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1.
本文报道了北京、安徽部分地区水生丝孢菌中国新纪录16属23种,它们是缩翼孢Atatosporh constricta,弯水线孢 Anguillospora curvula隐水线孢A.Furtiva, 大水线孢A.Gigantca,透明毛虫孢 Camposporium pellucidum, 长臂水棒孢 Clavatospora longibrat-hiata, 水生疣钉孢Heliscus submersus,心球放射孢 Lemonniera centrosphaera, 角放射孢L.Cornuta, 线放射孢 L.Filifarmis,舟新月孢 Lunulospora eymbiformis,角基刺孢 Myco-centrospora angulata,叉四枝孢 Tetracladium furcatum,芒四绺孢Tetraploa aristata,水生三胞霉 Tricellula aquatica,弯三胞霉T.Curvatis,异常三枝孢 Tricladium anomalum,毛三枝孢 T. chaetocladium,香桃木多绺孢 Tripospermum myrti,尖火箭孢Triscelophorus acuminatus,大变孢霉Varicosporium giganteum,橙色鸟孢霉 Volucrispora aurantiaca和榛鸟孢霉V.Ornithomorpha等。  相似文献   

2.
The propagation of Givotia rottleriformis Griff. is difficult as a result of long seed dormancy associated with poor seed germination. The present study was undertaken to develop a protocol to overcome seed dormancy by culture of zygotic embryo axes and then develop an efficient method for micropropagation of Givotia. Best germination frequency (78.3%) was achieved from mature zygotic embryo axes isolated from acid-scarified fresh seeds when cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (half-strength major salts) with 28.9 μM gibberellic acid (GA3). Efficient plant conversion was achieved by transfer of 10-d-old germinated embryos to MS medium (half-strength major salts) supplemented with 1.2 μM kinetin (KN) and 0.5 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). However, acid scarification of 1-yr-old seeds decreased the germination frequency of zygotic embryo axes in comparison to those obtained from non-acid-scarified seeds which germinated (96.2%) and converted into plants (80.3%) on MS basal (half-strength major salts) medium. Multiple shoot bud induction was achieved by culture of shoot tips derived from in vitro germinated seedlings on MS medium with 0.5 μM thidiazuron for 4 wk, and the shoots elongated after transfer to a secondary medium with 1.2 μM KN. A maximum number of 7.8 shoots per explant with an average shoot length of 3.2 cm was achieved after two subcultures on this medium. The in vitro regenerated shoots rooted (41.5%) on half-strength MS medium with 0.5 μM IBA. The in vitro generated seedlings and micropropagated plants were established in soil with a survival frequency of 70% and 60%, respectively.  相似文献   

3.
The spectral, angular and polarization sensitivities of photoreceptors in the compound eye of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) are examined using electrophysiological methods. Intracellular recordings reveal a spectrally homogenous population of UV receptors with optical axes directed upwards and ≥10° to the contralateral side. Based on optical considerations and on the opsin expression pattern (Sauman et al. 2005), we conclude that these UV receptors belong to the anatomically specialized dorsal rim area (DRA) of the eye. Photoreceptors in the main retina with optical axes <10° contralateral or ipsilateral have maximal sensitivities in the UV (λmax≤340 nm), the blue (λmax=435 nm) or in the long-wave range (green, λmax=540 nm). The polarization sensitivity (PS) of the UV receptors in the DRA is much higher (PS=9.4) than in the UV cells (PS=2.9) or green cells (PS=2.8) of the main retina. The physiological properties of the photoreceptors in the DRA and in the main retina fit closely with the anatomy and the opsin expression patterns described in these eye regions. The data are discussed in the light of present knowledge about polarized skylight navigation in Lepidopterans.  相似文献   

