Seasonal CO2 exchange patterns of developing peach (Prunus persica) fruits in response to temperature, light and CO2 concentration

CO₂ exchange rates per unit dry weight, measured in the field on attached fruits of the late-maturing Cal Red peach cultivar, at 1200 μmol photons m^?2S^?1 and in dark, and photosynthetic rates, calculated by the difference between the rates of CO₂ evolution in light and dark, declined over the growing season. Calculated photosynthetic rates per fruit increased over the season with increasing fruit dry matter, but declined in maturing fruits apparently coinciding with the loss of chlorophyll. Slight net fruit photosynthetic rates ranging from 0. 087 ± 0. 06 to 0. 003 ± 0. 05 nmol CO₂ (g dry weight)^?1 S^?1 were measured in midseason under optimal temperature (15 and 20°C) and light (1200 μmol photons m^?2 S^?1) conditions. Calculated fruit photosynthetic rates per unit dry weight increased with increasing temperatures and photon flux densities during fruit development. Dark respiration rates per unit dry weight doubled within a temperature interval of 10°C; the mean seasonal O₁₀ value was 2. 03 between 20 and 30°C. The highest photosynthetic rates were measured at 35°C throughout the growing season. Since dark respiration rates increased at high temperatures to a greater extent than CO₂ exchange rates in light, fruit photosynthesis was apparently stimulated by high internal CO₂ concentrations via CO₂ refixation. At 15°C, fruit photosynthetic rates tended to be saturated at about 600 μmol photons m^?2 S^?1. Young peach fruits responded to increasing ambient CO₂ concentrations with decreasing net CO₂ exchange rates in light, but more mature fruits did not respond to increases in ambient CO₂. Fruit CO₂ exchange rates in the dark remained fairly constant, apparently uninfluenced by ambient CO₂ concentrations during the entire growing season. Calculated fruit photosynthetic rates clearly revealed the difference in CO₂ response of young and mature peach fruits. Photosynthetic rates of younger peach fruits apparently approached saturation at 370 μl CO₂1^?2. In CO₂ free air, fruit photosynthesis was dependent on CO₂ refixation since CO₂ uptake by the fruits from the external atmosphere was not possible. The difference in photosynthetic rates between fruits in CO₂-free air and 370 μl CO₂ 1^?1 indicated that young peach fruits were apparently able to take up CO₂ from the external atmosphere. CO₂ uptake by peach fruits contributed between 28 and 16% to the fruit photosynthetic rate early in the season, whereas photosynthesis in maturing fruits was supplied entirely by CO₂ refixation.     

全球气候变化对农业生态系统的影响研究进展

全球大气中CO2浓度升高、气温升高及降水量的变化等是全球气候变化对农业生产和农业生态系统影响最为重要的几个生态因子,其影响主要表现在对农作物产量、生长发育、病虫害、农业水资源及农业生态系统结构和功能等方面.在过去的几十年,全球气候变化已对我国农业和农业生态系统,特别是我国北方旱区农业造成重大影响,其中不少影响是负面的或不利的.本文综述了全球气候变化对农业水资源、农田土壤养分变化、农作物生长发育、农作物病虫害与杂草、粮食安全及农业生态系统的结构和功能等方面的影响.针对21世纪全球气候变化对我国农业生产和农业生态系统带来的挑战,探讨了今后研究的重点和难点问题.     

CO2和硝氮加富对龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)生长、生化组分和营养盐吸收的影响

为了探讨大气CO2和海水硝氮浓度升高对龙须菜生理特性的影响,在实验室条件下把藻体于CoNo、C No、CoN 和C N 4种不同CO2和硝氮供应水平的处理中进行培养,15d后,分别测定各种不同培养条件下藻体的生长、色素含量、可溶性蛋白含量和营养盐吸收速率.结果表明:CO2或硝氮浓度增加都会使藻体生长加快,但当二者同时加富时对生长的促进作用没有表现出协同效应.不管是高氮还是低氮的培养条件,高浓度CO2都能使藻体的色素和可溶性蛋白的含量降低,而使硝酸还原酶活性升高;同时,在硝氮加富的条件下,高浓度CO2培养能够显著提高藻体的营养盐吸收速率.不管是高还是低的CO2浓度培养条件下,硝氮浓度增加都会使藻体的色素和可溶性蛋白含量以及营养盐吸收速率得到显著提高.这些结果说明,在大气CO2浓度升高或海水富营养化条件下,龙须菜的生长、硝酸还原酶活性和营养盐吸收速率都可能得到促进,而色素和可溶性蛋白的含量也会受到影响.     

