几个芒果品种的胚性及多胚苗遗传分析

通过目测,筛选出芒果多胚种子,观察其多胚形态;将多胚种子培育成多胚苗,观察其生长发育状况;取多胚苗和母树叶片进行体细胞染色体数目鉴定及同工酶的分析.结果表明,多胚类群的品种中有单胚现象出现,土芒、吕宋、象牙单胚出现的频率分别为1.04%、3.85%和5.44%;土芒和象牙胚数出现的范围分别为2-6和2-8.多胚种子子叶形态和胚轴的着生位置各异.种子多胚的萌发率、成活率及多胚苗的生长状况均与多胚种子的胚数、子叶发育大小等因素相关.多胚苗体细胞染色体数目是2n=40,未发现染色体的数目变异.POD同工酶分析表明,同一种子的多胚苗间酶谱上存在着差异.     

Death and decay in the trees of Mango (Mangifera indica L.)

Death and decay of trees of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) var. Kesar due to fungal infection was studied histologically. Fungal infection in the trees was observed due to various reasons like mechanical injuries in the stem, pruning of the branches, through the inflorescences, attack of Ambrosia beetle and termites. In the initial stage, fungal spores get settled on the flowers due to presence of nectar, followed by their germination and entry of the hypha into peduncle, which gradually spreads into younger branches. The inflorescences were first attacked by Fusarium moniliformis followed by other fungi like Alternaria, Chetomium sp., Aspregillus ellipticus, Aspregillus niger, etc. Fungal mycelia gradually invade the xylem tissues from the top of the branches and spread basipetally ultimately causing death of the infected branches. During monsoon, the crevices on the surface of bark of the healthy plants supported the growth of fungi like Pleurotus, Auricularia, Xyleria, Daldinia sp., and Polyporous sp. The removal of bark from such infected trees revealed minute holes on the surface of the woody cylinder made by Ambrosia beetles. During wet season fungal mycelia makes an easy entry into the xylem through the wounded portion of the stem or pruned branches. Initial entry of the hyphae into xylem was seen through the ray cells. Then the hyphae enter into the lumen of axial elements lining the ray cells through pits and intracellular spaces. The vessel elements located in the xylem (transition zone) between healthy and infected portion were filled with tyloses while axial and ray parenchyma showed heavy accumulation of tannin contents. On the other hand, the infected xylem was also found devoid of reserve metabolites while in normal trees, axial and ray parenchyma showed heavy accumulation of starch grains.     

Production and Characterization of Wine from Mango Fruit (Mangifera indica L)

Summary Mango (Mangifera indica L) is the most popular and the choicest fruit of India. A major portion (nearly 60–70%) of the total quantity produced is locally consumed and a sizable portion is exported to other countries. In the present study, six varieties of mango, which are abundantly available in the region were selected for wine production and the conditions for juice extraction were optimized. It was found that the mango juices were similar to grape juice in terms of sugar and acidity. After fermentation, the ethanol concentration was 7–8.5% w/v, the methanol concentration was slightly higher than that of grape wines and other volatile compounds were present in comparable amounts. From the physicochemical characteristics of the mango wine produced, it was observed that aromatic components were comparable in concentration to those of grape wine.     

Hormonal Changes Associated with Vegetative Malformation of Mango (Mangifera indica L.)

Malformed seedlings of mango showed lower mean content of indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellic acid and a higher mean content of zeatin, abscisic acid and ethylene than healthy seedlings.     

杧果蔗糖合成酶MiSS基因的克隆与表达分析

为克隆杧果(Mangifera indica L.)蔗糖合成酶基因序列,预测其编码蛋白特性,阐明其在果实发育过程中的表达规律和作用.本研究采用同源克隆法和RACE技术克隆了1个编码蔗糖合成酶基因的全长cDNA,命名为MiSS,其cDNA全长2110 bp,开放阅读框为1455 bp,编码484个氨基酸,相对分子量为55.3 kD,理论等电点为6.08.系统进化分析显示,MiSS基因编码的氨基酸序列与温州蜜柑(Citrus unshiu)、荔枝(Litchi chinensis)、龙眼(Dimocarpus longan)氨基酸序列一致性为90％～93％.RT-qPCR分析显示,MiSS基因表达量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,且果实发育各时期果皮内MiSS基因表达量均显著高于果肉,综合分析MiSS基因可能与淀粉的合成密切相关.本研究为进一步了解MiSS基因在杧果蔗糖代谢过程中的作用以及从分子角度阐明植物生长调节剂对杧果蔗糖代谢的影响机理奠定了理论和技术基础.     