4.
The pathways of arginine transformations in organs of yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) cultivated in vitro in the presence and absence of sucrose were investigated. Isolated embryo axes, isolated cotyledons and seeds deprived of their coat were cultured for 96 h on Heller medium with 60 mM saccharose (the fed variant, +S), without sugar (the starved variant, −S) and for 72 h without sugar, followed by 24 h in its presence (the transferred variant, −S→+S). Activities of arginine decarboxylase [EC 4.1.1.19], arginase [EC 3.5.3.1], and urease [EC 3.5.1.5] were assessed in extracts from isolated embryo axes. They were the highest in the sugar-starved variant. Supplementation of the medium with saccharose resulted in decrease in enzyme activities. The level of urea was higher (of ca. 20 %) in starved embryos than in embryos grown in the saccharose-containing medium. Moreover, participation of transamination in arginine catabolism was evidenced.  相似文献   

5.
New taxa of Achilini (Achilidae) are described from Baltic amber: Paratesum rasnitsyni gen. et sp. nov., Protomenocria notata gen. et sp. nov., Psycheona variegata gen. et sp. nov., P. striata sp. nov. Protepiptera kaweckii Usinger, 1939 (= Cixidia christinae Lefebvre, Bourgoin et Nel, 2007, syn. nov.) is redescribed with designation of a neotype. “Cixius” testudinarius Germar et Berendt, 1856, “C.” longirostris Germar et Berendt, 1856 and “Oliarus” oligocenus Cockerell, 1910 are transferred to Achilini. A key to the genera of Achilidae known from Baltic amber is provided.  相似文献   

6.
Microscale pigment adjustments to a tropical photosynthetically active radiation and ultraviolet (UV) environment by the intertidal turf algae Ahnfeltiopsis concinna (J. Ag.) Silva et DeCew and Laurencia mcdermidiae (J. Ag) Abbott were promoted by thalli densities that self-shade the under story portions of the same diminutive axes. Tissues of A. concinna from canopy microsites had significantly reduced levels of phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin compared to tissues from understory microsites of the same axes. Tissues of L. mcdermidiae from canopy microsites had reduced levels of only phycoerythrin compared to tissues from understory microsites. These alterations coupled with enhanced levels of carotenoid and UV-absorbing compounds in tissues from canopy compared to tissues from understory microsites indicated a pattern of remarkably sensitive photoacclimation over the ≤10-cm axes of these turf-forming rhodophytes. Microscale variation in the in vivo UV absorbance capabilities for turfs of A. concinna and L. mcdermidiae was directly related to the amount of extractable UV-absorbing compounds. An in vivo absorbance signature at ~345 nm appears to provide a method to quickly and accurately gauge the potential UV-shielding capacity of primary producers even at remarkably fine ecological scales. The capacity for highly responsive biochemical adjustments that result in marked canopy–understory distinctions coupled with a turf morphology may be crucial for macroalgal tolerance of physiological stresses associated with tropical intertidal zones. This responsive capacity allows for enhanced photoprotective mechanisms in tissues from canopy microsites while optimizing irradiance capture in deeply shaded tissues from understory microsites < 10 cm away.  相似文献   

7.
Invasive species trigger biodiversity losses and alter ecosystem functioning, with life history shaping invasiveness (Sakai et al., Annu Rev Ecol Syst 32:305–332, 2001). However, pinpointing the relation of a specific life history to invasion success is difficult. One approach may be comparing congeners. The two Palearctic pavement ants, Tetramorium sp.E (widely known as T. caespitum, Schlick-Steiner et al., Mol Phylogenet Evol 40:259–273, 2006) and T. tsushimae have invaded North America (Steiner et al., Biol Invasions 8:117–123, 2006). Their life histories differ in that T. sp.E has separate single-queened colonies but T. tsushimae multi-queened colonies scattered over large areas (Sanada-Morimura et al., Insect Soc 53:141–148, 2006; Schlick-Steiner et al., Mol Phylogenet Evol 40:259–273, 2006; Steiner et al., Biol Invasions 8:117–123, 2006). Comparison of the genetic diversity in the entire native and non-native ranges will elucidate the invasion histories. Here, we present 13 and 11 microsatellites, developed for T. sp.E and T. tsushimae, respectively, and characterize all for both species. Florian M. Steiner, Wolfgang Arthofer and Birgit C. Schlick-Steiner contributed equally to this work.  相似文献   