CO2浓度升高对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖的直接影响

利用CDCC-1型密闭式动态CO2气室,在人工饲料下研究了不同CO2浓度（750μl/L vs．370μl/L）对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖的直接影响,以及对棉铃虫幼虫体内营养物质和酶的含量。结果表明：（1）高CO2浓度大气中生长的棉铃虫种群发育延缓,单雌产卵量增加,虫体重量减轻,内禀增长率下降,而对人工饲料的消耗量和粪便排泄量增加。与对照相比,高CO2浓度下饲养的棉铃虫幼虫的发育历期延缓了15．14％（P〈0．01）,幼虫的取食量增加了8．03％（P〈0．01）,粪便量增加了14．54％（P〈0．05）。（2）高CO2浓度可影响棉铃虫幼虫对人工饲料的利用效率。与对照相比,在750μl/L CO2饲养下棉铃虫幼虫的相对消耗率、生长效率,食物转化率和近似消化率均有所降低。（3）高CO2浓度还改变了棉铃虫幼虫体内的营养物质的含量和酶的活性。与对照比较,750μl/L CO2饲养下棉铃虫幼虫体内蛋白质和总氨基酸含量分别下降了14．16％（P〈0．01）和28．40％（P〈0．01）;超氧化物歧化酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶和淀粉酶的活性分别增加了26．43％、9．12％和40．17％,而谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性则下降了20．25％（P〈0．01）。     

大气CO2浓度升高对花蜜及传粉昆虫的影响

植物依赖昆虫传授花粉,昆虫从植物获得花粉和花蜜作为食物,两者在漫长的进化过程中形成了密切的互惠共生关系.大量研究表明,CO2浓度升高对植物花蜜的产量和组成有显著的影响.CO2浓度增加后,有花植物花蜜的产量和组分在不同物种之间的变化差异很大,即使是种内不同基因型植株的花蜜对CO2浓度增加的反应也有所不同.大部分种类花蜜的...     

全球气候变化与红树林

因为红树林位于海洋与陆地之间,其可能是首先被全球气候变化影响的生态系统。红树林的分布会随着温度气温的升高而增加。全球气候变化对红树林最重要的影响是海平面的变化。随着CO2的增多,大部分的红树林有高的光合作用率、水的利用效率以及生长率。在相对低的光照条件下,红树林的光合作用率相对较高。最后提出了今后尚待加强的一些研究领域。     

CO2浓度升高对斜生栅藻生长和光合作用的影响

升高大气中CO2 浓度可提高斜生栅藻的生物量和光合作用速率 ,对光合效率、暗呼吸速率、光饱和点和光系统Ⅱ的光化学效率 (Fv Fm)没有明显影响 ,但藻细胞光合作用对无机碳的亲和力降低     

CO2对微拟球藻(Nannochloropsis sp.)利用有机碳和光合作用的影响

CO2浓度提高时,微拟球藻吸收醋酸钠的速率增加2倍。混养生长的藻细胞最大光合作用速率、光合作用效率、无机碳半饱和常数和无机碳饱和的光合作用速率均显著低于光自养条件下生长的。     

