton feeder, of Lake Hiidenvesi (Finland), was examined using both light and transmission electron microscopy. Apart from rods, six morphologically different cone photoreceptor types were identified: short single cones, long single cones, unequal/equal double cones and triple cones (triangular and linear variety). Additionally, in the dorsal region, multiple cone arrangements consisting of up to five members occur. Long single cones and triple cones were observed only sporadically throughout the retina. The incidence of short single cones as a regular element of the cone mosaic is restricted to the ventrotemporal area. The dominant pattern in the Osmerus retina is a pure or a twisted row pattern occurring in all regions. Ventrotemporally, however, square patterns were found as well. The highest cone densities occur in the peripheral ventrotemporal retina. These results indicate that the ventrotemporal region plays an important role in the vision of the smelt. The findings are discussed with respect to the photic habitat conditions and behavioural ecology of the smelt in Lake Hiidenvesi.     

远东地区影响针叶树天然更新的球果种实害虫———球果花蝇 (双翅目 :花蝇科)( 英文)

球果花蝇是远东地区的重要球果种实害虫。尤其是在我国东北地区 ,由于球果花蝇的危害已严重影响了落叶松种子产量 ,进而影响到落叶松的造林与更新。本文系统地总结了近些年危害落叶松、云杉、冷杉种实的球果花蝇的研究进展及存在的问题。文中还涵括了作者的一些原始研究数据和尚未发表的新结果。     

远东地区影响针叶树天然更新的球果种实害虫——球果花蝇（双翅目：花蝇科）

球果花蝇是远东地区的重要球果种实害虫。尤其是在我国东北地区,由于球果花蝇的危害已严重影响了落叶松种子产量,进而影响到落叶松的造林与更新。本文系统地总结了近些年危害落叶松、云杉、冷杉种实的球果花蝇的研究进展及存在的问题。文中还涵括了作者的一些原始研究数据和尚未发表的新结果。     

Genetic depletion of brain 5HT reveals a common molecular pathway mediating compulsivity and impulsivity

The repellent semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) causes growth cone turning or collapse by triggering cytoskeletal rearrangements and detachment of adhesion sites. Growth cone detachment is dependent on eicosanoid activation of protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε), but the characterization of the phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2) ) that releases arachidonic acid (AA) for eicosanoid synthesis has remained elusive. Here, we show, in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, that Sema3A stimulates PLA(2) activity, that Sema3A-induced growth cone turning and collapse are dependent on the release of AA, and that the primary PLA(2) involved is the group IV α isoform (GIVA). Silencing GIVA expression renders growth cones resistant to Sema3A-induced collapse, and GIVA inhibition reverses Sema3A-induced repulsion into attraction. These studies identify a novel, early step in Sema3A-signaling and a PLA(2) necessary for growth cone repulsion and collapse.     

长白落叶松生殖生物学特性研究──Ⅰ．球花芽分化与早期发育

本文研究了长白落叶松（ＬａｒｉｘｏｌｇｅｎｓｉｓＨｅｎｒｙ）大小孢子叶球的分化及其分布规律．获得如下结果：（１）６月下旬芽鳞形成期终止,７月初进入小孢子叶分化期,７月未至８月上旬小孢子叶分化期结束．８月上旬进入小孢子囊分化期,８月下旬出现造孢细胞,９月中旬形成小孢子母细胞．１０月底小孢子母细胞保持在细线期阶段,小孢子叶球进入冬季休眠期．（２）９月初苞片原基开始形成,９月中旬珠鳞原基形成;１０月上旬出现胚珠原始体,１０月下旬大孢子母细胞形成,１０月底大孢子叶球芽进入冬季休眠．（３）小孢子叶球芽主要分布在树冠的中、下部．数量上远远大于大孢子叶球芽的数量,约为大孢子叶球芽的１９倍。大孢子叶球芽主要集中分布在树冠中部,而且树冠下部多于树冠上部。     

A developmental variant of indentation in the scales of female cones of Cupressus sempervirens L.

A developmental variant, in which the contact zone between female cone scales is ectopically expressed in many female cones of Cupressus sempervirens , is common in trees growing in Israel. There are two phenotypes: type A with grooves emerging from the contact zone between two scales, and type B with a blind groove in the inner area of a scale. Some scales show a combination of both. These structures are formed constantly, but in different proportions in individual cones, trees and populations. Within the cone, more ectopic indentations are found in the basal scales. The female cones of other members of the Cupressaceae examined, namely Cupressus macrocarpa, C. arizonica and Thuja orientalis , did not have ectopic indentations.     

柏科4个属(Fokienia、Cupressus、Chamaeyparis 和Juniperus)植物雌球果的发育

通过扫描电镜和常规石蜡切片技术,观察了柏科4个属(Fokienia、Cupressus、Chamaeyparis 和Juniperus)植物雌球果中胚珠的发育及苞片的结构变化.在所有研究的种类中,可育苞片腋部最先观察到的结构是一扁平的突起,并在其上分化出发育为胚珠的胚珠原基.在雌球果的发育过程中,未观察到独立的珠鳞发育.不同的种中,胚珠怕数量和发育顺序有所不同,但苞片的发育是相似的.传粉前,苞片的结构与叶相似.传粉后,由于剧烈的居间维管束发育.我们还对柏科植物雌球果的形态学特性及其可能的演化趋势进行了讨论.     

柏科4个属(Fokienia、Cupressus、Chamaecyparis和Juniperus)植物雌球果的发育(英文)

通过扫描电镜和常规石蜡切片技术,观察了柏科4个属(Fokienia、Cupressus、Chamaecyparis和Juniperus)植物雌球果中胚珠的发育及苞片的结构变化。在所有研究的种类中,可育苞片腋部最先观察到的结构是一扁平的突起,并在其上分化出发育为胚珠的胚珠原基。在雌球果的发育过程中,未观察到独立的珠鳞发育。不同的种中,胚珠的数量和发育顺序有所不同,但苞片的发育是相似的。传粉前,苞片的结构与叶相似。传粉后,由于剧烈的居间生长,苞片发育为盾形,形成球形的球果。另外,在发育后期,苞片内维管系统变得复杂,并且在近轴面有反向的维管束发育。我们还对柏科植物雌球果的形态学特性及其可能的演化趋势进行了讨论。