8.
New single-chain (type 1) ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) were isolated from the seeds of Basella rubra L. (two proteins) and from the leaves of Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. (one protein). These RIPs inhibit protein synthesis both in a cell-free system, with an IC50 (concentration causing 50% inhibition) in the 10−10 M range, and by various cell lines, with IC50s in the 10−8–10−6 M range. All three RIPs released adenine not only from rat liver ribosomes but also from Escherichia coli rRNA, polyadenylic acid, herring sperm DNA, and artichoke mottled crinkle virus (AMCV) genomic RNA, thus being polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidases. The proteins from Basella rubra had toxicity to mice similar to that of most type 1 RIPs (Barbieri et al., 1993, Biochim Biophys Acta 1154: 237–282) with an LD50 (concentration that is 50% lethal) ≤ 8 mg · kg−1 body weight, whilst the RIP from Bougainvillea spectabilis had an LD50 >32 mg · kg−1. The N-terminal sequence of the two RIPs from Basella rubra had 80–93% identity, whereas it differed from the sequence of the RIP from Bougainvillea spectabilis. When tested with antibodies against various RIPs, the RIPs from Basella gave some cross-reactivity with sera against dianthin 32, and weak cross-reactivity with momordin I and momorcochin-S, whilst the RIP from Bougainvillea did not cross-react with any antiserum tested. An RIP from Basella rubra and one from Bougainvillea spectabilis were tested for antiviral activity, and both inhibited infection of Nicotiana benthamiana by AMCV. Received: 5 March 1997 / Accepted: 27 May 1997  相似文献   

9.
In vitro regeneration of Acacia mangium via organogenesis   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Plant regeneration of Acacia mangium was achieved through organogenesis in callus cultures. Calli were induced from five types of explants (embryo axes and cotyledons of mature zygotic embryos as well as leaflets, petioles and stems of seedlings) of A. mangium on MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) basal medium containing 9.05 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 13.95 μM kinetin (KT). Green or green purple compact nodules containing clusters of meristematic centers were induced in these calli after transfer to MS basal medium containing 1.14–22.75 μM thidiazuron (TDZ) and 1.43–2.86 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). A combination of 4.55 μM TDZ and 1.43 μM IAA promoted the highest percentage of calli to form nodules, in 8–11% of calli derived from cotyledons, embryo axes, leaflets or petiole and in 4% of calli derived from stems. Twenty-two percent of the nodules formed adventitious shoots on MS basal medium containing 0.045 μM TDZ. Shoots were elongated on MS medium containing 0.045 μM TDZ supplemented with 7.22 μM gibberellic acid. The medium containing 10.75 μM NAA and 2.33 μM KT promoted rooting of 10% of the elongated shoots. Plantlets grew up well in the green house. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

10.
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12.
J. Kugler  Z. Wollberg 《BioControl》1967,12(4):363-379
Résumé Les auteurs décrivent le cycle évolutif et le comportement de ponte de l'Agrothereutes tunetanus Haber. (Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae) dans les conditions de laboratoire (25°C et 50–60% H.R.). Le développement des œufs des larves et des nymphes, le comportement des stades larvaires, les habitudes alimentaires, l'accouplement et le comportement pendant l'oviposition sont décrits. A. tunetanus est un parasite de l'Orgyia dubia Tausch., attaquant le dernier stade larvaire de la femelle après que celle-ci ait tissé son cocon, mais avant la nymphose. Le même degré d'activité de ponte du parasite est provoqué par le dernier stade larvaire et la nymphe des femelles h?tes. Une moindre activité est suscitée par les femelles m?res dans les cocons et le dernier stade larvaire male, tandis que l'activité de ponte provoquée par les nymphes males est presque nulle. Le nombre moyen d'œufs pondus par une femelle durant une seule attaque (entre 3 et 4) ne dépend pas (de manière significative) du nombre de cocons présents. Le nombre d'attaques effectuées parA. tunetanus en 24 heures dépend de la quantité de cocons disponibles, les facteurs limitants sont le nombre d'œufs m?rs dans de la femelle gravide et la quantité d'œfus pondus pendant chaque attaque. Avec 6 cocons en 24 heures, une femelle, au maximum de sa fécondité, arive à une moyenne de 3,27 attaques. La fécondité d'une femelle est en moyenne de 308 œufs.