春小麦对大气CO2浓度升高的响应及其对麦长管蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响

通过开顶式气室研究了春小麦对大气CO₂浓度升高(542.1±24.8和738.8±25.7 μl·L^-1 vs.382.4±248 μl·L^-1)的响应及其对麦长管蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响.结果表明,大气CO₂浓度升高有利于春小麦的生长.与对照相比,5月5日～6月14日,550和750 μl·L^-1 CO₂浓度处理春小麦的株高分别增加2.80%～14.92%和6.30%～17.56%;4月30日～6月9日,叶面积分别增加5.68%～50.52%和6.14%～83.45%;DC₅₀分别提前了0.39和0.90 d,DC₇₅也分别提前了0.53和1.02 d;茎、叶、穗以及整个地上部组织的鲜、干重均有不同程度的增加.大气CO₂浓度升高可显著提高春小麦的穗长和穗粒数,降低千粒重.与对照相比,550和750 μl·L^-1 CO₂浓度处理的麦穗长分别增加0.56%和3.20%;单株穗粒数分别增加12.5%和18%;而千粒重分别降低了2.23%和6.34%.随着大气中CO₂浓度增加,麦穗中葡萄糖、二糖、多糖、总糖、总糖与总氮的比值都显著增加,而果糖、三糖和总氮含量都显著降低.大气CO₂浓度升高可缩短麦长管蚜的产卵前期和世代历期,提高繁殖量和平均相对生长率.与对照相比,550和750 μl·L^-1 CO₂浓度处理麦长管蚜的平均相对生长率分别提高33.26%和74.34%.麦长管蚜种群的平均相对生长率与寄主麦穗中总糖和总氮的比值相关显著.     

钙化藻类的钙化过程与大气中CO2浓度变化的关系

大气中CO2浓度升高后,CO2向海水的溶入增加,从而引起海水溶解无机碳各组分的浓度及其比例发生改变,导致海水酸化(pH下降)。此种环境的变化会影响钙化藻类的钙化过程。文章介绍钙化藻类的光合作用和钙化作用之间相互关系的研究进展。     

超声波-微波协同盐提莲子蛋白

探索利用超声波微波协同盐提湘莲蛋白质最佳提取条件。最佳工艺条件为超声波功率50w,微波功率600W,料液比1：12（g／mE）、38℃、0．15mol／LNaCl盐溶液提取15min,最佳提取率可达88．9％。以CO2为沉淀剂,乙醇为助溶剂,研究加压CO2和乙醇对蛋白质的协同沉淀作用。在常温、5MPa加压CO2酸沉8％（质量分数）的湘莲蛋白质乙醇液（体积分数20％乙醇）0．5h时,莲子蛋白沉淀率可达81．2％。结果表明,用文中方法提取湘莲蛋白,湘莲蛋白收率为72．2％,纯度达93％.     

高浓度CO2培养条件下极大螺旋藻光抑制研究

以极大螺旋藻作为实验材料,研究了不同CO2浓度培养对螺旋藻光抑制和恢复的影响,结果表明由光抑制导致的光合速率下降,高浓度CO2比低浓度CO2培养程度小,在高浓度CO2条件下培养的极大螺旋藻,虽然在强光下也表现出光抑制,但与低浓度CO2相比,光合速率下降得较慢。这种现象在强光与弱光培养均存在,但强光培养时更明显。光抑制后的恢复实验表明,不同CO2浓度培养的极大螺旋藻,光系统光化学活性(Fv/Fm)在弱光下恢复较好,高光强、高浓度CO2培养的藻,恢复速度稍快;而在黑暗中,几乎没有恢复;在弱光和含氯霉素的条件下Fv/Fm均下降。由此可见,高CO2浓度可减轻极大螺旋藻的光抑制,但对其光抑制后的恢复影响不大。       

华南丘陵区农林复合生态系统稻田二氧化碳排放及其影响因素

采用静态箱-气相色谱法对稻田CO2排放进行田间原位测定,探讨农林复合生态系统稻田温室气体CO2的排放规律。结果表明,在生长季节中,有植株参与稻田CO2排放速率的日变化形式均为白天出现排放高值,夜间出现排放低值。有植株参与稻田CO2昼夜排放速率平均值都显著高于无植株参与稻田。温度(气温、地表温度、地下5 cm温度)是有植株参与稻田在植株生长期间稻田CO2排放速率昼夜变化的主要影响因素。水稻作物对CO2的排放影响较大,早稻有、无植株参与稻田CO2季节平均排放速率分别为316.29±23.74和101.88±16.83 mg.m-2.h-1。晚稻有、无植株参与稻田CO2季节平均排放速率分为622.40±57.67和179.41±19.51 mg.m-2.h-1。早、晚稻有植株参与稻田的CO2季节平均排放量分别比无植株参与稻田增加了310%和347%。     

Present and potential uses of the natural abundance of stable isotopes in plant science, with illustrations from the marine environment