Occurrence of Malformin-like Substances in Seedlings of Mango (Mangifera indica L.)*

The ether soluble extracts from stem and root tissues of malformed seedlings of mango showed four malformin-like substances on chromatograms in the corn root curvature test at Rf 0–0.1 (M₁), 0.1–0.2 (M₂), 0.8–0.9 (M₉) and 0.9–1.0 (M₁₀). M₁₀ was identified as a malformin A-like substance(s). Stems and roots of malformed seedlings contained high levels of malformin A-like substance(s) (42.0 μg/g and 41.0 μg/g) respectively, which were absent in stems and roots of healthy seedlings.     

Molecular identification of Mango, Mangifera indica L.var. totupura

Mango (>Mangifera indica) belonging to Anacardiaceae family is a fruit that grows in tropical regions. It is considered as the King of fruits. The present work was taken up to identify a tool in identifying the mango species at the molecular level. The chloroplast trnL-F region was amplified from extracted total genomic DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. Sequence of the dominant DGGE band revealed that Mangifera indica in tested leaves was Mangifera indica (100% similarity to the ITS sequences of Mangifera indica). This sequence was deposited in NCBI with the accession no. GQ927757. ABBREVIATIONS: AFLP - Amplified fragment length polymorphism , cpDNA - Chloroplast DNA, DDGE - Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, DNA - Deoxyribo nucleic acid, EDTA - Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, HCl - Hydrochloric acid, ISSR - Inter simple sequence repeats, ITS - Internal transcribed spacer, MATAB - Methyl Ammonium Bromide, Na(2)SO(3) - Sodium sulphite, NaCl - Sodium chloride, NCBI - National Centre for Biotechnology Information, PCR - Polymerase chain reaction, PEG - Polyethylene glycol, RAPD - Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, trnL-F - Transfer RNA genes start codon- termination codon.     

Somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration in mango (Mangifera indica L.)

Summary The ‘Carabao’ or ‘Manila Super’ mango (Mangifera indica L.), a virtually neglected fruit before the advent of KNO₃ flower induction in the early 1970s, is now the third leading Philippine export fruit after banana and pineapple. To apply biotechnology for improvement, a reliable embryogenesis and regeneration protocol is required. We have developed a protocol for somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration in mango: eight strains of ‘Carabao’ and two unidentified varieties, PHL 12384 and PHL 12378. Over 40 batches of nucellar explants from immature fruis (0.75–5.0 cm long) were cultured in vitro from April 1999 to April 2000. Two media were used, MMSE. Mango Medium for Somatic Embryo Induction, Proliferation and Germination and MMPR, Mango Medium for Plantlet Regeneration. These are now routinely used. The protocol is reproducible in 14 other varieties of mango. Shifting the base medium from Gamborg's B5 medium to our own formulation. BP medium (Barba and Pate?a's formulation) effectively controlled browning. Browning has limited the successful in vitro culture of many woody species including the mango. Crop Science Society of the Philippines (CSSP) 2001 Best Paper Award, Asian Agriculture Congress, Westin Philippine Plaza, Manila, Philippines, April 24–27, 2001 and Philippine Fruit Association 2000 Best Poster Award, 8th National Symposium. PCARRD, Los Ba?os, Laguna, Philippines, November 14–16, 2000.     

DNA Fingerprinting of Some Mango (Mangifera indica L) Cultivars Using Anchored-ISSR Markers

Twelve Indian mango cultivars were fingerprinted using anchored-ISSR primers. Out of total 161 bands amplified, 113 (70.2%) were polymorphic, the polymorphism ranging from 50% to 94.1% depending upon the primer. One primer [5′ HVH(CA)₇T 3′] with highest genotype index could uniquely identify each of the cultivars studied. Fingerprints based on polymorphic markers amplified by the 10 primers had a 6.75 x 10^-12 probability of identical match by chance, indicating a high degree of uniqueness in the anchored-ISSR based fingerprinting. UPGMA dendrogram based on Jaccard’s similarity showed Himayath as the most diverse of the 12 cultivars and the rest of the cultivars clustered into two groups at 0.69 similarity coefficient.     