Part of the M. Sc. thesis done under the supervision of the first author and submitted to the Department of Zoology of the Tel-Aviv University.  相似文献   

13.
2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid (taurine)/α-ketoglutarate (αKG) dioxygenase (TauD) is a mononuclear non-heme iron enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of taurine to generate sulfite and aminoacetaldehyde in the presence of O2, αKG, and Fe(II). Fe(II)TauD complexed with αKG or succinate, the decarboxylated product of αKG, reacts with O2 in the absence of prime substrate to generate 550- and 720-nm chromophores, respectively, that are interconvertible by the addition or removal of bound bicarbonate and have resonance Raman features characteristic of an Fe(III)–catecholate complex. Mutagenesis studies suggest that both reactions result in the self-hydroxylation of the active-site residue Tyr73, and liquid chromatography nano-spray mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry evidence corroborates this result for the succinate reaction. Furthermore, isotope-labeling resonance Raman studies demonstrate that the oxygen atom incorporated into the tyrosyl residue derives from H2 18O and 18O2 for the αKG and succinate reactions, respectively, suggesting distinct mechanistic pathways. Whereas the αKG-dependent hydroxylation likely proceeds via an Fe(IV)=O intermediate that is known to be generated during substrate hydroxylation, we propose Fe(III)–OOH (or Fe(V)=O) as the oxygenating species in the succinate-dependent reaction. These results demonstrate the two oxygenating mechanisms available to enzymes with a 2-His-1-carboxylate triad, depending on whether the electron source donates one or two electrons.  相似文献   