The use of stable isotope natural abundance measurements in plant ecophysiological research is discussed in the context of studies of ¹³C/¹²C ratios in marine plants, with emphasis on the uniqueness of the information given by natural abundance measurements and of the importance of complementary data obtained by other techniques in making full use of the natural abundance data. (1) Inorganic C acquisition and assimilation in marine plants can involve diffusive entry of CO₂, or the occurrence of a CO₂-concentrating mechanism frequently involving active HCO₃^? influx. For diffusive CO₂ entry, the δ¹³C measurements can give unique information on the fractional limitation of photosynthesis by CO₂ transport which, with photosynthetic rate measurements, can be used to compute transport conductances. For active HCO₃^?, influx, the δ¹³C values uniquely permit computation of the ratio of the bidirection fluxes (influx/efflux) which, with photon yield data, can be used to given information on the mechanism of the efflux. The analyses are absolutely dependent on external (non-δ¹³C) data distinguishing between diffusive CO₂ entry and the occurrence of a CO₂ concentrating mechanism. (2) δ¹³C measurements on marine photolithotrophs and on members of other trophic levels collected from the sea can give unique data on food webs, with measurements of δ values for other isotopes and compositional data adding precision to the interpretations. (3) Measurements of in situδ¹³C values for extant marine photolithotrophs, compared with δ¹³C values for ancient atmospheric CO₂, can give unique information on the mechanism of atmospheric CO₂ draw-down at the start of glacials; other information permits more concrete conclusions to be drawn.     

Net grassland carbon flux over a subambient to superambient CO2 gradient

Increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations may have a profound effect on the structure and function of plant communities. A previously grazed, central Texas grassland was exposed to a 200‐µmol mol^?1 to 550 µmol mol^?1 CO₂ gradient from March to mid‐December in 1998 and 1999 using two, 60‐m long, polyethylene‐ covered chambers built directly onto the site. One chamber was operated at subambient CO₂ concentrations (200–360 µmol mol^?1 daytime) and the other was regulated at superambient concentrations (360–550 µmol mol^?1). Continuous CO₂ gradients were maintained in each chamber by photosynthesis during the day and respiration at night. Net ecosystem CO₂ flux and end‐of‐year biomass were measured in each of 10, 5‐m long sections in each chamber. Net CO₂ fluxes were maximal in late May (c. day 150) in 1998 and in late August in 1999 (c. day 240). In both years, fluxes were near zero and similar in both chambers at the beginning and end of the growing season. Average daily CO₂ flux in 1998 was 13 g CO₂ m^?2 day^?1 in the subambient chamber and 20 g CO₂ m^?2 day^?1 in the superambient chamber; comparable averages were 15 and 26 g CO₂ m^?2 day^?1 in 1999. Flux was positively and linearly correlated with end‐of‐year above‐ground biomass but flux was not linearly correlated with CO₂ concentration; a finding likely to be explained by inherent differences in vegetation. Because C₃ plants were the dominant functional group, we adjusted average daily flux in each section by dividing the flux by the average percentage C₃ cover. Adjusted fluxes were better correlated with CO₂ concentration, although scatter remained. Our results indicate that after accounting for vegetation differences, CO₂ flux increased linearly with CO₂ concentration. This trend was more evident at subambient than superambient CO₂ concentrations.     

Modelling assimilation and intercellular CO2 from measured conductance: a synthesis of approaches

A spectrum of models that estimate assimilation rate A from intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (C_i) and measured stomatal conductance to CO₂ (g_c) were investigated using leaf‐level gas exchange measurements. The gas exchange measurements were performed in a uniform loblolly pine stand (Pinus taeda L.) using the Free Air CO₂ Enrichment (FACE) facility under ambient and elevated atmospheric CO₂ for 3 years. These measurements were also used to test a newly proposed framework that combines basic properties of the A–C_i curve with a Fickian diffusion transport model to predict the relationship between C_i/C_a and g_c, where C_a is atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. The widely used Ball–Berry model and five other models as well as the biochemical model proposed by Farquhar et al. (1980) were also reformulated to express variations in C_i/C_a as a function of their corresponding driving mechanisms. To assess the predictive capabilities of these approaches, their respective parameters were estimated from independent measurements of long‐term stable carbon isotope determinations (δ¹³C), meteorological variables, and ensemble A–C_i curves. All eight approaches reproduced the measured A reasonably well, in an ensemble sense, from measured water vapour conductance and modeled C_i/C_a. However, the scatter in the instantaneous A estimates was sufficiently large for both ambient and elevated C_a to suggest that other transient processes were not explicitly resolved by all eight parameterizations. An important finding from our analysis is that added physiological complexity in modeling C_i/C_a (when g_c is known) need not always translate to increased accuracy in predicting A. Finally, the broader utility of these approaches to estimate assimilation and net ecosystem exchange is discussed in relation to elevated atmospheric CO₂.     