芒果DNA提取方法比较及ISSR反应体系的优化

为从芒果幼叶中提取高质量的核总DNA,比较了5种DNA提取方法提取芒果叶片核DNA的效果,结果表明:改良CTAB法1提取的DNA A260/A280值最好,ISSR-PCR扩增效果最佳,是有效提取芒果基因组DNA的方法。为得到最佳的芒果ISSR-PCR反应体系,以(ATG)6为引物,采用单因素实验法,优化了ISSR-PCR反应体系:在总体积25μl的反应体系中,含1×反应缓冲液,0.20mmol.L-1dNTPs,0.20μmol.L-1引物,0.60 UTaqDNA聚合酶,30-50 ng DNA模板,不足体积用无菌超纯水补足。     

Role of Antifungal Gallotannins,Resorcinols and Chitinases in the Constitutive Defence of Immature Mango (Mangifera indica L.) against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Conidia of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides germinate and form infection hyphae on inoculated, immature mango but remain quiescent until fruit ripening. Antifungal resorcinols have previously been implicated for quiescence of C. gloesoporioides and Alternaria alternata on mango. This study revealed the presence of a mixture of several gallotannins with glycosidic linkages, including 1,2,3,4,6‐penta‐O‐galloyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranose, with significant antifungal activity in the unripe mango fruit peel. Gallotannin antifungal activity was greater in a cultivar resistant (295.8 mm² inhibition) to anthracnose than in a susceptible (148.4 mm² inhibition) cultivar. In both, the activity decreased with ripening but the decrease was 10% less in the resistant cultivar. Three recorcinols, 5‐pentadecylresorcinol, 5‐(12‐cis‐heptadecenyl)resorcinol, AR 21 and another resorcinol derivative were present in the unripe fruit peel and all declined during ripening, more significantly the 5‐(12‐cis‐heptadecenyl)resorcinol and AR 21. Mango latex, when drained out, separates into an oily and aqueous phase. The aqueous phase showed significant chitinase activity and the ability to digest conidia of C. gloeosporioides. The oily phase has previously been reported to contain resorcinols. Draining fruits of latex soon after harvest resulted in greater incidence and severity of anthracnose at ripe stage. Chitinase activity was less in the peel of fruits from which latex was drained. The evidence suggests that the resistance of unripe mango to C. gloeosporioides is because of an elaborate constitutive defence system comprising antifungal resorcinols, gallotannins and chitinases.     

水分胁迫对芒果(Mangifera indica L.)幼叶细胞活性氧伤害的影响

对芒果进行了水分干旱胁迫处理,结果表明,水分胁迫使芒果幼叶的相对含水量ＲＷＣ（ｒｅｌ－ａｔｉｖｅ ｗａｔｅ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ）和叶水势ΨＴ下降,芒果幼叶的超氧离子Ｏ＾－２产生速率随水分胁迫处理强度加大而增加,丙二醛ＭＤＡ（ｍａｌｏｎｄｉａｌｄｅｈｙｄｅ）含量的变化趋势与Ｏ＾－２产生速率的变化趋势相似超氧经歧化酶ＳＯＤ（ｓｕｐｅｒｏｘｉｄｅ ｄｉｓｍｕｔａｃｅ）,这氧化物酶ＰＯＤ（ｐｅｒｏｘｉｄａｓｅ     

Development of microsatellite markers for mango (Mangifera indica L.)

Microsatellite markers for mango (Mangifera indica L.) were developed using a genomic library enriched for (GA)_n and (GT)_n dinucleotide repeats. A subset of 41 positive clones was sequenced and primers were designed. Twenty‐eight primer pairs produced polymorphic amplification products for a diversity sample including 15 mango cultivars and two accessions from the related species Mangifera laurina and Mangifera applanata. Nineteen simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci with clear scorable patterns were chosen to study diversity in the mango germplasm bank of Guadalupe (FWI). The number of alleles ranged from three to 13 with observed levels of heterozygosity ranging from 0.059 to 0.857.     

芒果NBS类抗病基因同源序列克隆与分析

根据已知物种NBS抗病类基因（RGAs）保守序列设计引物,从芒果品种“金煌”基因组DNA中分离得到了10条同源序列（pp-1~10,GenBnak登录号为HM446507~16）。DNA序列分析表明,这些RGAs在200~300bp区间存在较大变异,Pi值都在0.4以上。同源性分析表明这些序列的同源性差异范围从11.0%~98.4%,离散值范围为1.6~100.7, 10条RGAs可以分为两大类。蛋白序列分析表明,pp-1~10都具有开放读码框,编码的蛋白含有典型的NBS抗病类基因所拥有的P-loop和Kinase-2a结构域,通过同源进化分析可将其分为TIR-NBS-LRR和CC-NBS-LRR两类,与已知物种同源性分别为22%~60%。