14.
Résumé Des larves deDorcus parallelipipedus L. provenant de Saint-Hilaire-de-Brethmas (Gard) dans la région méditerranéenne de France et récoltées dans des troncs décomposés de chataigniers, se sont révélées intensément parasitées par des Grégarines appartenant à l'ordre desNeogregarinida. Nous étudions leur localisation dans le tissu adipeux, leur cycle, l'action pathogène sur l'h?te et discutons leur place systématique.
Summary Lipotropha dorci n. sp. (Neogregarinida) is a parasite developing inDorcus parallelepipedus. The parasite is situated only in the fat body which can be destroyed completely by its activity. The life cycle ofLipotropha includes only one type of schizogony with 3–4 μ long merozo?ts, the spherical uninucleate gametocytes are gathered in pairs and form 23 μ long gametokysts. These give rise to 11 to 12 μ long sporocysts with a thick, non ornamented envelope, gathered round rests of cytoplasma. The size of these different stages enables to distinguishLipotropha dorci from the already described species:Lipotropha macrospora Keilin andLipotropha microspora Keilin.
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15.
Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of M-One (Bacillus thuringiensis var.san diego) on larval instars ofColeomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake. Coccinellid larval development (from egg hatch to adult), completed on pollen treated with suspensions of M-One at 20 ml/litre (5.6×108 CPBIU/litre) and 200 ml/litre, took respectively 29.3 and 38.5 days compared with 21.9 days for the control (water). M-One did not cause larval mortality.C. maculata third instars did not show any preference between eggs ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) treated with water or with M-One at 20 ml/litre. However, at 200 ml M-One/litre, the number of eggs attacked was 34.7% lower than the eggs treated with water only, 48 h after the beginning of the test. These results indicate that the use of M-One, at the manufacturer's recommended field rate of 20 ml/litre, does not cause a major threat to larvalC. maculata populations.
Résumé Des bioessais en laboratoire ont été effectués afin de déterminer si les larves de la coccinelle maculée,Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake (Col.: Coccinellidae), sont affectées par M-One, un insecticide biologique préparé à partir de la bactérieBacillus thuringiensis var.san diego Berliner et utilisé dans la lutte contre le doryphore de la pomme de terre,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Col.: Chrysomelidae). Le développement larvaire, effectué sur du pollen traité avec des concentrations de 20 ml M-One/litre (5,6×108 unités internationales de doryphore/litre) et 200 ml M-One/litre, a nécessité 29,3 et 38,5 jours respectivement, comparativement à 21,9 jours pour le témoin (eau). M-One n'a pas causé de mortalité chez les larves. Au cours d'un test de 48 h, les larves de stade III n'ont montré aucune préférence entre des œufs traités avec 20 ml M-One/litre et des œufs traités avec de l'eau. Par contre avec 200 ml M-One/litre, le nombre d'œufs attaqués a diminué significativement de 34,7% par rapport au témoin, 48 h après le début du test. Ces résultats indiquent que l'utilisation de M-One à la concentration recommandée de 20 ml/litre ne représente pas une menace pour les populations larvaires de la coccinelle maculée.
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16.
We present the results of a survey for natural enemies of eggs of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar (L.)(Lep.: Lymantriidae), in central Pennsylvania, along with a review of the world literature on the natural enemies of gypsy moth eggs. In Pennsylvania, the parasites wereOoencyrtus kuvanae (Howard)(Hym.: Encyrtidae) (by far the most abundant),Dibrachys cavus (Walker)(Hym.: Pteromalidae), andPediobius sp.(Hym.: Eulophidae). The predators were primarily ants(Hym.: Formicidae), but other predators included beetle larvae(Col.: Cantharidae, Dermestidae, Trogositidae), lacewing larvae(Neur.: Chrysopidae), bugs(Hem.: Pentatomidae), and mites(Acari). The parasiteO. kuvanae was in turn preyed upon by spiders(Araneida) and aPhymata sp.(Hem.: Phymatidae). Total predation of gypsy moth eggs averaged 11%, occurring at a constant rate of ca 0.6% per week throughout the summer and autumn. The greatest predation occurred nearer the ground with no differences among either aspect on the tree or tree species on which the egg mass was located. A negative association was discovered betweenO. kuvanae andD. cavus, but not betweenO. kuvanae andPediobius sp. Throughout the world, gypsy moth egg parasites and hyperparasites have been recorded from 6 different hymenopterous families; egg predators have been found in 13 families representing 5 orders of arthropods. Vertebrate predators of gypsy moth eggs are in 6 families of birds and 3 families of mammals.
Résumé Nous présentons ici les résultats d'une enquête sur les ennemis naturels des œufs deLymantria dispar (L.)(Lep. Lymantriidae) dans la Pennsylvanie centrale, ainsi qu'une revue de la littérature sur les ennemis naturels des œufs deL. dispar. L'ennemi naturel le plus abondant estOoencyrtus kuvanae (Howard)(Hym. Encyrtidae); parmi les autres parasites en Pennsylvanie, on compteDibrachys cavus (Walker)(Hym. Pteromalidae) et une espèce dePediobius (Hym. Eulophidae). Les prédateurs des œufs sont principalement des fourmis(Hym. Formicidae), des larves de coléoptères(Col.: Cantharidae, Dermestidae, Trogositidae), des larves d'hémérobe(Neu. Chrysopidae), des punaises(Hem. Pentatomidae) et des acariens(Acari). Des araignées(Araneida) et une espèce dePhymata (Hem. Phymatidae) sont également prédateurs deO. kuwanae. La perte totale des œufs du disparate est en moyenne de 11%, selon un taux constant d'environ 0,6% par semaine pendant l'été et l'automne, la prédation la plus importante a lieu près du sol, sans qu'il y ait de relation avec l'orientation des œufs sur l'arbre, ou l'espèce d'arbre sur lequel se trouvent les œufs. Une association négative a été découverte entreO. kuwanae etD. cavus, mais pas entreo. kuwanae etPediobius. Dans le monde les parasites d'œufs deL. dispar et les hyperparasites ont été signalés de 6 familles d'hyménoptères, les prédateurs d'œufs ont été trouvés dans 13 familles de 5 ordres d'arthropodes. Les vertébrés prédateurs des œufs appartiennent à 6 familles d'oiseaux et 3 familles de mammifères.