六盘山林区几种土地利用方式对土壤有机碳矿化影响的比较

 应用土壤培养法,比较分析了六盘山林区天然次生林（杂灌林、山杨（Populus davidanda）和辽东栎（Quercus liaotungensis）林）、农田、草地和人工林（13 a、18 a和25 a华北落叶松（Larix principis-rupprechtii））土壤在30℃和60%田间饱和含水量条件下培养180 d有机碳矿化速率的差异（以180 d累计释放的CO2-C计）。结果显示：农田和草地土壤碳矿化释放的CO2-C含量（180 d释放的gCO2-C·kg-1干土）分别比天然次生林低65%和23%,差异主要在0～40土层;人工林比农田和草地分别高155%和 17%,差异主要在0～70 cm土层。农田土壤碳矿化释放的CO2-C分配比例（即180 d释放CO2-C/土壤 C）比天然次生林平均低12%,草地比天然次生林平均高18%,差异主要在0～40 cm土层;人工林比农田平均高29%,草地比人工林平均高9%,差异主要在0～50 cm土层。不同土地利用方式土壤碳矿化释放的CO2-C含量的差异比其分配比例的差异大。土壤碳矿化释放的CO2-C含量和分配比例总体上都随土层加深而递减。分配比例随土层加深而递减的幅度方面,不同土地利用方式间的差异不大;含量随土层加深而递减的幅度方面,天然次生林和人工林比农田和草地中大;随土层递减的幅度方面,土壤碳矿化释放的CO2-C含量比其分配比例大。这主要由不同土地利用方式土壤碳输入和稳定性等差异所致。结果说明土壤碳矿化速率随天然次生林变成农田或草地而下降,随在农田或草地上造林而增加, 矿化速率变化幅度比分配比例的变化幅度大。另外,土地利用变化也使不同土层土壤碳矿化速率和分配比例差异改变,其中速率改变的幅度比分配比例改变的幅度大。     

不同包装条件对党参皂甙含量的影响

本文通过不同水分梯度下的党参进行充N2 、CO2 气体或真空处理 ,在室温条件下贮藏 3年后 ,测定其皂甙含量变化。研究表明 :在党参含水量不大于 17%时 ,采用真空材料 ,进行充CO2 气体的党参经较长时间的密封储藏 ,其皂甙含量较高 ,是一种较好的保质贮藏方式     

Effects of instantaneous and growth CO2 levels and abscisic acid on stomatal and mesophyll conductances

C₃ photosynthesis is often limited by CO₂ diffusivity or stomatal (g_s) and mesophyll (g_m) conductances. To characterize effects of stomatal closure induced by either high CO₂ or abscisic acid (ABA) application on g_m, we examined g_s and g_m in the wild type (Col‐0) and ost1 and slac1‐2 mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana grown at 390 or 780 μmol mol^?1 CO₂. Stomata of these mutants were reported to be insensitive to both high CO₂ and ABA. When the ambient CO₂ increased instantaneously, g_m decreased in all these plants, whereas g_s in ost1 and slac1‐2 was unchanged. Therefore, the decrease in g_m in response to high CO₂ occurred irrespective of the responses of g_s. g_m was mainly determined by the instantaneous CO₂ concentration during the measurement and not markedly by the CO₂ concentration during the growth. Exogenous application of ABA to Col‐0 caused the decrease in the intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i). With the decrease in C_i, g_m did not increase but decreased, indicating that the response of g_m to CO₂ and that to ABA are differently regulated and that ABA content in the leaves plays an important role in the regulation of g_m.