青岛市湿地生态网络评价与构建

在快速城市化背景下,城市社会经济发展与空间扩张不可避免,往往造成栖息地数量、面积、质量锐减、栖息地之间联系破碎等后果。此外,全球气候变化也加剧了栖息地恶化过程。生态网络通过保护恢复重点栖息地及构建栖息地之间物质、信息及能量传播的连接廊道,在整体上维持生态系统的动态平衡。青岛市位于东部沿海经济发达地区,地处海洋与陆地生态系统的交汇处,生态环境极为脆弱,易遭受外力破坏,且难以恢复。选取青岛地区湿地作为研究对象,在RS,GIS技术支持下,基于最小成本路径法构建青岛市湿地生态网络,并利用关联长度指数、介数指数对网络的整体结构及斑块重要程度进行评价。结果表明,不同路径成本阈值水平下,网络的连通性有很大差别;核心斑块中,胶州湾湿地、大沽河等具有较高重要程度;歇脚石斑块中,重要程度较高的斑块位于以胶州湾湿地为中心,以胶莱河、潍河河口,白马河、潮河河口及丁字湾为端点的连线上。在青岛市及周边地区划定\"一心、二轴、一环\"的湿地生态网络控制框架的策略,为青岛市湿地生态系统保护与城市发展空间选择提供科学方法与量化依据。     

基于生态网络的生态安全格局评价

生态网络可用于描述、评价生境破碎条件下景观空间组织方式与物种存续的关系.本文以青岛市为研究区域,基于最小成本路径方法模拟得到2005年林地、湿地生态网络,并基于廊道累计成本值对得到的生态网络进行分级.利用介数指数、相关长度-逐块筛选指数对生态网络中斑块与廊道等结构要素进行重要性区分,形成生态网络结构体系.并在评价2005—2013年新增建设用地对生态网络影响的基础上,提出应对建设用地变化的生态安全格局.结果表明: 在生态网络框架基础上,图形理论的相关评价方法能够量化评价识别生态用地的具体属性(如生态网络斑块的面积)和生态用地之间的功能联系;2005—2013年间,青岛市新增建设用地对湿地侵占面积较大,且没有考虑具体林地、湿地在整个地区生态系统连通性维护中的作用;基于生态网络的生态安全格局的划定可以优化地区生态基底,为生态保护与恢复提供更加精确的空间决策依据,同时为城市空间扩张提供科学合理的空间指引.     

Mitochondrial evidence for distinct phylogeographic units in the endangered Malagasy poison frog Mantella bernhardi

Mantella bernhardi is an endemic species of Malagasy poison frog threatened by loss and fragmentation of its natural habitat and collection for the pet trade. It is classified as threatened according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) categories and included in Appendix II of the Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES). A recent survey has increased the known distributional range of the species from one to eight populations across southeastern Madagascar, but little is known about its biology and genetic diversity. Here we estimate inter- and intrapopulation mitochondrial genetic variation of four populations. Populations from the northern and southern parts of the distributional range showed a high degree of divergence (maximum of 11.35% in cytochrome b) and were recovered as reciprocally monophyletic groups. Nine haplotypes were detected in the northern and 12 in the southern populations. The population from Ranomafana National Park showed the lowest number of haplotypes and nucleotide diversity, and shared its most common haplotype with the second northern population from Tolongoina. All the other detected haplotypes were unique to each of the four populations. This suggests the existence of important barriers to gene flow, pre-dating human colonization of Madagascar at about 2000 years ago, in distinct contrast to other Mantella species that show a high degree of haplotype sharing throughout their range. The continued habitat fragmentation within the distribution range of M. bernhardi prevents any connection between its populations. Our data indicate the existence of at least two different management units for conservation in this species, corresponding to the North and South of its distribution range, and highlight the existence of strong regional endemism in southeastern Madagascar.     

景观中心度及其在生态网络规划与管理中的应用

构建连续性生态网络已成为生物多样性保护、生态环境安全管理、游憩和历史文化资源保护的重要景观规划策略,其规划与管理已受到广泛关注.关键景观组分的识别是生态网络规划与管理的重点和难点,为解决这一问题,本文借鉴图论网络分析理论提出了景观中心度的概念及度量方法,并探讨了景观中心度在生态网络规划与管理中的应用内容和框架.景观中心度方法虽然可为景观规划与管理中关键景观要素的确定和连续生态网络的构建提供新途径,但仍需从指标的生态意义、实验数据的分析和简单通用的分析软件等方面对该方法进行验证和完善.     

Statistical inferences in phylogeography

In conventional phylogeographic studies, historical demographic processes are elucidated from the geographical distribution of individuals represented on an inferred gene tree. However, the interpretation of gene trees in this context can be difficult as the same demographic/geographical process can randomly lead to multiple different genealogies. Likewise, the same gene trees can arise under different demographic models. This problem has led to the emergence of many statistical methods for making phylogeographic inferences. A popular phylogeographic approach based on nested clade analysis is challenged by the fact that a certain amount of the interpretation of the data is left to the subjective choices of the user, and it has been argued that the method performs poorly in simulation studies. More rigorous statistical methods based on coalescence theory have been developed. However, these methods may also be challenged by computational problems or poor model choice. In this review, we will describe the development of statistical methods in phylogeographic analysis, and discuss some of the challenges facing these methods.     

An information-theoretical approach to phylogeography

Data analysis in phylogeographic investigations is typically conducted in either a qualitative manner, or alternatively via the testing of null hypotheses. The former, where inferences about population processes are derived from geographical patterns of genetic variation, may be subject to confirmation bias and prone to overinterpretation. Testing the predictions of null hypotheses is arguably less prone to bias than qualitative approaches, but only if the tested hypotheses are biologically meaningful. As it is difficult to know a priori if this is the case, there is the general need for additional methodological approaches in phylogeographic research. Here, we explore an alternative method for analysing phylogeographic data that utilizes information theory to quantify the probability of multiple hypotheses given the data. We accomplish this by augmenting the model‐selection procedure implemented in ima with calculations of Akaike Information Criterion scores and model probabilities. We generate a ranking of 17 models each representing a set of historical evolutionary processes that may have contributed to the evolution of Plethodon idahoensis, and then quantify the relative strength of support for each hypothesis given the data using metrics borrowed from information theory. Our results suggest that two models have high probability given the data. Each of these models includes population divergence and estimates of ancestral θ that differ from estimates of descendent θ, inferences consistent with prior work in this system. However, the models disagree in that one includes migration as a parameter and one does not, suggesting that there are two regions of parameter space that produce model likelihoods that are similar in magnitude given our data. Results of a simulation study suggest that when data are simulated with migration, most of the optimal models include migration as a parameter, and further that when all of the shared polymorphism results from incomplete lineage sorting, most of the optimal models do not. The results could also indicate a lack of precision, which may be a product of the amount of data that we have collected. In any case, the information‐theoretic metrics that we have applied to the analysis of our data are statistically rigorous, as are hypothesis‐testing approaches, but move beyond the ‘reject/fail to reject’ dichotomy of conventional hypothesis testing in a manner that provides considerably more flexibility to researchers.