This work was supported under Regional Project NE-84 (revised), “Behavior and Interrelationships of the Gypsy Moth, its Natural'Enemies and Insecticides”, and conducted under Experiment Station Project No. 2044. Authorized for publication as paper no. 6306 in the Journal Series of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station.  相似文献   

17.
The discovery of a new type of sporangial fructification in coal balls from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Ohio provides the basis for describing Phillipopteris globiformis gen. et sp. nov. Sporangia are borne terminally on up to two orders of branching axes. Penultimate axes branch pinnately to produce irregularly branched ultimate axes. Sporangial wall cells are of a single type and show no specialization for dehiscence. Spores are radial and trilete, and reminiscent of the sporae dispersae genus Dictyotriletes. Phillipopteris increases our knowledge of diversity among fernlike plants from the late Paleozoic, and shares several features with Sclerocelyphus Mamay.  相似文献   

18.
Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli (Yamaguti, 1938) has been recorded from a variety of hosts, mainly groupers. All type-specimens of Diplectanum epinepheli Yamaguti, 1938, Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli Yamaguti, 1958 and Cycloplectanum hongkongensis Beverley-Burton & Suriano, 1981 are figured: it is concluded, as did Kritsky & Beverley-Burton (1986), that the three species are synonymous. In addition, numerous monogenean specimens from a deep-sea grouper, Epinephelus chlorostigma, collected off New Caledonia, South Pacific, were prepared using various methods and described. These specimens are also conspecific with P. epinepheli (Yamaguti, 1938) and represent a new geographical record. This species has a sclerotised vagina with a very characteristic primary chamber. The simultaneous presence of P. lantauensis (Beverley-Burton & Suriano, 1981) and P. epinepheli was noted in both type-slides of D. epinepheli from Japan (host: E. akaara) and C. hongkongensis from Hong Kong (host: E. bruneus). Several causes are suspected for the alleged ‘generalist’ character of P. epinepheli, including the misidentification of either fish or monogeneans and the accidental exchanges of monogeneans between fishes of different species kept alive in the same tank. Finally, the confirmed list of hosts of P. epinepheli includes E. akaara, E. awoara and E. chlorostigma; it is suggested that the latter, a widespread deep-sea fish, serves as a reservoir for the infection of the other species, which are associated with shallow waters. P. satyui n. sp. is described from two specimens found on slides from E. akaara (from the Inland Sea of Japan) deposited by Yamaguti; the new species has a sclerotised vagina with characteristic spherical chambers.
Résumé   Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli (Yamaguti, 1938) a été mentionné chez différents h?tes, surtout des mérous. Tous les spécimens-types de Diplectanum epinepheli Yamaguti, 1938, Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli Yamaguti, 1958 et Cycloplectanum hongkongensis Beverley-Burton & Suriano, 1981 sont figurés, et on conclut, comme Kritsky & Beverley-Burton (1986), que les trois espèces sont synonymes. De plus, de nombreux spécimens de monogènes collectés chez un mérou de profondeur, Epinephelus chlorostigma, de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Pacifique Sud, ont été préparés avec des méthodes variées. Ces spécimens sont aussi conspécifiques de P. epinepheli (Yamaguti, 1938) et la Nouvelle-Calédonie représente une nouvelle mention géographique. L’espèce a une vagin sclérifié avec une chambre primaire très caractéristique. La présence simultanée de P. lantauensis (Beverley-Burton & Suriano, 1981) et P. epinepheli a été notée dans les lames-types de D. epinepheli du Japon (h?te, E. akaara) et de C. hongkongensis de Hong-Kong (h?te, E. bruneus). Plusieurs causes sont soup?onnées pour le caractère prétendument ‘généraliste’ de P. epinepheli, dont les mauvaises identifications de poissons, des monogènes, et l’échange accidentel de monogènes chez des poissons gardés vivants ensemble dans un même contenant. Finalement, la liste des h?tes confirmés de P. epinepheli comprend E. akaara, E. awoara et E. chlorostigma. On fait l’hypothèse que E. chlorostigma, espèce de profondeur, a servi de réservoir pour l’infestation des autres espèces, plus associées aux eaux peu profondes. P. satyui n. sp. est décrit de deux spécimens trouvés dans des lames de parasites de E. akaara (de la mer intérieure du Japon) déposées par Yamaguti. La nouvelle espèce a un vagin sclérifié avec des chambres sphériques caractéristiques.
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19.
Dichotomously branched stem fragments with crowded, spirally arranged, trifurcate leaf base remains from the type area of the Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous; SE Netherlands, NE Belgium) are described as a new genus and species: Mosacaulis spinifer Van der Ham et Van Konijnenburg-van Cittert. They are interpreted as fossils of (pseudo)herbaceous axes with densely spaced, semi-amplexicaul leaves arranged in low spirals, with reproductive structures (sporangia?, prophylls associated with flowering axes?) attached to the adaxial sides of the leaf bases. M. spinifer is considered to be of unknown affinity (incertae sedis), showing resemblances with such disparate lineages as lycopsids and angiosperms. Its seagrass-like habit, gregarious occurrence, the association with genuine seagrass and a diverse marine fauna (including epibionts on the stems), and the absence of any terrigenous material, remains of land plants and terrestrial palynomorphs suggest that M. spinifer grew in a fully marine environment.  相似文献   

20.
Meta-analysis is being increasingly used as a tool for integrating data from different studies of complex phenotypes, because the power of any one study to identify causal loci is limited. We applied a novel meta-analytical approach (Loesgen et al. in Genet Epidemiol 21(Suppl 1):S142–S147, 2001) in compiling results from four studies of rheumatoid arthritis in Caucasians including two studies from NARAC (Jawaheer et al. in Am J Hum Genet 68:927–936, 2001; Jawaheer et al. in Arthritis Rheum 48:906–916, 2003), one study from the UK (MacKay et al. in Arthritis Rheum 46:632–639, 2001) and one from France (Cornelis et al. in Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:10746–10750, 1998). For each study, we obtained NPL scores by performing interval mapping (2 cM intervals) using GeneHunter2 (Kruglyak et al. in Am J Hum Genet 58:1347–1363, 1996; Markianos et al. in Am J Hum Genet 68:963–977, 2001). The marker maps differed among the three consortium groups, therefore, the marker maps were aligned after the interval mapping was completed and the NPL scores that were within 1 cM of each other were combined using the method of Loesgen et al. (Genet Epidemiol 21(Suppl 1):S142–S147, 2001) by calculating the weighted average of the NPL score. This approach avoids some problems in analysis encountered by using GeneHunter2 when some markers in the sample are not genotyped. This procedure provided marginal evidence (P<0.05) of linkage on chromosome 1, 2, 5 and 18, strong evidence (P<0.01) on chromosomes 8 and 16, and overwhelming evidence in the HLA region of chromosome 6.  相似文献   

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